by Peter Watson
Chinook, 441
Chipawyan people, 9
Chiriguanes, 532
Chocano, Daniel Morales, 312
Chocó, 228
chocolate see cacao
Cholollan, 470
Christianity, 51, 98, 175, 345, 346, 347, 352, 353, 354–5, 356, 379, 444–55, 457, 465, 500, 510, 519–20, 523, 524, 526, 531, 532
Chu, 336
Chuan-Muan, 422
Chukchi, 7–8, 9, 23, 37, 51, 54
Chukotka, 5
Chukotskiy Poluostrov/Chukotskiy Peninsula, 6
Chuncos, 532
chun˜o, 182–3
church, 211, 448–50, 451, 455
Cihuacoahuatl, 217
Cimmerians, 295
Cipolla, Carlo M., 454, 455, 459
Cistercians, 448, 455
cities, early, 85, 255–70, 271–2
Claros, 346
Classic of Documents, 335
Clavigero, Francisco Javier, 536
Cleanthes, 346, 375
Cleisthenes, 363
Clement of Alexandria, 445
Clift, Peter, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98, 159, 260, 263, 269
climate/weather, 30, 46, 75, 76, 81–91, 95–6, 97–9, 114, 127, 154, 159, 259–60, 261, 262, 263, 292, 430–2, 471, 503, 505, 513, 519
clocks, 457
cloth see textiles/cloth
Clovis culture, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 237
Cluny, 448, 449
coastline emergence, 40
coca, 182, 184, 213–15, 224, 231, 387
cocaine, 213
Cocijojui, 399
Codex Borgia, 527
Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, 527
Codex Mendoza, 425
Coe, Michael, 206, 223, 302
Coe, Sophie, 223
Cohen, Mark Nathan, 127–8
Cold War, 50
Colla, 488
Collins, Randall, 448
Colma, 205
Colombia, 182, 197, 200, 218, 316, 429, 487
Colorado, 181, 201, 238, 406
Columbia River, 441
Columbus, Christopher, xxvi-xxix, 56, 444, 523–4, 544
comets, 75–6, 155, 156, 157, 158
Commager, Henry, 533
commerce see trade/commerce
Conard, Nicholas, 121
concuco cultivation, 105, 106
Confucianism, 324, 336–7, 340, 348, 445, 447, 463
Confucius, 324, 336–7
Conquest, the, 422, 476, 518
Conquistadors, 467–8, 489
Conrad, Geoffrey, 469, 482, 484, 490, 514
Constantinople, 460, 499
Constantius II, 351
Cook, Captain James, 56
Copán, 223, 396–7, 436
copper, 113, 170, 277–8, 278–9, 293, 386, 459
Copper Age, 170–1
Copper River, 441
Coquebila, 219
Coras, 202
Corded ware, 167, 169, 170
Cordilleran Ice Sheet, 58, 65, 66
Coricancha temple (Temple of the Sun), Cuzco, 489, 493
corn see maize/corn
Cortés, Hernán, 422, 467, 475, 478, 487
Cosmo, Nicola di, 295
cosmos, levels of the, 48–9, 53, 390, 413, 469, 481, 512
Costa Rica, 205, 429
cotton, 107, 143, 256, 257, 311, 381, 384, 461
Cougnac cave, 119
Council of Five Hundred, 363, 364
Covenant, 342
cows, 121–2, 123, 288, 289, 290, 291–2, 328 see also cattle
Creager, Joe, 63
Creamer, Winifred, 258
creation myths, 23–5, 38, 41–2, 45, 46, 285, 480
credit, 449, 460
Crete, 161, 175, 279, 283, 284, 291
Crimea, 289, 463, 464
crocodiles, 33, 43, 44, 352
cromlechs, 149, 153
crop rotation system, 455, 456
crops see plants: domestication; names of crops
Crusades, 451, 453, 454, 462, 465, 501
Cucina, Andrea, 433
Cuicuilco, 401
Cumanos, 218
cuneiform script, 273–4, 367
Cupisnique, 311
Cuzco, 487, 488–9, 490, 491, 493, 494, 495
Cyprus, 279
Czech Republic, 77
Dadiwan culture, 88
daggers, 279
Dahlgren, Barbro, 398–9
Daly, Douglas, 221
Damascus, 379
Damascus Basin, 126
Daneels, Annick, 433
Dani people, 13–14
Danube, River, 456, 464
Danube region, 163, 286
dao/Tao, 340, 447
Daoism/Taoism, 324, 445
Darius, King, 362
Dark Ages, 449, 454
dark shamanism, 432, 471, 477, 513
Darwin, Charles, 159, 538, 540
date palm, 172
Datura (jimsonweed), 195, 202–4, 207, 211, 219, 224, 400, 428
Dawenkou culture, 88
Dawson, George, 57
Day, Jane Stevenson, 434
deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), 211
Dead Sea, 86
death, attitudes to, 298, 515–16
decapitation, 133, 311, 427, 429, 432, 434
deer, 51, 202, 206–7
deltas, 30–1, 104, 108
Demarest, Arthur, 469, 482, 484, 490, 514
Demeter, 175, 283
democracy, 360, 363–5, 412, 450, 451
Demokritos of Abdera, 373, 374
Denali, 15, 71
Dendrobates tinctorius, 206
Dene-Caucasian language family, 19, 38
Denevan, William N., 541–2
Denmark, 149, 151, 153, 173
Desana, 52, 197
deserts, 98, 250, 253
Deucalion, 161
Deuteronomy, 343–4
Devil Mountain, 64
Di, 334
Diamond, Jared, 75, 99, 100, 101, 107, 504
Díaz, Bernal, 467–8, 475, 479, 499
Diderot, Denis, 536
Diegueno Indians, 38
Dillehay, Thomas, 16, 68, 69, 72
dingo, 122
Diodorus, 276
Dionysos, 174
diphtheria, 542, 543
disasters see catastrophes/disasters
disease, 81, 128, 129, 143, 463–5, 511, 523, 542, 543–4
Dixon, Robert, 17
DNA, 3–4, 7–8, 9, 10, 39, 126
Dnepr region, 142
Dobyns, 542, 543
Dodds, E.R., 375
dogs, 42, 100, 111, 122, 133, 137
dolmen, 149
Dolni Věstonice, 77
Domesday Book, 455
domestication
animals, 42, 100, 109–10, 110–12, 115, 121–2, 124–5, 126, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141–2, 160,180, 291, 508–9, 512
plants, 100, 105–10, 113, 124–6, 135, 136, 137, 138, 160, 504, 505–6, 512
Dong Zhongshu, 340
donkeys/asses, 111, 142, 280, 281
Donnelly Ridge, 15
Dowson, Thomas, 53
dragons, 43
Drakon, 361
Dravidian-speaking people, 177
Drews, Robert, 281, 296, 325
drinking vessels, 167–8, 168, 169, 171, 172
drought, 84–5, 86, 90, 381, 385, 406
drugs/narcotics/hallucinogens, 53–4, 117–18, 152, 165–8, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 192, 193–5, 196–220, 224, 225, 229, 252–3, 305, 315–16, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 326, 387, 400, 405, 415, 416, 417, 428, 432, 506–7, 509, 512, 519
dukkha, 330, 331, 332
Dumbarton Oaks collection, 226
Dumuzi, 284
Durán, Fray Diego, 219, 424, 528
‘dying and rising tree god’ myths, 44, 45, 46
dysentery, 542, 543
Dyukhtai, 7, 14, 15, 71
eagle, 311, 315, 323, 474
Eannat
um, 274
Early Archaic period, 68, 242
earth monster, 308
earthquakes, 28, 31, 44, 92, 93, 94, 95, 154, 160, 161, 180, 235, 236, 252, 269, 318, 381, 389, 435, 443, 504, 514
East Asia, 12, 28, 29 see also names of countries
Eastern St Louis, 410
Eastern Woodlands, 237
East-West Corridor, 34, 44–5, 46, 102, 104, 114
East-West orientation/movement, 45, 100, 102–3, 114, 115, 503, 504, 510, 511
Ebla, 276
Economic Botany, 193
Ecuador, 101, 186, 187, 208, 231, 257, 314, 317, 320, 386, 487, 494
Eden, expulsion from, 134, 349
edentates, 67
egalitarianism, 336, 337, 338, 356, 357, 364, 502
Egtved, 173
Egypt, 44, 86, 99, 100, 103, 104, 108, 115, 156, 161, 165, 173, 175, 250, 254, 255, 257, 258, 275, 276, 280, 282, 283, 284, 291, 294, 349, 350, 352, 359, 366, 368, 371, 377, 459, 460, 464
einkorn wheat, 125
Einstein, Albert, 155
El, 340, 350
Elam (people), 85–6, 273
Elburz mountains, 277
Elea, 376
elephants, 67
Eleusian mysteries, 175
Eliade, Mircea, 150
Elijah, 341, 342
elks, 52, 65, 71
Elliott, John, 524, 530
El Manatí, 302, 306
El Mirador, 394
El Nin˜o/ENSO (El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation), 41, 84–5, 89–91, 92, 156, 180, 235, 236, 263, 269, 318, 381, 384, 389, 430, 431, 435, 484, 504, 512, 513, 515, 517, 519
Elohim, 342, 343
El Paraiso, 267, 310
El Salvador, 93, 200, 220, 223, 304, 478, 485
El Tajin, 418, 423–4, 429, 430
Elysian Fields, 134
emmer wheat, 109, 125, 173
Empedocles of Acragas, 347, 374–5
En Bas Saline, 186
encephalitis, 542
enema rituals, 216
England, 58, 455 see also Britain/United Kingdom
English Channel, 501
Enki, 262
ENSO see El Nin˜o/ENSO
Enuma elis (Babylonian Creation myth), 285, 347
environmental factors see natural/environmental factors
Eocene era, 62, 67
epena, 317
Ephedra, 176, 177
ephedrine, 176
Ephesus, 379
Epic of Creation, 276
Epic of Gilgamesh, 276
equids, 142 see also names of animals
ergot, 177n, 198
Eridu, 33, 261–2, 263, 264, 265–6, 268, 269
Erlandson, Jon, 70
Erythroxylum genus, 213 see also coca
Eskimo, 50, 52, 201
Eskimo-Aleut language family, 18, 19
espingo (Nectandra), 387
Ethiopia, 124
Etna, 93
Euphrates River, 27, 85, 97, 102, 103, 260, 263
Eurasiatic language family, 18, 19
Euripides, 324
Europe, 5, 12, 27, 31, 43, 44, 45, 46, 58, 69, 77–8, 81–2, 93, 100, 101, 106, 116–17, 126, 128, 137, 142, 143, 144, 146–7, 148, 149–54, 162–3, 165, 166–7, 169, 171, 172, 178, 194, 211, 222, 279, 280, 365, 444–59, 460, 462, 463, 464–5, 499, 501, 511, 525, 529, 544 see also names of countries
Eve, 134, 135
Evenk, 49–50
evolution, 372, 538
experimental approach, 363
experimental method, 457
Eyak, 441
eyeglasses, 457
Eynan-Mallaha, 130
Ezekiel, 344
Fagan, Brian, 15, 132, 300, 305, 315, 386, 389, 398, 407, 474, 481
Fairbanks, 15
Fall,mythofthe, 134–5
Farah, Caesar, 447
farming see agriculture/farming
Fate Bell Shelter, 195
Feathered Serpent/Plumed Serpent, 307–8, 391, 397 see also Quetzalcoatl; Vision Serpent
Fedorov, Ivan, 56
felines, 226–34, 311, 323, 388 see also jaguar; puma
Ferdinand, King, xvi, 530
Fertile Crescent, 85–6, 107, 108, 124, 125, 126, 127, 137, 277, 460 see also names of places
fertility, 46, 107, 122, 124, 131, 133, 137, 154, 164, 225, 234, 235, 307, 388, 437, 504, 507–8, 511, 512
figurines, 33, 77, 119–21, 123, 131, 133, 136, 163, 230, 304, 304, 309, 411, 419, 420
Finland, 205
fire, 74, 219
fireballs, 157
fire-serpents, 399
fire shrines/fire rituals, 175–7
First Dynasty (Egypt), 350
fish/fishing, 148, 240–1, 250, 256, 258, 259, 262, 264, 268, 455
Flanders, 454, 455, 465
Flannery, Kent, 399
Flannery, Timothy, 11, 69, 72, 96
flax, 107, 125, 143, 144, 465
flaying, 482, 483
‘flood comet’, 156, 289
floods/flood myths, 23, 26–35, 37, 38–9, 40, 41, 43–4, 45, 66, 81, 154, 160–1, 260
Florence, 451
Florentine Codex, 530
Florescano, Enrique, 120, 481, 513–14
Florida, 70, 218, 242, 408, 409, 410, 525
fluting/fluted points, 70, 71–4, 75, 238
fly-agaric (Amanita muscaria), 53–4, 200, 201
flying carpets, 177
Folsom culture, 73–4, 237–8
founder crops, 107, 108, 125
four elements, 374–5
Frampton, John, 528
France, 45, 48, 49, 50, 77–8, 116–17, 117, 119, 122, 149, 151–2, 153–4, 165, 166, 167, 207
Franklin, Benjamin, 536
Frazer, Sir James, 26
Frede, Michael, 346, 347, 348
free will, 445, 447
Freidel, David, 390, 393
French language, 17
Frison, George, 239
frogs, 205, 206
fulling machines, 456
Funnel Beaker Culture/TRB, 167, 170
Furst, Peter, 53, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207
Galapagos Islands, 538
Galen, 166
Gallipoli peninsula, 374
Ganga, 97
Ganges delta, 30, 104
Ganges River, 35, 36, 97–8, 329
Gateway God, 384, 403, 490
Gault, Texas, 78
Gavrinis, 152, 167
Gé, 207
Geib, P.R., 73
Geist, Valerius, 66
Gellner, Ernest, 294, 366–7, 444, 445, 446
Genesis, 24, 44, 98, 134–5, 136, 341, 342, 353
genetics, 3–14, 17, 19, 21, 37, 39, 65, 66
Genghis Khan, 461, 462, 499
Genoa, 451, 462
Genographic Project, 7–8, 9, 10, 13
Georgia, 41, 534
Gerbi, Antonello, 537
Germany, 108, 121, 153, 165, 166, 167, 460
Ghana, 124
Ghassulian culture, 145
Ghent, 454, 465
Giddings, Louis, 61
Gila River, 407
Gilbert of Tournai, 446
Gilchrist, John, 444
Giles of Verraccio, 452
Gilgal, 126, 341
Gimbutas, Marija, 120, 163
Girard, Réné, 160, 355
glaciers, 6, 30, 31, 58, 59, 65, 82–3, 89, 94
glutton, 66
glyptodonts, 67
goats, 34, 110, 111, 115, 123, 126, 289, 290, 348–9, 350, 508, 543
Gobi desert, 287
goddesses, 97–8, 120, 122, 123, 136–7, 153, 162–4, 175, 198–9, 199, 205, 206, 217, 249, 283–6, 297, 310, 327, 507
Goddess of the Animals, 283
Goddess of the Double Axe, 283
Goddess of the Sacred Knot, 283
Goddess with the Crown of Doves and Bull’s Horns, 283
Goddess with the Poppy Crown, 283
gods, 98, 99, 122, 131, 137–8, 156, 159, 174, 17
5, 215–20, 222, 230, 232, 234, 236, 262, 263, 285, 291, 297, 298, 306, 307, 309, 310, 314–15, 320–1, 322–3, 326, 329, 332–3, 340, 341, 343, 346–7, 348, 352, 363–4, 372, 377, 383, 384, 387, 388, 391, 393, 395, 401–2, 403, 413, 414, 417, 419, 426, 436, 469–71, 473, 474, 475, 476, 478–9, 480, 481, 483, 485, 490, 507–8, 510, 512, 513, 514, 519
Goethe, 536
gold, 318, 321, 322, 377, 386, 387, 459, 489, 490, 524
Golden Calf, 341
Goldsmith, Oliver, 534
Gomorrah, 156
Gorka, Tomasz, 383
Gosthastami, 292
Gotama, Siddhatta see Buddha
Gothic language, 354
gourds (Lagenaria siceraria), 242
Granada, 166, 500
Gran Chaco, 206
Grant, Michael, 376
graves see burials/graves/cemeteries
Gravettian period, 77, 119, 120
Great Chain of Being, 540
Great East-West Corridor, 34, 44–5, 46, 102, 104, 114
Great Goddess, 122, 137, 153, 162–4, 249, 283–6, 310, 327, 507 see also Mother Goddess
Great Interchange, 67
Great Jaguar Paw, 395
Great Lakes, 65, 409, 533
Great Plains, 53, 237, 544
Great Serpent Mound, 409
Great Snake Goddess, 283
Great Wall of China, 286, 462
Greece/Greeks/Hellenistic world, 24, 81, 108, 144, 161, 163, 170, 175, 283, 296, 324, 346, 347, 351–2, 355–6, 359–65, 367, 368, 369, 370–7, 378–9, 444, 447, 510
Greek language, 18, 291, 379, 459
Green Bay, 529
Greenberg, Joseph, 18, 20
Greene, Mott T., 177n, 198, 371, 447
Greenland, 67
Greenland Ice Sheet, 58
Gregory, 157
Grosseteste, Robert, 457
Groube, Les, 128, 129
Grove, David C., 307, 308, 309, 310
Grozdev, Mikhail, 56
Gryllus, 352
Guacar, 95
Guajiros, 218
guanaco, 313, 512, 539
Guanahaní, xxvii, xxix, 523
guano, 386
Guatemala, 92, 199, 200, 206, 218, 220, 221, 390, 394, 421, 470, 476, 478, 485 see also Maya
Guatemala City, 200
Guila Naquitz cave, 185
guinea fowl, 115
guinea pigs, 100, 111, 112, 183
Gulf of Aqaba, 260
Gulf of Mexico, 95, 96, 301, 390, 393, 407, 409, 468, 472, 476, 478
Gulf of Oman, 86
gunpowder, 280
Gupta, 102, 332
Guthrie, R. Dale, 14–15, 63, 74–5
Guyana, 206, 432
Haas, Jonathan, 258
Hadad, 99
haematite, 277
hallucinogens see drugs/narcotics/hallucinogens
Hammurabi’s Code, 276–7, 291
Han, 102, 103, 166, 461
haoma see soma/haoma
haplogroups, 8–9
M130, 8–9, 19, 21, 37, 38
M242, 7–8
Harappa civilisation, 36, 87, 103, 141, 328
harmala alkaloids, 196–7 see also harmaline; harmine
