230 All of the medical: Stamp, Journey, p. 38.
230 He also served as: Handbook of the Hospital Corps, U.S. Navy 1939, pp. 737, 740.
230 fishing with dynamite: Stamp, Journey, p. 43.
231 Twenty tons of gold: Blair, Silent Victory, p. 207.
232 The motor pool: Stamp, Journey, p. 51.
232 Little more than 2 million: This story is based on R. C. Sheats, “Diving as a ‘Guest of the Emperor,’ ” in Ashton, Somebody Gives, pp. 236-45.
233 He was an artist: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., July 26, 1941, entry in Diary.
233 He even tried: Barrett, Casus Belli, p. 101.
233 “my closest comrade”: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary.
233 “Emaciated carcasses”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 1:5.
233 “the stuffed shirt”: ibid., p. 1:10.
233 “like Haitian zombies”: ibid., p. 1:43.
233 “I knew when I left”: ibid., p. 1:34.
233 He feared that: ibid., p. 1:92.
233 “we will be bombing”: ibid., p. 1:96.
234 “heroic, modest”: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 15.
234 “worthy of the best”: ibid., p. 27.
234 “It was inspiring”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:47.
234 Hayes was a stickler: Hayes, Diary, p. 40.
234 “a Mayo Clinic isn’t”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 1:8.
234 “Osler has said”: John Bookman, “Medical Notes,” p. 1.
234 But what John: ibid., pp. 1-2.
235 no shortage of patients: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:4.
235 37 percent of all: Kentner, Journal, p. 41.
235 Tunics were cut: James E. McCall, Santo Tomás Internment Camp: STIC in Verse and Reverse STIC-toons and STIC-tistics (Lincoln, Neb.: Woodruff, 1945), p. 35.
235 Santo Tomás, the: Kentner, Journal, p. 41.
235 Those on work parties: Daws, Prisoners , p. 112.
235 The men reused: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:96.
235 The POWs had access: Kentner, Journal, p. 40.
236 Volleyball and baseball: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:74.
236 Saturday nights the POWs: Barrett, Casus Belli, p. 134.
236 “They break up my”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:11.
236 The punishment for: ibid., pp. 18, 36.
236 When Corporal Robert C. Barnbrook: Sartin, “Report of Activities,” p. 65; Kentner, Journal, pp. 40, 67.
236 When two army colonels: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:86.
236 Rumor had it that: ibid., p. 2:66.
237 “November seems to be”: Ferguson, Diary, p. 8.
237 “Well, another month”: ibid., n.p.
237 the strange rumor: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:90. In all likelihood, Hayes was referring to the Lisbon Maru, which departed Hong Kong on September 27, 1942, with 1,816 Allied POWs and was torpedoed by the American submarine USS Grouper on October 1, 1942. Eight hundred and forty-two prisoners either drowned or were shot by the Japanese in their efforts to escape the sinking ship. The survivors resumed their journey from Shanghai on the Shinsei Maru and three days later arrived in Moji, Japan. See Michno, Hellships , pp. 43-47.
237 Nearly 500 operations: Barrett, Casus Belli, p. 160.
237 Others were quarantined: Shearer, Journal, p. 34.
237 Pellagra continued: Kentner, Journal, p. 42.
237 Dengue accounted for: Sartin, “Report of Activities,” p. 76; Kentner, Journal, p. 41.
237 Ted Williams was: Williams, Rogues of Bataan II; Ted Williams, author interview, March 26, 2003.
238 Thirteen men died: Shearer, Journal, pp. ii-iii.
238 The Japanese permitted: Kentner, Journal, p. 41.
238 Murray arrived at: ibid., p. 49.
238 Eighty percent of the hospital patients: ibid., p. 48.
238 When Sartin appealed: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:107.
238 Ishii recommended that: ibid., p. 3:9.
238 “Had we been obliged”: ibid., p. 2:93.
239 “Really increased”: Ferguson, Diary, December 23, 1942, entry.
239 Less than two weeks: Prisoners of War Bulletin 1, no. 6 (November 1943), in John E. Olson Papers, Box 1, MHI.
239 The packages weighed: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:65.
239 The corned beef: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, p. 28.
239 On the other hand: Cecil Peart, letter to author, March 25, 2003.
239 One sailor died: Ferdinand V. Berley, author interview, September 2001, p. 37.
239 The Japanese were: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 76.
240 “A public act”: Sartin, “Report of Activities,” p. 74.
240 Even with such restrictions: Ferguson, Diary, p. 4.
240 But only fifteen letters: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:176.
240 “Very few people”: Ferguson, Diary, July 1, 1942, entry.
241 As a result: Lerch, “Japanese Handling,” p. 6.
242 It was a foolish taunt: Rena Krasno, That Last Glorious Summer, 1939, Shanghai to Japan (Hong Kong: Old China Hand Press, 2001), p. 66.
242 Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936: ibid., pp. 141-43.
242 And they could only: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:165.
242 Corporal Lloyd D. Adams: Ferdinand V. Berley, author interview, September 2001; Kentner, Journal, p. 55; Ted Williams, author interview, April 1, 2003; Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:98.
242 Corporal Donald E. Meyer: C. M. Smith to Lucille Ferguson, March 7, 1946.
243 “I knew he would”: Donald E. Meyer to Lucille Ferguson, August 9, 1945.
243 “painful feet”: Glusman, Diary, p. 2.
243 Nogi was so: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:77.
243 The incidence of: ibid., p. 3:97.
243 When the plague: Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin Books, 1954), p. 155.
243 “In the midst of ”: quoted in Thomas G. Bergin, Boccaccio (New York: Viking Press, 1981), p. 291.
243 “The inner man is”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:28.
243 “place”: See “Taking One’s Proper Station” in Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946).
243 The emphasis on: Reischauer and Jansen, Japanese Today, pp. 149-50.
244 “If we act as a hospital”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 1:43.
244 Toyo no Gaika: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 269; Irvin E. Alexander, “Recollections of Bataan & After,” p. 189, Louis Morton Papers, Box 3, MHI.
244 “Across the Sea”: translation quoted in Gibney, Sensō, p. 37.
245 “majoring in Spanish”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 2:46.
245 “I suppose there is”: quoted in Chunn, Of Rice and Men, p. 22.
245 “Schweizer informed Yakashisi”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:105.
245 food deficiency cases decreased: Bookman, “Medical Notes,” p. 3.
246 “in hellish shape”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:130.
246 In May, Memorial: Kentner, Journal, p. 61.
246 A six-piece camp orchestra: ibid.
246 “the wounded playing”: Glusman, Diary, p. 8.
246 “a welcome relief”: Bookman, Diary, May 22, 1943.
246 “very thin camote soup”: ibid., July 20, 1943.
246 In peacetime the: U.S.A. vs. Naraji Nogi, Defense Exhibit D, January 20, 1947: Segundo G. Jao to Robert Cohn, January 11, 1947, RG 389, Box 2177, NARA. See also McCall, Santo Tomás, p. 111.
247 Before the war: Bruce F. Johnston, with Mosaburo Hosado and Yoshio Kusumi, Japanese Food Management in World War II (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1953), p. 277.
247 Ninety-five percent of: ibid., pp. 70-71, 277.
247 Rice and bread: Joaquin, Manila, pp. 189-90.
247 “stand in the sun”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:121.
247 “Most of the people”: Glusman, Diary, p. 10.
2
48 “They still haven’t been”: ibid., p. 12.
248 The POWs built: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, pp. 3:90, 159.
248 “I can hear the”: ibid., p. 1:31.
248 Herthneck was isolated: Kentner, Journal, p. 65.
248 “My one shipmate: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, p. 3:173.
248 “Two letters from you”: ibid., p. 3:174.
250 The very month that: Murphy, “You’ll Never Know,” p. 46.
250 Bernatitus described her: ibid., p. 55.
251 “I would kind of”: ibid., p. 56.
251 He had been humiliated: Kentner, Journal, p. 68.
251 Blau was sentenced: ibid.
252 “1. Strict observance”: ibid., pp. 80-81.
252 a patient census: ibid., p. 80.
252 The foursome said goodbye: Barrett, Casus Belli, pp. 93-96.
Chapter 16: The Good Doctor
253 Sunday afternoons: Ohashi Kazuko and Ohashi Yasuko, author interviews, July 13, 2002, Takarazuka, Japan.
253 Weimar Berlin: Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, 1853-1964 (New York: Modern Library, 2003), p. 67.
254 sixty-six POWs per boxcar: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” pp. 122-23.
254 “mostly closing down”: Bookman, Diary, October 11, 1943, entry.
254 It took eight hours: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 137.
254 The “Carabao Railway Express”: ibid.
255 “The place looks like”: Bookman, Diary, October 11, 1943, entry.
255 But instead of tents: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 114.
255 The Japanese posted: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 142.
255 The navy doctors had: Vince Taylor, Cabanatuan: Japanese Death Camp (Waco, Tex.: Texian Press, 1985), p. 76.
255 Cabanatuan originally consisted: American Battle Monuments Commision, “Cabanatuan American Memorial,” at www.abmc.gov/c.htm; Andrew Miller, “The Historian’s Corner,” Quan 50, no. 4 (February 1996), p. 6; 50, no. 5 (April 1996), pp. 12-13; 51, no. 1 (July 1996), pp. 4-5.
255 The camp’s westernmost side: See the hand-drawn map of Cabanatuan in Chunn, Of Rice and Men.
255 Each bahay: M. L. Daman, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, September 29, 1973, and October 6, 1973, p. 65, UNTOHC.
256 The Americans organized: Beecher, “Experiences,” pp. 50-51, 60.
256 Until September 1942: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 45.
256 Colonel Mori was: Memorandum to the Prosecution Section (Report No. 93), GHQ, U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Theater, WCO/JAG, RG 331, Box 1118, Folder 4, NARA.
256 Major Iwanaka: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 112.
256 The Japanese medical: Naraji Nogi depostion, October 23, 1945, p. 3, RG 331, Box 1908, NARA.
256 “while better than those”: Dyess, Dyess Story, p. 126.
256 “rarely reached 1,000”: Eugene C. Jacobs, Blood Brothers: A Medic’s Sketchbook (New York: Carlton Press, 1985), p. 51.
256 Overflowing pit latrines: Condon-Rall and Cowdrey, Medical Department, p. 370.
256 There was no quinine: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, p. 37.
256 “Inching their way”: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 50.
257 a commissary: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 263.
257 In all, 250 medical: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 38.
257 Thirty wards designed: Jacobs, Blood Brothers, pp. 55-56.
257 When the buildings: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 259.
257 Isolated from other: Jacobs, quoted in Taylor, Cabanatuan, p. 85; Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 116.
257 no blankets: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 40.
257 Some couldn’t make it: ibid.
257 Zero Ward took: John Bumgarner, author interview, December 20, 2001, Greensboro, N.C.
257 The Japanese wouldn’t set foot: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 16.
257 In June 1942: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 44.
257 To control diarrhea: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 158.
257 They advised dysentery: Jacobs, Blood Brothers, p. 49.
258 They cultivated soybean: ibid., pp. 154-55.
258 They fermented rice: See Samuel C. Grashio and Bernard Norling, Return to Freedom (Tulsa, Okla.: NCN Press, 1982), p. 60.
258 one set of dentures: Alexander, “Recollections,” p. 186.
258 “in every case”: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 262.
258 Loren E. Stamp: Stamp, Journey, p. 65.
258 “the Taj Mahal”: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 152.
258 Fifteen hundred men: Cooper, “Medical Department,” pp. 114-18.
258 Some of the POWs: ibid., p. 144.
258 The final insult: ibid., p. 141.
258 “A kindly word”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 118-20.
258 In the early months: Alfred C. Oliver, Jr., “The Japanese and Our Chaplains,” RG 389, Box 2177, NARA.
258 They buried the deceased: Andrew Miller, letter to author, July 7, 2004.
258 During the torrential rains: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 45.
258 “Pits were always”: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 133.
259 “I’m going to die”: Calvin Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 76, RG 407, Box 128, Folder 9, NARA.
259 The youngest POWs: Stephen C. Sitter and Charles J. Katz, M.D., “American POWs Held by the Japanese,” p. 14, BUMED.
259 Quanning boosted morale: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 32.
259 Religious belief: Sitter and Katz, “POWs,” p. 23.
259 Nardini stocked: Dr. John Nardini, interview by Gavin Daws, September 22, 1984, Gavin Daws Papers, MHI.
259 “Self-pity”: Ernest Bales, author interview, May 2002, San Antonio, Tex.
259 As on Bataan: Sitter and Katz, “POWs,” p. 48.
259 two reported suicides: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 48.
259 “Men generally degenerated”: ibid., pp. 48-49.
260 Nardini made the decisions: ibid., p. 70.
260 The Japanese made POWs: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 66.
260 Around September 1, 1942: Alexander, “Recollections,” p. 174.
260 After forty-eight hours: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 65.
260 One night Beecher: Alexander, “Recollections,” pp. 73-74.
261 In April 1943: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, p. 102.
261 The Japanese were furious: ibid.
261 Trujillo was a: Beecher, “Recollections,” p. 75.
261 “three distinct sounds”: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 31.
261 Henry G. Lee wrote: Henry G. Lee, “An Execution,” quoted in Gillespie, “Recollections,” pp. 42-43. See also Chunn, Of Rice and Men, pp. 211-12.
261 “Red in the”: quoted in Gillespie, “Recollections,” pp. 42-43.
261 “shooting squads”: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, pp. 100-1.
262 By the time: Bookman, Diary, October 11, 1943, entry.
262 The camp was divided: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 122.
262 Except for John Nardini: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 67.
262 “No work, no eat”: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 112.
262 “slapped around”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 116-17.
262 The POWs’ work: Waterford, Prisoners, p. 347.
262 equipment operators: Beecher, “Experiences,” pp. 91-92.
262 Some enlisted men: Taylor, Cabanatuan, p. 95.
262 “honey detail”: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 60.
262 movie detail: ibid., p. 61.
262 A Japanese sergeant: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 88.
263 “Do not oppose”: quoted in Hampton Sides, Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Story of World War II’s Most Dramatic Mission
(New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 162.
263 If the count fell short: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 144.
263 You’d say arigatō: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:586.
263 Occasionally it was: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 149.
263 They walked down: Glusman, Diary, October 15-20, 1943, entry.
264 Steal a camote: Eugene Forquer, “Cabanatuan Concentration Camp, Nueva Ecija, Luzon, Philippine Islands,” RG 389, Box 2177, NARA; Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 33.
264 Private Walter R. Connell: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 2.
265 beriberi peripheral neuritis: Hibbs, “Beriberi in Japanese Prison Camp,” p. 275.
265 “rice brain”: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 159.
265 You couldn’t write: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 41.
265 In time the POWs: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 100.
265 The men grew eggplant: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 139.
265 Fred was lucky: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 89.
265 Food was cooked: Taylor, Cabanatuan, p. 94.
265 kawas: Morris, Corregidor, p. 487.
265 On at least one occasion: Ferdinand V. Berley, author interview, September 2001, Jacksonville, Fla., p. 42.
266 One prisoner made: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 143.
266 Fred himself carved: Berley interview, p. 42.
266 With scrap lumber: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 130-31.
266 Corporal Holliman: ibid., pp. 134-35.
266 Sergeant John Katz: Stamp, Journey, p. 67.
266 Called the Cabanatuan Cats: Jacobs, Blood Brothers, p. 70.
266 Cabanatuan Mighty Art Players: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 163.
266 Audiences of 3,000 to 4,000: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 107.
266 Lieutenant Colonel D. S. Babcock: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 65.
266 The most popular periodical: Andrew Miller, letter to author, July 7, 2004.
266 When the books became: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, p. 84.
266 movies: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 7.
266 Personal items were: Taylor, Cabanatuan, pp. 113-15.
267 Substitute coconut fuel oil: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 103.
267 a touch of peppermint: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 140.
267 Cornmeal for: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 103.
267 Eventually Major Iwanaka: ibid., p. 102.
267 Within three months: Wright, Captured, pp. 55, 63.
267 The men eagerly consumed: Hibbs, “Beriberi,” p. 182.
267 Lieutenant Robert Huffcutt: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:588. This incident occurred on August 11, 1944. Huffcutt was the last man to die in Cabanatuan out of a total of 2,656 deaths, according to Andrew Miller, historian of the American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor.
Conduct Under Fire Page 73
