by Joe Moran
32. TV Mirror, 6 March 1954, 25; ‘Rediffusion Television Survey 1955’, MOA, SxMOA1/2/45/2/C.
33. George Howard, ‘Pirates’, TV Mirror, 20 February 1954, 10–11; ‘Tracking down TV “pirates”’, Manchester Guardian, 11 September 1954.
34. Tony Currie, A Concise History of British Television 1930–2000 (Tiverton: Kelly Publications, 2000), p. 36; Christopher Green with Carol Clerk, Hughie and Paula: The Tangled Lives of Hughie Green and Paula Yates (London: Robson, 2004), p. 112.
35. Iona and Peter Opie, Children’s Games with Things (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 213.
36. Denis Norden, Coming to You Live! Behind-the-Screen Memories of Forties and Fifties Television (London: Methuen, 1985), pp. 181–2; Jeremy Black, Britain since the Seventies: Politics and Society in the Consumer Age (London: Reaktion, 2004), p. 27; ‘Seven years of TV commercials’, Guardian, 23 March 1962.
37. Mary Hill, ‘And now it’s television in the morning’, TV Times, 20 September 1955, 14.
38. Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 116.
39. Head of Television Design (Richard Levin) to CP Tel, 11 May 1955, BBC WAC, T16/156.
40. ‘Television as part of everyday life’, The Times, 6 September 1955.
41. Harry Hopkins, The New Look: A Social History of the Forties and Fifties in Britain (London: Secker and Warburg, 1963), p. 414.
42. Michael Davie, ‘ITV: The Pit or the Pendulum?’, Observer, 4 December 1955.
43. Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working-Class Life (London: Penguin, 2009), p. 157; Ronald Hilborne, ‘The great god TAM’, Tribune, 1 October 1965.
44. Clifford Davis, ‘2,000,000 hear TV – but don’t see it’, Daily Mirror, 24 October 1955; ‘Stranger than truth’, Punch, 14 August 1957, 172; Hopkins, The New Look, p. 414.
45. Kenneth Clark, The Other Half: A Self-Portrait (London: Harper and Row, 1977), pp. 147, 208.
46. ‘When “the telly” is one of the family …’, Daily Mirror, 14 February 1956; ‘The astonishing story behind … TELEMANIA’, Daily Mirror, 13 February 1956; G. A. Rose, ‘Television angina’, British Medical Journal, 5120 (21 February 1959), 506.
47. Geoffrey Gorer, ‘Television in our lives’, Sunday Times, 13 April 1958; Geoffrey Gorer, ‘TV and the growing child’, Sunday Times, 4 May 1958; Geoffrey Gorer, ‘Notes on television’, 20 October 1957, MOA, SxMs52/1/7/3/2/1.
48. Geoffrey Gorer, ‘Television in our lives – is it a drug or a stimulant?’, Sunday Times, 20 April 1958; Gorer, ‘Television in our lives’, 13 April 1958; Enid Blyton to Geoffrey Gorer, 13 April 1958, MOA, SxMs52/1/7/3/2/1.
49. Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume V: Competition 1955–1974 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 148; Ruth Miller, ‘Spare the television and you won’t spoil the child’, Daily Telegraph, 6 February 1958; Bevis Hillier, Betjeman: The Bonus of Laughter (London: John Murray, 2004), pp. 6–7.
50. Brian Jackson and Dennis Marsden, Education and the Working Class (London: Ark, 1986), p. 77.
51. C. A. R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1964), p. 355; Lawrence Black, ‘Whose finger on the button? British TV and the politics of cultural control’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 25, 4 (October 2005), 567.
52. Dennis Potter, The Changing Forest: Life in the Forest of Dean Today (London: Minerva, 1996), pp. 113, 9; Humphrey Carpenter, Dennis Potter: The Authorised Biography (London: Faber, 1998), p. 103.
53. Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), p. 143.
54. Philip Ziegler, Crown and People (London: Collins, 1978), p. 118.
55. ‘A hundred music-halls closed since the war’, The Times, 28 January 1959; ‘Repertory theatres’, Manchester Guardian, 5 October 1953; Baz Kershaw, ‘British theatre, 1940–2002: an introduction’, in Kershaw (ed.), The Cambridge History of British Theatre, Volume 3: Since 1895 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 297; Timothy West, A Moment Towards the End of the Play (London: Nick Hern Books, 2001), p. 37.
56. Philip Hope-Wallace, ‘Shortening the theatre front’, Manchester Guardian, 26 February 1955; Kershaw, ‘British theatre, 1940–2002’, p. 297; Irene Shubik, Play for Today: The Evolution of Television Drama (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 77.
57. Reyburn, Gilbert Harding, p. 59; Claire Langhamer, Women’s Leisure in England, 1920–1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 41; Caroline Brown, ‘The fascination of knitting’, Guardian, 30 December 1959; Mary Townsend Dunn, ‘The effects of TV’, Sunday Times, 20 April 1958.
58. Geoffrey Gorer, ‘Home life, habits and hobbies’, Sunday Times, 27 April 1958; Leonard Miall, ‘Monday nights at Lime Grove’, in Miall (ed.), Richard Dimbleby, Broadcaster: By His Colleagues (London: BBC, 1966), p. 101; Gorer, ‘Television in our lives’, 13 April 1958; William Empson to Geoffrey Gorer, 14 April 1958, MOA, SxMs52/1/7/3/2/1.
59. The Pythons, The Pythons: The Autobiography (London: Orion, 2005), p. 74.
60. Michael Frayn, ‘The long and the short and the curl’, Guardian, 14 October 1959; Philip Norman, Buddy: The Biography (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 224.
61. Gorer, ‘TV and the growing child’; Peter Hennessy, Having It So Good: Britain in the Fifties (London: Penguin, 2007), p. 108.
62. Jeremy Mynott, Birdscapes: Birds in Our Imagination and Experience (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 298.
63. ABC Telefusion Presentation, ‘Down with Aerials!’, c. 1960, britishpathe.com (accessed 4 September 2011); Ralph Edwards, ‘Television aerials’, The Times, 31 May 1960; Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 2 July 2000.
64. Malcolm Bradbury, All Dressed Up and Nowhere to Go (London: Picador, 2000), pp. 178–9, 101, 106.
65. Harold Evans, My Paper Chase (London: Abacus, 2010), p. 168; ‘Commercial TV in the north’, Manchester Guardian, 6 October 1955; Denis Forman, Persona Granada: Some Memories of Sidney Bernstein and the Early Years of Independent Television (London: André Deutsch, 1997), p. 51; Julia Hallam, ‘Introduction: the development of commercial TV in Britain’, in John Finch (ed.), Granada Television: The First Generation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), p. 20.
66. ‘Television: some thoughts, some views and a dream’, The Economist, 16 March 1963, 995.
67. Forman, Persona Granada, p. 51.
68. Forman, Persona Granada, p. 64; Tom Harrisson, ‘Television at Bolton and Borneo’, 15 July 1960, MOA, SxMOA1/5/19/65/I/5.
69. Harry Elton, ‘The programme committee and Coronation Street’, in Finch (ed.), Granada TV, p. 101; Richard Whiteley, Himoff! The Memoirs of a TV Matinée Idle (London: Orion, 2000), p. 34; Deborah Ross, ‘Richard Whiteley – No taste, no style, no shame. No contest’, Independent, 15 February 1999.
70. Jamie Medhurst, A History of Independent Television in Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2010), pp. 34, 62, 105.
71. Natasha Vall, Cultural Region: North East England 1945–2000 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), p. 4; Geoff Phillips, Memories of Tyne Tees Television (Durham: GP Electronic Services, 1998), pp. 48, 143.
72. Dick Joice, Full Circle (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1991), pp. 141, 167–71.
73. ‘How to land a peak audience’, Observer, 19 March 1967.
74. Colin Willock, ‘TV in the country’, Observer, 19 February 1967.
75. Brum Henderson, Brum: A Life in Television (Belfast: Appletree Press, 2003), pp. 75, 66–8.
76. Vall, Cultural Region, p. 44; Phillips, Memories of Tyne Tees Television, pp. 94, 140.
77. Vall, Cultural Region, pp. 40–41, 45, 7.
78. Antony Brown, Tyne Tees Television: The First 20 Years: A Portrait (Newcastle: Tyne Tees Television, 1978), p. 6; Henderson, Brum, p. 77.
79. Mary Crozier, ‘Tyneside’s tough television’, Guardian, 8 June 1960; Mary Crozier, ‘Anglia Televi
sion’, Guardian, 11 July 1960; Joice, Full Circle, pp. 176–7.
80. ‘Rush order of TV masts’, Irish Times, 27 May 1953; Jeremy Lewis, Playing for Time (London: Flamingo, 1988), p. 34.
81. J. L. Judd to Gordon-Brown, 27 June 1961, NA, HO 284/72; A. D. Gordon-Brown to J. L. Judd, 18 July 1961, NA, HO 284/72.
82. Andrew Mulligan, ‘Pirates in the British channel’, Observer, 11 July 1965; John Ardagh, The New France: A Society in Transition 1945–1973 (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1973), pp. 607, 619; ‘British TV seen in New York’, Manchester Guardian, 26 October 1956.
83. Sir George Barnes, ‘BBC Television: a national service’, Radio Times, 16 September 1955, 3.
84. ‘Sooan Sids’, Orkney Herald, 18 October 1955.
85. ‘What the Pier Head is saying’, Orkney Herald, 15 November 1955.
86. Islandman, ‘Look out, it’s coming’, Orkney Herald, 2 February 1954.
87. ‘Sooan Sids’, Orkney Herald, 31 December 1957.
88. Howard Hazell, The Orcadian Book of the 20th Century (Kirkwall: Orcadian Ltd, 2000), p. 217.
89. Reyburn, Harding, pp. 97–8; Grenfell (ed.), Gilbert Harding: By His Friends, p. 183.
90. Reyburn, Harding, pp. 60, 90.
91. Reyburn, Harding, p. 51; ‘Dimbleby’s dip’, Guardian, 21 January 1960.
92. Jonathan Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975), pp. 295, 321–2.
93. Richard Lindley, Panorama: 50 Years of Pride and Paranoia (London: Politico’s, 2002), p. 152.
94. ‘Harding back – for two minutes’, Daily Mirror, 19 March 1955; John Freeman, ‘The captive viewer’, New Statesman, 28 May 1960, 782; Jack Tinker, The Television Barons (London: Quartet, 1980), p. 173.
95. Hugh Burnett, ‘Producing Face to Face’, Radio Times, 16 September 1960, 13; Grenfell (ed.), Gilbert Harding: By His Friends, p. 139.
96. Audience Research Department, ‘Audience research report: Face to Face: Gilbert Harding and John Freeman, Sunday 18th September 1960’, 7 October 1960, BBC WAC, R9/7/48.
97. Holmes, Entertaining Television, p. 195; Hugh Burnett, Face to Face (London: Jonathan Cape, 1964), p. 3; Radio Times, 16 September 1960, 15.
98. Holmes, Entertaining Television, pp. 177–8; Douglas Warth, Daily Herald, 19 February 1958; James Thomas, ‘The cruel keyhole’, Daily Express, 19 February 1958.
99. Reginald Pound, ‘Critic on the hearth’, Listener, 25 November 1954, 928; ‘This Is Your Life’, Manchester Guardian, 4 February 1958; ‘The very moment he said it’, Daily Express, 17 November 1960; Merrick Winn, ‘Should Harding have said it?’, Daily Express, 20 September 1960.
100. Reyburn, Harding, p. 119; ‘Mr. Gilbert Harding dies suddenly’, The Times, 17 November 1960; ‘Gilbert Harding dies on steps of BBC’, Daily Express, 17 November 1960.
101. ‘Mr Gilbert Harding’, Glasgow Herald, 18 December 1953; ‘Gilbert Harding ordered to bed’, The Bulletin, 5 September 1953; Grenfell (ed.), Gilbert Harding: By His Friends, pp. 22, 24.
102. Stephen Grenfell, ‘Foreword’, in Gilbert Harding: By His Friends, p. 12; Brian Masters, Getting Personal: A Biographer’s Memoir (London: Constable, 2002), p. 94.
103. Miall, Inside the BBC, p. 59; ‘Richard Dimbleby – 30 years of broadcasting’, Listener, 18 September 1975, 365; Lindley, Panorama, p. 166.
104. Reyburn, Harding, p. 120; John D. W. Greene and John R. Hodges, ‘Identification of famous faces and famous names in early Alzheimer’s disease’, Brain, 119, 1 (February 1996), 111, 128.
105. Hansard, HC Deb, 8 May 1961, vol. 640, col. 182–3.
106. ‘Television plain or purled’, The Economist, 26 August 1961, 812.
107. Gorer, ‘Television in our lives’, 13 April 1958; Gorer, ‘Television in our lives’, 20 April 1958; Himmelweit et al., Television and the Child, p. 12; Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren, p. 118.
108. Harrisson, ‘Television at Bolton and Borneo’.
109. Hansard, HC Deb, 2 May 1962, vol. 658, col. 1062; Richard Dyer, Only Entertainment (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 14.
5. The invisible focus of a million eyes
1. Brian Winston, Messages: Free Expression, Media and the West from Gutenberg to Google (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), p. 357.
2. H. T. Himmelweit, A. N. Oppenheim and P. Vince, Television and the Child: An Empirical Study of the Effect of Television on the Young (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 181–3; Griff Rhys Jones, Semi-Detached (London: Penguin, 2007), p. 20.
3. Burton Paulu, Television and Radio in the United Kingdom (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981), p. 342; ‘TV Children’s Hour hits power supply’, Daily Mirror, 11 December 1954.
4. New Scientist, 19 July 1962, 129.
5. ‘Double view of Test on Duke’s TV’, Guardian, 7 July 1961.
6. ‘TV complaints brought home to minister’, The Times, 24 April 1961.
7. Mary Crozier, ‘All the fun of the air at Earls Court’, Guardian, 22 August 1962; Edwin Morgan, ‘Unscrambling the waves at Goonhilly’, in Ken Cockburn and Alec Finlay (eds), The Order of Things: Scottish Sound, Pattern and Concrete Poetry (Edinburgh: Polygon, 2001), p. 35.
8. John Repsch, The Legendary Joe Meek: The Telstar Man (London: Cherry Red, 2000), pp. 17, 19–20.
9. Repsch, The Legendary Joe Meek, pp. 144–5.
10. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 87, 336.
11. Maurice Richardson, ‘Worms turn on Early Bird’, Observer, 9 May 1965; Michael Billington, ‘Notable feat of organization’, The Times, 26 June 1967.
12. Report of the Committee on Broadcasting, 1960 (London: HMSO, 1962), pp. 33, 35; ‘Instant television’, Guardian, 7 July 1962.
13. Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working-Class Life (London: Penguin, 2009), p. 286; Simon Hoggart, ‘Foreword’, in Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, p. vi.
14. Merlin, ‘Mainly about people’, Sunday Times, 11 September 1960; Richard Hoggart, ‘The uses of television’, in Speaking to Each Other, Volume 1: About Society (London: Chatto and Windus, 1970), p. 157; Richard Hoggart, ‘When the telly clock goes back’, Observer, 12 August 1962.
15. Richard Hoggart, An Imagined Life: Life and Times, Volume III: 1959–91 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 134; Humphrey Carpenter, A Great Silly Grin: The British Satire Boom in the 1960s (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), pp. 212, 242.
16. Carpenter, A Great Silly Grin, p. 235; David Frost, An Autobiography, Part 1: From Congregations to Audiences (London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 95.
17. Maurice Richardson, ‘TW3: inside story’, Observer, 29 September 1963; Frost, An Autobiography, p. 70.
18. Richard Hoggart, Mass Media in a Mass Society (London: Continuum, 2006), p. 109; Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 15 October 1995; John Ardagh, ‘TV satire is rage of the sixth’, Observer, 10 March 1963.
19. Carpenter, A Great Silly Grin, p. 272; ‘Eton boys admire “The Avengers”’, The Times, 3 March 1964.
20. Pharic MacLaren, ‘Between the Lines’, Radio Times, 23 April 1964, 51; Michael Tracey, ‘Greene, Mrs Whitehouse and the BBC’, Observer, 14 August 1983.
21. Hoggart, ‘The uses of television’, p. 158; ‘300,000 sign petition for cleaner television’, Guardian, 24 April 1965; Lawrence Black, Redefining British Politics: Culture, Consumerism and Participation, 1954–70 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 115.
22. Joan Bakewell, The Centre of the Bed (London: Sceptre, 2004), pp. 180–81; Kenneth Robinson, ‘Took it from here’, The Listener, 16 August 1979, 210.
23. ‘“Cathy Come Home” to be repeated’, The Times, 21 December 1966; Michael Tracey and David Morrison, Whitehouse (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), p. 71; ‘Audience of critics urged for second showing of “Cathy”’, Guardian, 11 January 1967.
24. Black, Redefining British Politics, pp. 105, 112, 108; Alisdair Farley, ‘Portrait of a lobby’, Listener, 19 June 1967, 845–6; Mary Whitehouse,
‘Rawness and truth on TV’, Financial Times, 8 December 1966.
25. ‘Close-up of the TV viewer’, Guardian, 3 September 1964; ‘Close view of the average viewer’, The Times, 3 September 1964.
26. Kenneth Adam, ‘A stretch towards happiness’, Radio Times, 16 April 1964, 4; ‘Poll shows few BBC-2 viewers’, The Times, 9 June 1964.
27. ‘University exploration of popular culture’, The Times, 6 June 1963.
28. Barry Miles, In the Sixties (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002), p. 1; G. G. Eastwood, ‘Newspapers and colour magazines’, Guardian, 23 November 1961.
29. Anthony Burgess, ‘Television’, Listener, 27 July 1967, 123; Anthony Burgess, You’ve Had Your Time (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 105.
30. Kenneth Adam, ‘American television: “The coloured marquee”’, Listener, 29 June 1967, 850.
31. Memorandum by the Postmaster General, Cabinet Committee on Broadcasting Colour Television, 1965, NA, HO 256/387.
32. Richard Wagner, ‘Colour TV switch-on tomorrow’, The Times, 30 June 1967.
33. Adam, ‘American television’; ‘BBC colour TV in December’, Guardian, 21 April 1967; Attenborough, ‘American lesson is that ambition pays’, The Times, 16 November 1967.
34. Nicholas Garnham, ‘Bright and beautiful’, Listener, 18 July 1968, 81; John Boorman, Adventures of a Suburban Boy (London: Faber, 2004), p. 98; ‘Colour TV is hard on the teeth’, The Times, 27 September 1967.
35. Peter Black, ‘Occasions in colour’, Listener, 28 March 1968, 418; Garnham, ‘Bright and beautiful’; William Hardcastle, ‘Getting colour’, Listener, 27 June 1968, 846.
36. Timothy O’Sullivan, Percy Thrower: A Biography (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1989), p. 115.
37. Clifford Davis, ‘At the big off it’s 750–1 against colour’, Daily Mirror, 2 December 1967; Ronald Faux, ‘Western Islanders tune in to colour television’, The Times, 20 July 1976.
38. ‘TV salesmen look to the hills’, The Times, 3 April 1964; Derek Cooper, Skye (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 138.
39. David Pat Walker, The BBC in Scotland: The First Fifty Years (Edinburgh: Luath Press, 2011), p. 240.
