by Peter Watson
Rivea corymbosa (Morning Glory), 198, 199, 199, 219
river systems, 103–4 see also names of rivers
roads, 489–90
Robicsek, Francis, 218–19, 220
Rockies (Rocky Mountains), 96, 237, 409
rock shelters, 195
Rodríguez, María del Carmen, 306
Romania, 39
Romans, 101, 102, 279, 291, 352, 354, 355, 367, 449, 460
Rome, 379
root and tuber crops, 105, 106, 108–9, 110, 113–14
Rose, Jeffrey, 260
rubber, 180, 424–5
Rudra, 329, 333
Ruhlen, Merritt, 18–19, 20
Russia, 11, 37, 50, 56, 77, 93, 114, 119, 294, 326, 533
Ryder, M. L., 290
rye, 105
Sabal Palm, 242
sacrifice, 26, 118, 159–62, 168–9, 232, 233–4, 235–6, 284, 306–7, 326–7, 328, 333–4, 342–3, 344–5, 348, 349, 350–1, 352–3, 354, 355, 357, 367, 385, 386–7, 388, 389, 395, 399–400, 402, 405, 408, 410, 411, 412, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 436–7, 467–8, 472, 473, 475, 477, 478, 480, 481, 482–3, 484, 485, 486, 490–2, 513, 515, 516–17, 519
saddles, 325
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 468, 476, 479, 527, 530
Sahara, 114, 115, 146, 291
Sahel, 100, 113, 115
sailing, 34, 102, 490 see also ships/shipbuilding
St Lawrence River, 103, 529
Sakas, 295
Sakka, 331
Salaman, Redcliffe, 181
Salamis, 363
Salas, Manuel de, 535–6
Sale, Kirkpatrick, 544–5
Salinas de Chao, 268, 310
salmon, 240–1
salmonella, 543
Samana Cay, xxviii
Samkhya, 330–1
samnyasins (renouncers), 329
samsara (rebirth), 331, 333
Samos, 373
San, 117
San Augustín, 227
San José Mogote, 397
San Juan Basin, 406
San Lorenzo, 206, 230, 302–3, 541
San Pedro cactus, 315, 317, 321, 387
San Salvador island, xxvii, xxix
Sanskrit, 17, 18, 291
Santa Ana, 93
Santa Maria,xxv,xxvi
Santiago, 210
Santillán, Hernán, 525
Saône, River, 456
sapodilla tree, 395
Saqqara, 295
Sarasvati, 98
Sarasvati River, 35–6, 87
Saryu River, 35
Sasanian period, 174
Satapatha-Brahman, 350
Saudi Arabia, 156, 157
Saudi and Yemeni peninsula, 260
Saunders, Nicholas, 230, 233, 234, 469
Saw Palmetto, 242
Scandinavia, 157, 167
scarab, 352
Scarre, Chris, 152
Schele, Linda, 390, 391, 393, 416, 417, 420, 421, 422, 427
schistosomiasis, 129
Schlegel, Friedrich von, 536, 537
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 272–3
scholars, 451–3, 457–9
School of Salamanca, 530
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 536, 537–8
Schrödinger, Erwin, 370, 371, 374
Science, 62
science/scientific thought, 368, 369, 370–5, 376, 446, 458, 459, 510
scopolamine, 203
scribes, 275
Scythians, 175, 207, 295
sea levels, 5, 6, 16, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 40, 57, 59, 61, 65, 104, 127, 240, 260, 262
sea lions, 430, 431
sea monsters, 43
seaweed, 16–17
Sechin Alto, 310
secondary products revolution, 139–48
secularization of politics, 361, 363
sedentism, 112, 128, 129, 136, 137, 138, 149, 243–4, 254
seed culture, 105, 107, 112, 114 see also cereals
Segovia, Rodrigo Sánches de, xxvi
Seirites, 368
Sekhmet, 284
Seler, Eduard, 540
Selerikan River, 63
Seljuks, 460
Semitic alphabet, 368
Semitic-Hamitic languages, 147
Semitic language, 101
Semitic people, 289, 297, 298
‘separation’ myth, 23–5
Sepúlveda, 530, 531
Serabit al Khadem, 368
Serengeti, 115
serpent 307–8, 311, 322, 323, 399, 402, 409, 469, 471, 474 see also Feathered Serpent; Quetzalcoatl; Vision Serpent
Set, 44, 99
Seward Peninsula, 64
sexual awareness, 134–5
sexual intercourse/birth link see reproduction
Shackleton, Ernest, 214
Shady, Ruth, 187, 256–7, 258, 263, 269
shamanism, 41–2, 48–55, 110, 117, 117, 118, 122, 123, 132, 136, 137, 152, 154, 175, 192, 193–4, 195, 196, 197–8, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207–12, 216, 217, 218, 226, 228, 229, 230, 253, 254, 284, 297, 305–6, 312, 315–16, 317, 318, 319, 322, 329, 353, 387, 388, 389, 391–2, 393, 395, 397, 398, 401, 405, 407, 408, 414, 415, 431–2, 471, 473, 477–8, 483, 507, 508, 509, 513, 516, 517, 519
Shandung Peninsula, 88
Shang, 291, 333–4, 335
Sharanahua, 209
Shechem, 341
sheep, 34, 60, 110, 111, 115, 123, 126, 140, 144, 171, 288–9, 289–90, 348–9, 350, 353, 456, 465, 466, 508, 511, 543
Shelklingen, 117
shellfish, 241
shepherd, 353, 519
Sherratt, Andrew, 124–5, 139–40, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 211, 222
Shield Jaguar, 416–17, 418, 419
Shiloh, 341
Shinto, 161
ships/shipbuilding, 454, 501 see also sailing
Shiva, 292, 333
Shlain, Leonard, 366
Shoop, 78
Short, Roger, 122, 135
Shulgi, 275
Shultes, Richard, 201
Shun, 335
Shuruppak, 274
Siberia, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 37, 41, 45, 46, 48, 50–1, 52, 53–4, 54–5, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 72, 119, 128, 156, 157, 201, 207, 286
Siberian Academy of Sciences, 63
Sicily, 103, 163
Sierra Madre, 201
Sierra Nevada, 228–9
Siger of Brabant, 458–9
Silcote-Alin impact, 157
silk, 462
Silk Route/Road, 5, 174, 175, 287
silver, 321, 459, 490
Silverman, Helaine, 383
Simkin, Tom, 92
Sinai, 142, 341, 368
Singapore, 45
sinodonty, 10–11
Sino-Tibetan language, 19
Sintashta-Petrovka culture see Andronovo culture
Sioux, 188–9, 196
Sisi, 44
Siskind, Janet, 209
Sivin, Nathan, 370, 376, 446, 447
skin scarification, 33, 43
Sky (mythological figure), 44
slavery, 364, 479, 486 see also ‘natural slaves’
sledges, 280
sloths, 60, 67
Slovakia, 168
smallpox, 463, 523, 542, 543
smelting, 115, 277, 278, 293
Smith, Jonathan Z., 160
Smithsonian Institution, 92, 485
smoke, 215–20, 391, 416, 419
Smoking Frog, 395
Snake Goddess, 163
Snaketown, 407
snuff, 204–5, 315, 316, 317, 321
snuffing equipment, 205, 252, 253
social stratification, 322 see also specialisation
Society for Interdisciplinary Studies, 155
Soconusco, 187, 223–4
Socrates, 324, 377
Sodom, 156
Soffer, Olga, 77
Solandra guerrerensis, 202
Solon, 361–2, 378
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Solonaceae family, 217, 305
Solutrean culture, 77
soma/haoma, 165, 177 and n, 198, 326, 507
Song, 336
sophists, 376–7
Sophora secundiflora (mescal bean), 194–5, 207
soul flight/journey, 48–9, 52–3, 210, 506, 512
South Africa, 100, 117
South America, xxvii, 8, 9, 18, 19, 41, 53, 67, 68, 70, 72, 78, 84, 85, 89–90, 92, 93, 97, 100, 110, 111, 115, 181–4, 187, 188, 191, 192, 200, 204, 205, 206, 213–15, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 250, 254–9, 267, 310–23, 381–9, 403, 413, 429, 430, 487–95, 505, 506, 512, 513, 514, 515 see also names of civilisations; names of countries
South Asia, 25, 36–7, 43 see also names of countries
South China Sea, 24, 32
South East Asia, 5, 6, 9, 11, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 54, 82, 84, 100, 102, 107, 123, 125, 126, 178, 518 see also names of countries
Southern, R.W.S, 451, 452
Southern Plains, 207
South West Asia, 100, 101, 108, 111, 124, 125 see also names of countries
soybeans, 107
Spain, xxviii, 81, 149, 166, 453, 499, 500, 523, 524, 525
Spaniards, 214, 215, 316, 417, 467, 479, 495, 499, 500–1, 524–5, 527, 528, 545 see also Conquistadors
Spanish (language), 17
Sparta, 360
spear, 296
specialisation, 255, 256, 261, 266, 456 see also social stratification
Sphairos, 347
Spirit Cave, 178
spirituality, new, 325–9, 356
Spondylus, 314
Spores, Ronald, 399
squash, 107, 108
Sri Lanka, 24
Staff God, 314–15, 320–1, 322
Staller, John, 188
stampedes, 238, 239
Stanford, Dennis, 239
Stark, Rodney, 444–5, 449, 459, 460
Steel, Duncan, 156, 158
steppes, 102, 114, 142, 146, 147, 280, 286–9, 292–3, 294, 295, 460, 461, 462, 463, 510, 511
Stirling, Matthew, 301
stirrups, 295, 296, 325, 358
Stoics, 346, 347, 352, 355
Stonehenge, 149, 156, 158–9
Strabo, 289
Strait of Georgia region, 441
Strait of Hormuz, 260
Straits of Gibraltar, 102
Straits of Singapore, 102
Streatfeild, Dominic, 214
Stropharia cubensis, 201
Stroumsa, Guy, 351, 354–5
Sudan, 115, 124
Suez-Red Sea Isthmus, 102
Suffolk, 449
Sulawesi, 44
Sumatra, 93
Sumer/Sumeria/Sumerians, 26, 86, 262, 266, 271, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 285
sundadonty, 10, 11
Sundas Shelf, 11, 34, 35, 38, 45
Sung celadon ware, 459
Sungir, 116
Supe people, 269
Supe River, 255
Supe Valley, 256, 259, 269
Susa, 85, 273
‘Sustenance Mountain’, 222
Sutlej River, 35, 36
Sutton Hoo, 449
Swain, A.M., 83
Sweden, 27
Switzerland, 121, 144, 165, 175, 280
swords, 295, 296, 338
symposium, 170, 172, 174
syphilis, 523, 532, 542, 543
Syria, 124, 126, 145, 368, 464
Syrian rue (Peganum harmala), 177, 196
systematization, 369
Tadjikistan, 175
Tainos, xvii, 95, 544
Taiwan, 29, 32, 39, 41
Taklamakan desert, 287
Tamerlane, 462
Tammuz, 284
Tana, 461
Tanana Valley, 65
Tang China, 174
Tangle Lakes, 15
tanning, 455
Tao/dao, 340, 447
Taoism/Daoism, 324, 445
tapirage, 206
tapirs, 67
Tarahumara, 186
Tarim Basin, 147
taro, 106, 115
Tartars, 533
Tattooed Serpent, Chief, 408
tattooing, 33
taurobolium, 352–3
Taurus Constellation, 291
Tawa, 404
Tawantinsuya, 488
Taylor, Timothy, 135–6
tectonic plates, 91–2, 125, 318 see also Pacific Plate; Nazca Plate
Teenek people, 186
teeth, 10–11
Tehuantepec, 304
Tell Abu Hureyra, 126, 130
Tell Aswad, 126
Tell el Amarna, 295, 367
Tello, Julio, 312
Temple of Danzantes, Monte Albán, 398
Temple of Inscriptions, Palenqe, 396
Temple of the Sun (Coricancha), Cuzco, 489, 493
temple prostitution, 284
temples, 90, 91, 233, 262, 265–6, 314, 318–19, 343, 344, 350, 354, 355, 384, 386, 387, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 436, 467, 470, 474, 478, 480–1, 489, 493
Ten Commandments, 341, 350, 368, 369
Tenetehara, 218
Tengi, 297, 310
Tenochtitlán, 93, 233, 425, 436–7, 467, 468, 470, 476–7, 478, 479, 480–1, 482, 483, 485
teosinte, 185, 186, 188, 505
Teotihuácan, 198–9, 199, 395, 397, 398, 401–2, 428, 468, 469, 470, 471
Tepanec, 477
Tepantitla Palace, 198–9, 428
Tepe Asiab, 273
Tepeyollotli, 234
Teratornis meeriami, 67
Tertiary era, 61, 62
Teshub, 99
Texas, 70, 195, 227
Texcoco/Texcocans, 477, 536
textiles/cloth, 143–4, 242, 244, 289, 311–12, 318, 321, 381, 386, 453, 455, 456, 459, 465 see also names of textiles
Tezcatlipoca, 219, 234, 421, 472, 513
Tezozomoc, 439
Thailand, 30, 102, 104, 178
Thales of Miletus, 371–2, 376
Thebes, 359
Themistocles, 362, 363
Theobroma cacao see cacao
theology, 355, 444, 445, 446, 458, 459
Theothrastus, 351
Thomas, Robert, 455–6, 457
Thornton, Russell, 542–3, 544
Thrace, 347
three-field system, 455, 456
Thutmose, 282
Tiahuanaco, 429
Tiamat, 285, 347
Tibet, 11, 41, 289
Tibetan plateau, 82, 83, 89
Tien Shan mountains, 114
Tierra del Fuego, 8
Tiesler, Vera, 433
tigers, sabre-toothed, 60
Tigris River, 27, 85, 102, 103, 260, 263
Tigris-Euphrates valley, 114
Tikal, 233, 394–5
Tilantongo, 398
tin, 278, 279, 293
Titans, 372
Titicaca Basin, 187
Titus, 350
Tiwanaku, 182, 187, 214, 253, 384–6, 488, 490
Tlacaelel, 477
Tlacaxipehualiztli, 233–4
Tlacopan, 477
Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, 474
Tlaloc, 401, 402, 417, 478, 481
Tlaloques, 424
Tlatelolco, 479
Tlaxcala, 433
Tlingit, 42
toads, 205–6, 428
tobacco, 101, 180, 204, 207, 215–19, 222, 224, 408, 416
Toba Volcano eruption, 24–5, 26, 43, 154
Tochtepec, 425
To Kabinana, 44
tokens, clay, 272–3
Toledo, 500
Tollan see Tula
Toltecs, 99, 230, 233, 402, 429, 436, 468–9, 472, 473–4, 475, 476, 477, 478, 495, 513, 515, 536
Tonala River, 301
tools, 4, 14, 15–16, 25, 28, 29, 88, 130, 237–8, 279
Topiltzin Quatzalcoatl, 471–3
Torah, 354, 368
Tormey, Daniel, 94
tornadoes,
96
torture, 421–2, 517
totems, 76
traction complex, 141, 142, 144, 147, 171, 180
trade/commerce, 140, 144, 146, 147, 170, 223, 257, 331, 370, 378–9, 407, 450, 454, 459, 460, 509
Trail Creek, 15
trance, 48–9, 52, 53, 117, 197, 253, 316, 391, 393, 415, 416, 516, 517
Trans-Caspian region, 147
transformation, 194, 197, 205, 226, 315, 317, 321, 435, 506
Transoxiana, 460
Trans-Pecos Texas, 195
transport, 142–3
transvestism, 54, 432
TRB see Funnel Beaker culture
Tree of Knowledge, 134
Tres Zapotes, 301, 302
Triana, Rodrigo de, xvi
tribute, 411, 481 482
Trichocereus pachanoi, 201
trickster myths, 41–2, 54
Trois Frères Cave, 48, 49, 116–17, 117, 122
Trujillo, 492, 519
tryptamines, 204, 317
tryptanosomiasis, 543
tsentsak, 209
tsetse fly, 115
tsunamis, 28, 31, 94, 121, 156, 157, 160, 161, 252, 514
tuan, 339
Tukano, 197–8, 228
Tula (Tollan), 400, 402, 468–9, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474
Tunguska impact, 156, 157
Tungus-speakers, 50
Turbina corymbosa, 428
Turkey, 124, 126, 132, 161, 370, 377
turkeys, 100, 111
Turkmenistan, 175
Turks, 294, 460, 499–500
Turks and Caicos islands, xxviii
Turner, Christy, 10, 11, 20
Tutankhamun, 280
Tuva Mongols, 169
typhus, 542, 543
tyrant, 361
Uaxactún, 394, 395
Ubaid culture, 33, 85
Uelen, 6
Ukraine, 142, 163
Umma, 263
Unangan language, 50
Underworld, 222, 283, 284, 390, 396, 401, 413, 425, 426, 481, 508, 512
Ungnadia speciosa, 195
ungulates, 64 see also names of animals
United Kingdom see Britain/United Kingdom
United States, 71, 75, 76, 100, 108, 124, 157, 424, 440–1 see also names of states
universe, ideas about, 371–5
Upanishads, 324, 330, 348
Upper Amazon basin, 220
Upper Lena Basin, 11
Upper Oxus, 175
Upper Purús River, 209
Upper Tombigbee River Valley, 242
Ur, 26, 33, 85, 159, 275, 276
Urals, 119
Urton, Gary, 316
Uruk, 147, 263, 264, 265–6, 268, 273, 274, 280
Ushki, 15
USSR, 51, 157
Usumacinta, 196
Utnapishtim, 161
Uto-Aztecian language, 186, 188
Uto-Aztecian peoples, 203
Valdez, Lidio, 381–2
Valladolid, 524
Valley of Mexico, 395, 401, 467, 474, 476, 477
Vancouver Island, 441
Varuna, 99, 326
vase supports, 152, 166–7
Vatican, 532
Vedas, 35–6, 329 see also Rig Veda
Vedic culture/religion, 36, 292, 328, 331, 332
