69. DDE diary, August 10, 1932, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 233.
70. The text of Hurley’s order to MacArthur, reprinted in The New York Times, July 29, 1932, reads as follows:
TO: General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army.
The President has just informed me that the civil government of the District of Columbia has reported to him that it is unable to maintain law and order in the District.
You will have United States troops proceed immediately to the scene of disorder. Cooperate fully with the District of Columbia police force which is now in charge. Surround the affected area and clear it without delay.
Turn over all prisoners to the civil authorities.
In your orders insist that any women and children who may be in the affected area be accorded every consideration and kindness. Use all humanity consistent with the due execution of this order.
PATRICK J. HURLEY
Secretary of War
71. Blumenson, 1 Patton Papers 895.
72. DDE, At Ease 216.
73. Perret, Eisenhower 112–13. Other recent biographers are equally skeptical. See Brendon, Ike 63–64; Merle Miller, Ike the Soldier 266–67; D’Este, Eisenhower 223–24.
74. Miles to MacArthur, August 4, 1932, quoted in James, 1 Years of MacArthur 398–99. In the after-action report Eisenhower wrote for MacArthur’s signature, Ike said, “I accompanied the troops in person, anticipating the possibility of such a serious situation arising that necessary decisions might lie beyond the purview of responsibility of any subordinate commander, and with the purpose of obtaining a personal familiarity with every phase of the troops’ activities.” DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 238.
75. Perry L. Miles, Fallen Leaves: Memories of an Old Solider 307 (Berkeley, Calif.: Wureth, 1964). In his Reminiscences, MacArthur said he went with the troops “in accordance with the President’s request.” At page 95.
76. Before meeting the press, MacArthur and Hurley went to the White House to brief President Hoover on what had occurred. There is no record of the meeting, but Hoover later told F. Trubee Davison, the assistant secretary of war for air, that he was furious with MacArthur and had “upbraided” him for disobeying orders. F. Trubee Davison, interview, Oral History Collection, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
77. The New York Times, July 29, 1932.
78. MacArthur for Hurley (written entirely by DDE), July 1930, reprinted in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 233–47. In At Ease, Eisenhower writes somewhat more sympathetically of the veterans than he did at the time. He further suggests that he recommended that MacArthur not speak to the press, but this, too, seems unlikely. Eisenhower concludes his treatment of the affair by noting that some accounts call it “one of the darkest blots on the MacArthur reputation. This, I feel, is unfortunate.” At pages 216–18.
79. Blumenson, 1 Patton Papers 900.
80. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr., The Twilight of the U.S. Cavalry: Life in the Old Army, 1917–1942 130, Colonel Lucian K. Truscott III, ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989).
81. The Washington Daily News, July 29, 1932.
82. DDE diary, April 26, 1934, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 268–69.
83. General Lucius D. Clay, in Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 57.
84. DDE diary, November 30, 1932, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 247.
85. Ibid. 247–48, February 28, 1933.
86. Ibid. 249, March 10, 1933.
87. Milton Eisenhower, quoted in Neal, Eisenhowers 94.
88. DDE diary, April 20, 1933, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 251–52.
89. Ibid. 253–54, October 29, 1933. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
CHAPTER SIX: MANILA
The epigraph, a family legend, is reported by Susan Eisenhower in Mrs. Ike 143.
1. Charles H. Brown, “Fox Conner: A General’s General,” John Ray Skates, ed., Journal of Mississippi History 208, August 1987.
2. “General Moseley hates the President,” wrote Colonel Herman Bukema to Professor William Myers, September 28, 1934. Quoted in Bendersky, “Jewish Threat” 468.
3. “I hear your name mentioned [for the position] possibly more frequently and more favorably than anyone else’s,” Eisenhower wrote Moseley on September 24, 1934, “but I honestly think that no one but the President knows exactly what is to be done and he will make his announcement in his own good time.” DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 276.
4. Press Conference 164, December 12, 1934. 4 Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt 268–69 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972). For MacArthur’s desire for an extension, see Eisenhower memo in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 97.
5. William Manchester states that FDR extended MacArthur’s term for a year to pass over General George Simonds. Simonds was born in 1874, as was Moseley. But FDR’s primary aim was to short-circuit Moseley’s chances. Manchester, American Caesar 159.
6. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 133–38.
7. 48 Stat. 456, PL 73–127 (1934).
8. MacArthur to FDR, September 9, 1935. Also see FDR to MacArthur, August 31, 1935; MacArthur to FDR, September 2, 1935. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
9. War Department Special Orders 220, September 18, 1935.
10. One of the best reports of arrangements leading to MacArthur’s appointment was written by Eisenhower (“Philippine diary”) in November 1935, and is reprinted in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 286–93. Geoffrey Perret, citing “Memorandum of the Terms of Agreement Between the President of the Philippine Commonwealth and General MacArthur,” notes that MacArthur would also receive .46 of 1 percent of Philippine defense spending through 1941. That translates into an additional $23,000 annually, given a budget of $8 million. Old Soldiers Never Die 188.
11. DDE, At Ease 219–20.
12. DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 284.
13. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 133–34.
14. DDE to Elivera Doud, August 8, 1935, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 281–82.
15. DDE, At Ease 221.
16. MacArthur to DDE, September 30, 1935, DDE 201 file, EL.
17. War Department Special Orders 220, September 18, 1935.
18. FDR to Secretary of War, July 18, 1935, FDRL.
19. Woodring to MacArthur, October 2, 1935, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives (MMBA), Norfolk, Virginia.
20. DDE, At Ease 223.
21. MacArthur to FDR, October 2, 1935, FDRL; MacArthur to Craig, October 2, 1935, MMBA.
22. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 77.
23. Ibid. 78.
24. DDE Philippine diary, December 1935, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 292.
25. Joint Army and Navy Basic War Plan Orange, August 1924, Record Group 165, NARA.
26. War Plan Orange, March 1929, Record Group 407, NARA.
27. MacArthur to Bonner Fellers, June 1, 1939, MMBA; Moseley, 2 “One Soldier’s Story” 153.
28. War Plan Orange, June 13, 1933, Record Group 407, NARA. According to marginal notes on the plan, “Genl MacA” stated his belief that such reinforcement was possible because the Japanese would not seek to capture the Philippines so long as the U.S. fleet stood guard. MacArthur predicted “that war would be declared (if at all) by the enemy and initiated by a surprise attack on our fleet if surprise were possible.” Quoted in Brian McAllister Linn, Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1940 176 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
29. Current Estimate, War Plan Orange, 1936, Record Group 407, NARA.
30. War Plan Orange, 1939, Record Group 407, NARA. Quoted in Linn, Guardians of Empire 182.
31. DDE Philippine diary, December 27, 1935, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries.
32. Ibid., January 20, 1936.
33. Ibid., February 6, 1936.
34. Ibid., January 20, 1936.
35. Ibid.
36. James, 1 Years of MacArthur 506. On April 5, 1939, Eisenhower reported a three-hour conve
rsation with President Quezon at the presidential palace. The conversation was at Quezon’s request.
He said he bitterly opposed the appointment [of MacArthur as field marshal], although he did not say he opposed it openly to General MacA. He did say that the incident made his government look ridiculous! I was astounded, since General MacA’s account of the same affair was exactly the opposite.… Somebody certainly has lied. The Gen. said he accepted the appointment with great reluctance and only because refusal would have mortally offended the Pres!! Wow!!
(DDE Philippine diary, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries.)
37. DDE Philippine diary, February 15, 1936.
38. DDE, interview by Peter Lyon, August 1967, quoted in Lyon, Eisenhower 78.
39. John S. D. Eisenhower, General Ike 27–28.
40. DDE Philippine diary, July 1, 1936, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries.
41. War Department Special Order, July 1, 1936.
42. DDE, At Ease 280.
43. William L. Lee, interview, EL.
44. Brigadier General Hugh A. Parker, interview, EL.
45. John S. D. Eisenhower, General Ike 26.
46. Jesus A. Villamor, “He Knew How to Take It,” The American Legion Magazine 14–15, 42–43, September 1960.
47. DDE to Hugh A. Parker, February 4, 1936, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 420–22.
48. MacArthur to Major General William D. Connor, September 15, 1936, EL.
49. DDE to Colonel George A. Lincoln, September 6, 1967, EL.
50. W. B. Courtney, “Can We Hold the Richest Land on Earth?” Collier’s 12–13, 54–56, July 1, 1939.
51. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 144–45.
52. Ibid. 137.
53. MDE to the Douds, March 31, 1936, EL.
54. D’Este, Eisenhower 241.
55. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 143.
56. Ibid. 145.
57. MDE to the Douds, February 8, 1938, EL.
58. DDE to Moseley, April 26, 1937, EL.
59. DDE to John Doud, April 29, 1937, EL.
60. Craig to MacArthur, August 16, 1937, MMBA.
61. DDE Philippine diary, August 25, 1937, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries.
62. MacArthur to Craig, August 22, 1937, MMBA.
63. Craig to MacArthur, August 24, 1937, MMBA.
64. “These comic opera wars never center about any problem incident to the ‘job,’ ” Eisenhower continued. “They invariably involve something personal to the Gen. I too could be the fair-haired boy if I’d only yes, yes, yes!!” DDE Philippine diary, August 25, 1937, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
65. MacArthur to Craig, September 10, 1937; MacArthur to the Adjutant General, September 16, 1937, MMBA.
66. FDR to MacArthur, October 11, 1937, FDRL. “The other day we got the Gen.’s order for retirement,” Ike wrote in his diary on October 15, 1937. “The Pres. of the U.S. sent him a flowery telegram which was, of course, promptly released to the press. His retirement, to take effect on Dec. 31, will leave him a free agent so that he can continue to live in the Penthouse, draw his munificent salary—do no work—and be protected against possible transfer to another station.”
67. DDE efficiency report, December 31, 1937, EL.
68. DDE Philippine diary, December 21, 1937, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries. When the Philippine government sought to increase Ike’s per diem allowance, MacArthur blocked it. Eisenhower took it personally.
He [MacArthur] knows we know he had prevaricated in his administration of the defense plan, for the sole purpose of assuring his hold on $33,000 and a penthouse, and all expenses. He has come to regard us as a menace to him and his soft berth.… The popular notion of his great ability as a soldier and leader, is, of course, not difficult to explain to those who know how wartime citations were often secured. These, plus direct intervention of Sec[retary of War Newton D.] Baker to give him his first star (Regular) have been parlayed … to a reputation of wisdom, brilliance and magnificent leadership.
69. Quoted in D’Este, Eisenhower 247.
70. In At Ease, Eisenhower attributed the crash to the inexperienced Filipino pilot. But in the letter he wrote to Mrs. Ord immediately afterward, Ike exonerated the pilot: “Lieut Cruz, a very fine flyer with whom many of us ride regularly.” His subsequent diary entry blamed the crash on “a combination of unfortunate circumstances, rather than of any one particular thing.” At Ease 227–28. Compare DDE to Emily Ord, January 31, 1938, and Philippine diary, February 15, 1938, both in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 373–76.
71. DDE Philippine diary, February 15, 1938, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries.
72. DDE, At Ease 228.
73. MDE to the Douds, March 9, 1938, EL. (Mamie’s emphasis.)
74. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 154.
75. Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain, MacArthur: 1941–1951 35 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954).
76. George C. Kenney, General Kenney Reports 151–52 (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1949).
77. Romulo to William Manchester, October 18, 1977, cited in Manchester, American Caesar 184.
78. D’Este, Eisenhower 248.
79. DDE Philippine diary, June 18, 1938, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries.
80. DDE, At Ease 228–29.
81. Daniel D. Holt, “An Unlikely Partnership and Service: Dwight Eisenhower, Mark Clark, and the Philippines,” 13 Kansas History 149, 157 (Autumn 1990).
82. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay 80.
83. Ibid. 80–81.
84. DDE, At Ease 229–30.
85. DDE to Mark Clark, May 27, 1939, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 434–35.
86. DDE Philippine diary, July 16, 1939, in ibid.
87. DDE, At Ease 231. “The President, and his Malacañan assistants appear to be genuinely sorry that I am going,” Ike wrote in his diary on November 15, 1939. “I hope they are sincere, but the Malay mind is still a sealed book to me. They may be secretly delighted. However, I’m tempted to believe them.”
88. MacArthur to DDE, December 9, 1939, EL.
89. DDE to Colonel Norman Randolph, October 6, 1941, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 547–48.
CHAPTER SEVEN: LOUISIANA MANEUVERS
The epigraph is a question directed at Eisenhower by General Marshall during a chance meeting while the chief of staff was attending Fourth Army maneuvers south of Monterey, California, in January 1940. It was the second occasion on which Marshall and Eisenhower met, the first being in Paris in 1929. DDE, At Ease 236.
1. DDE to Captain Hugh A. (“Lefty”) Parker, December 13, 1940, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 515.
2. General DeWitt was still the senior Army commander on the West Coast at the time of Pearl Harbor and was the prime mover behind the War Department’s recommendation to FDR that Japanese Americans living in the Pacific war zone be relocated inland. “The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil have become Americanized the racial strain is undiluted.” DeWitt to War Department, February 14, 1942. Also see Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans 85 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Jean Edward Smith, FDR 549–52, 773–74 (New York: Random House, 2007).
3. DDE Philippine diary, January 25, 1940, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries. Although Eisenhower was back in the United States, he continued to write his impressions in his Philippine diary.
4. Ibid.; John S. D. Eisenhower, Strictly Personal 28–29; Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 160–61.
5. DDE to Leonard T. Gerow, August 23, 1940, DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 489–90. By the end of September, the regiment would be 1,300 men understrength as troops were constantly being transferred to staff new units. DDE, Fort Lewis diary, September 26, 1940, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 493–95.
6. DDE to Everett Hughes, November 26, 1940, EL.
7. DDE to Omar Bradley, July 1, 1940, EL.
8
. DDE to Gerow, August 23, 1940, in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 489–90; DDE, At Ease 237; DDE to Hughes, November 26, 1940, EL.
9. DDE, At Ease 237.
10. GSP to DDE, October 1, 1940, in Blumenthal, 2 The Patton Papers 15.
11. DDE to GSP, September 17, 1940, EL. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
12. GSP to DDE, November 1, 1940, EL.
13. DDE to Mark Clark, October 31, 1940, EL.
14. DDE to T. J. Davis, October 31, 1940, EL. Eisenhower also wrote to James Ulio on the adjutant general’s staff, but that letter has been lost.
15. DDE to T. J. Davis, November 14, 1940, EL.
16. DDE, At Ease 238.
17. Lyon, Eisenhower 82.
18. Eisenhower’s letter to Gerow, November 18, 1940, is reprinted in DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 503–5.
19. For Gerow’s telegram, see DDE, Eisenhower: Prewar Diaries 508n1.
20. DDE to Gerow, November 25, 1940, EL.
21. DDE to Mark Clark, November 28, 1940, EL.
22. DDE to Hughes, November 26, 1940, EL.
23. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe 7–8 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948).
24. Robert Lovett, interview by Jean Edward Smith, March 30, 1971, COHP.
25. Russell F. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944–1945 22–28 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981).
26. Jean R. Moenk, A History of Large-Scale Army Maneuvers in the United States, 1935–1964 25, 39 (Fort Monroe, Va.: Continental Army Command, 1969). In 1939, Hugh Drum was the candidate of the Army’s Old Guard to succeed Malin Craig as chief of staff, but Roosevelt passed over him to name Marshall. “I’m tired of hearing Drum beat the drum for Drum,” FDR told Harry Hopkins. After Pearl Harbor, Secretary Stimson and Marshall offered Drum the position of chief of staff to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, heading the American effort in the China theater. Drum, who saw himself as Pershing’s successor in Europe, declined in a stormy scene with Marshall. Having overplayed his hand, Drum was retired without fanfare in 1943, when he reached the mandatory retirement age. After the row with Drum, Marshall selected Joseph Stilwell for the China post. Pogue, 2 Marshall 356–60; Noel F. Bush, “General Drum,” Life 96, June 16, 1941.
Eisenhower in War and Peace Page 89
