Race for Timbuktu: In Search of Africa's City of Gold
Page 36
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Saad, Elias N. Social History of Timbuktu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Scott, A. MacCallum. Barbary. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1921.
Smyth, William Henry. The Mediterranean. London: J. W. Parker & Son, 1854 (the only copy available to me was on microfilm).
Tooley R. V. Collectors’ Guide to Maps of the African Continent and Southern Africa. London: Carta Press, 1969.
Trench, Richard. Forbidden Sands. London: John Murray, 1978.
Tuckey, J. K. Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire. London: John Murray, 1818; Frank Cass reprint, 1967.
Tully, Richard. Letters written during a ten years’ residence at the Court of Tripoli 1816; reprinted with an introduction by Seton Dearden, London: Arthur Barker Ltd., 1957.
Villiers, Marq de, and Sheila Hirtle. Sahara: A Natural History. New York: Walker & Company, 2002.
Ward, Philip, Tripoli: Portrait of a City. New York: Oleander Press, 1969.
Ward, W. E. F. The Royal Navy and the Slavers. New York: Pantheon Books, 1969.
Welch, Galbraith. The Unveiling of Timbuctoo. New York: Morrow, 1939.
Wellard, James. The Great Sahara. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1965.
Williams, Harry. Quest Beyond the Sahara. London: Robert Hale, 1965.
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*Robert Cecil Romer Maugham, Second Viscount Maugham of Hartfield, published his novels and nonfiction under the pen name “Robin Maugham.” The nephew of W. Somerset Maugham, he died in 1981.
INDEX
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Entries in italics refer to captions.
Abdullahi (Arab servant), 111, 112
abolitionism, 12, 15, 21, 114, 127, 128,159-61
Abu Simbel (town), 45
Adrar Nahalet (town), 198
Africa
Britain loses interest in, 48, 227
Britain vs. France and, 21
British exploration of, begins with Saturday’s Club, 11-21
British government becomes interest in,40, 61-63, 62
Clapperton’s charts of, 134-35
Denham’s book on, 135-36
Europeans begin to explore, xviii-xxii
Europeans lack knowledge about, xix-xx,12, 65, 125-26
importance of, to British and French,248-49
indigenous people keep Europeans out of, 54
map of, by Blaeu in 1630, xix
map of, by Hall in 1829, xx
maps of, importance in Europe, 148
North, vs. sub-Saharan, xii
African Association (Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior of Africa), 11-21, 12, 37, 45-46,124
Tripoli route and, 65-70“African travelers,” xxi, 20, 58
Africanus, Leo (Johannis Leo de Medici), xvi-xvii, xix, 104, 135
Ahmad Karamanli, Ahmad (first bashaw of Tripoli), 68
Aïr Mountains, 124
Ajjer Tuareg tribe, 89-91, 167, 192
Algeria, 5n, 198n, 262, 266, 273
Algiers, 4, 25, 32, 126-27
Ali Bey Karamanli, 265, 266 as third bashaw of Tripoli, 17, 69
Alkhadir (nephew of Babani), 202, 205,208, 253, 258, 263, 281, 283
Amyot, Mr., 169
Aney (village), 101, 102
Arab invasion of 667, xii-xiii, 150
Arab traders, xiii, xiv, xvii-xviii, xxi, xxii, 182,216
Europeans in Africa opposed by, 12, 54
Laing and, 193-99, 194, 201, 202
slave trade and, 78
Timbuktu and, 232
Tripoli route and, 67
Arawan, 245, 276
Arctic explorations, 47, 198
Ashanti tribe, 183, 238
war with British, 56, 58-59, 203
Azaud oasis, 204
Babani, Sheikh, 33, 35-36, 49, 63, 64,138-41, 143, 145, 146, 150, 168, 175,191, 253, 254
betrayal of Laing and death of, 197-98,200-202, 204-6, 240
Bacon, Sir Francis, 125
Badagri (slave-trading station), 162, 164,180, 183, 224-26
Bagarmi (town), 114
Baghdad, 4
Bahir Mandia (Mondra Lake), 91, 92
Bamako (town), 129
Bambara tribe, 19
Bandinel, James, 27, 141, 153, 194, 198
Banks, Sir Joseph, 65, 70, 135n
background of, 11-13, 12
Barrow and, 46-47
Hornemann expedition and, 43-45
Houghton expedition and, 18
Ledyard expedition and, 14-16
Lucas expedition and, 17
Park expeditions and, 19, 21, 40-43
baracans, defined, 50
Barbary States, xiii, 5, 13
pirates and, 25, 68-70
Barca Gana (Hausa warrior), 114-17, 114,130
Barra Kunda Falls, 18
Barrow, Sir John, 47-48, 47, 67, 70, 269
Denham-Oudney-Clapperton expedition and, 80-83, 89, 135-36, 227
Bathurst, Henry, third Earl, 26, 28, 32-35
African colonies and, 248
background of, and interest in Timbuktu,61-63, 62
Clapperton and, 134, 136-38, 153-57,159-60, 219
Denham-Oudney-Clapperton expedition and, 92, 94-95, 113, 117, 119, 133
George IV and, 62n
Hatita and, 167
Laing and, 56-61, 133, 134, 148, 206-7,236, 237, 246, 249-50, 253, 255, 260,281
Tripoli route and, 67, 70-71, 88
Bathurst (Banjul), Gambia, 161
Beaufoy, Henry, 12, 15-16, 18
Belford, John, 70, 72, 74-79
Bello, Sultan Mohammed, 105, 114, 116,154, 156, 185, 187-88, 232
Clapperton meets, 118, 119, 123-30,132-35
Clapperton’s second expedition and, 159,161-62, 189, 210-12, 214-22, 219n,227
Laing and, 233-34, 245
Lander and, 223
Bengal, 12, 21
Benghazi, 246n, 253, 261
Benin, Bight of, 41, 135, 152, 153, 178, 236
Beni Ulid (town), 141-42, 145, 155
Berbers, xiv, 150, 232
Bhu Khallum, Abu Bakr (“Buckaloom”), 93,95, 97, 98, 102, 110, 111, 114-16, 118
Bilma (village), 100, 103
Blaeu, Willem Janzoon, xix
Blockade Squadron, 160-61, 224
Blumenbach, J. F., 43-44
Bongola (freed slave), 140, 201, 202, 204-5,208, 236, 253-55, 257-59, 275-81, 283
Bonnel de Mézières, Alexandre, 277-80,279, 282, 284
Borgu (area), 181-83, 189
Bornu, Sheikh of, 85, 125, 215
Bornu Empire, 66-68, 80, 183
Denham-Oudney-Clapperton mission to,82-89, 88, 98, 103-8, 105, 115, 128,129-30, 134, 135
Clapperton’s second trip to, 159, 216
war with Sokoto, 189-90, 211-17,219-21
Boudoumi tribe, 109
Bovill, E.W., 136, 139, 169, 287-88
Brazen (sloop), 137, 147, 157, 161, 162
Brazil, 224
Bree (town), 107
Breughel (Dutch consul), 260, 264, 265
Breughel, Madame de, 169-70
British Admiralty, 46-48, 47, 66, 80, 137
British Colonial Office, 61, 80. See also Bathurst, Henry, third Earl of
Bathurst founds, 56, 62
Clapperton-Laing rivalry and, 134,153-55
Denham-Oudney-Clapperton expedition and, 84, 86, 92, 94-96, 100, 110, 111,113, 120
early Niger expeditions and, 46-47
Laing and, 166, 193, 197, 246, 250, 260,261, 269-71
slave
policy of, 159-60
Tripoli route and, 67, 71
Warrington and, 26, 28
Yusuf Karamanli and, 25
British Foreign Office, 282
British Parliament, 62n, 159, 160
British Quarterly Review, 268, 270
British Royal Africa Corps, 41, 46, 56, 57,140
British Royal Artillery, 60
British Royal Navy, 25
Bruce, Captain, 1-3
Bulletin de la Société Géographique, 261
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 12
Burckhardt, Jean Louis, 45, 47
burnous, defined, 50n
Burton, Sir Richard, xxii, 156, 226
Bussa, sultan of, 187
Bussa Falls, 43, 129, 185, 186-89
Byzantine Empire, xii, 150
Caillié, René, 230, 250n, 255-57, 257,268-69, 276
Cairo, xiv-xv, 4, 15-16, 45
Camden, Earl, 39-41, 43
Campbell, Thomas, 46
caravans, 146-47
Caroline, Princess of England, 62
Carthaginians, 67
Cass, Frank, 135n
Catalan Atlas, xv
Central African Empire myth, xvii
Chaamba Arabs, 167
Chad, Lake, 38n, 66, 77, 79-80, 88, 98,103-9, 104, 112, 117, 131-32, 134-35
size of, 108n, 131
Charles V, King of Spain, xv
Chiadoo (Igboho, place), 179
Chisholm, Col. James, 56, 58-60
Christian(s), xiv, 70
enslavement of, 25
Muslims and, 36, 130, 156
Clapperton, Hugh, xxi, 47, 116, 149
advice of, to Laing, 138, 154-56
arrives in Africa for second expedition,157-65
background of, 81-82, 82
books of, 135n
charts African interior, 134-35
death of, at Sokoto, 218-23, 225, 229,253
Denham-Oudney expedition and, 81-91,88, 92, 94-105, 104, 105, 107n
Denham’s accusations and, 109-13, 133,135-36, 137, 186
journals of, 136, 226, 227, 249-51, 253,281n
Laing’s rivalry with, and race to Timbuktu,133-37, 141, 142, 147, 152-56, 173,177, 193, 205
Lake Chad explored by, 108-9, 112, 117
learns about Park’s death at Bussa,186-89
Niger hypothesis of, 135
Oudney’s death and, 120
posthumous reputation of, 226-27
returns to Tripoli and England after first expedition, 132-34
second expedition of, commissioned by Bathurst, 156-57, 159-61
travels to Kano and Sokoto on first expedition, 117-30
travels to Katunga, Wawa, Bussa, and Kano, on second expedition, 178-90,210-13
travels to Sokoto on second expedition, and conflict with Bello, 213-22, 234
Zuma and, in Wawa, 183-86
Clozel, Gen. François J., xxv, 276
Cochrane, Sir Alexander, 140
Cologhis, of Tripoli, 67-69
Congo River, xix, 46-48, 213
length of, 39n
Park and, 38-40, 43
Congress of Vienna (1815), 160
Constantinople, 31
Cook, Capt. James, xxi, 11-14, 51
Coruncy, Monsieur de, 251
Cotonou, Benin, 159
Coutts (banker), 20
Cowdery, Dr. Jonathan, 30
Coxe, Charles D., 260, 264, 266, 267
Crescent (British ship), 41
Cresques, Abraham, xv-xvi
Crusades, xvii
Curriel, Abram, 259-60
Cyrene (American corvette), 3
Dahomey, 161-62, 182, 183
Danes, 160
D’Arowan, Sidi Ali Baba, 261
date trade, xiv
Dawson, George, 164-65, 178
Delaporte (French vice-consul), 269
Denham, Charles, 85, 132
Denham, Dixon, 47
book of, 135-36, 192, 192n, 227
death of, 136, 225n
death of Clapperton and, 225
expedition with Oudney and Clapperton and, 82-86, 88, 89, 90, 92-105, 92,104, 105, 212
in Kukawa, 117, 131-32
at Lake Chad and accusations of, vs. Clapperton, 107-13, 112, 130-35, 186
Niger hypothesis of, 135
portrait of, 137
returns to England with Clapperton, 132-34
slaving expedition with Bhu Khallum and,113-17, 114, 116, 125
Deshon, Capt. Richard, 13
D’Ghies, Hassuna, 244, 247-51, 258-66,268-71, 275, 281, 282
D’Ghies, Mohammed, 247, 264-67,280
Dickson, Dr. John, 79, 263, 264
Dickson, Dr. Thomas, 157, 161-62, 178
Djanet (town), 63, 147
Dochard, Dr. John, 46-47
Duncara (Bello’s envoy), 119
dysentery, 157, 204
East India Company, 19
East Indies, 82
Ebo (Mansoleh’s counselor), 181, 223
Edinburgh Volunteers, 52
Egypt, 21, 44, 167
El Abeyd, Sheikh Ahmadu, 236, 276-79,280
El Ahmar, bey of Fezzan (Mustafa the Red),86, 89, 91-92
El Barbuchy, Hamed Ben Abayd Ben Rachal, 245
Elements (Euclid), 214
El Hammar (Emi Tahmeli, town), 101
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, xviii
El Kanemi, Sheikh Alameen Ben Mohammed, of Bornu, 105, 105,107-9, 114, 114, 116-18, 116, 125,189, 211-13, 215-21
El Mukni, Sheikh Mohammed, bey of Fezzan, 72-75, 77
Endeavour (Cook’s ship), 12
Endeavour (Park’s brig), 19
Erg Chech (land), 177
Ethiopia, 249
Euclid, 214
Europe
attitude of Arab and black traders toward, xxi-xxii
fame of Timbuktu in, xiv-xvii
Falaba (town), 55, 140
Fantees, 58
Faradji Ould Abdallah, Mohammed, 277
feather trade, xiv
Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Spain, 67
Fernando Po (island), 225
Fez, xviFezzan, bey of, 86
Fezzan, kingdom of, 16n, 17, 44, 67, 72, 73,86-89, 88, 98, 103, 124, 147
firearm trade, 127-28, 215
fonduk, defined, 147n
France
Barbary pirates and, 69-70
dominance of, in West Africa, 276
Laing’s death and papers and, 247,267-69, 271-74
rivalry of, with Britain, xxii, 21, 26-27,40, 249
Fraser, Maj. James, 270-71
French Société Géographique, xxii, 47, 257
Frendenburgh, Joseph, 44
Fulani tribe, 107, 114-17, 114, 116,210-13, 219, 228, 232, 234, 237
Funda, 156
Galloway, Earl of, 12
Gambia, 19, 40, 55, 248
Gambia River, 18, 21, 41-42
Gannet (ship), 1-3, 23
Gao (town), 43
Garama (Roman mausoleum), 91
Garamates (town) 67, 91
George III, King of England, 13, 16, 62
George IV, King of England, 4, 25, 35,61-62, 62, 80, 126, 129, 134, 159,180, 214, 217, 260, 282
Ghadames (Ghadamis), 33, 36, 63, 130,240, 242, 243
history of, 149-50
Laing at, 147-51, 166-69, 171-77
Laing’s journey to, 138-47, 148
Gharian Mountains, 72
Ghat oasis, 77, 89-91, 135, 147, 168
Ghazi (Muslim fanatics), 197
Gibb, Sir Hamilton, xiiin
Glover, Lieutenant, 57
Goderich, Frederick John Robinson, Viscount, 270-71
Gold Coast, 56, 60, 248
gold trade, xiii, xiv, xvii-xviii, xxi, 58, 128
Gómez Herrador, Joseph, 171, 260
Gordon, Gabriel, 52
Gordon, George Hamilton, Earl of Aberdeen, 282
Gordon, William, 50
Goree (place), 41
Goul
bourn, Henry, 61
Gourland (village), 276
Grace, Captain, 3
grain trade, xiv
Gray, Dr. William, 46-47
Great Britain. See also British Admiralty; British Colonial Office
African exploration promoted by, xviii-xxi,11-13
African rulers’ knowledge and fear of,126-28, 215
attempts to abolish slave trade, 13,159-61
Barbary pirates and, 69-70
importance of African explorers and empire of, 248-49
rivalry of, with France, xxii, 21, 26-27,40, 249
Tripoli route developed by, 65-71
Greece, ancient, 12
Guinea, 38
Guinea, Gulf of, 46, 159
Gurgi Mosque (Tripoli), 8
hajji, defined, 123n
Hall, Sidney, xx
Hamada el Homra (Red Plateau), 5, 72, 142
Hamet (camel driver), 201, 202, 207, 240
Hammed Ben Mohammed Labbou, 244
Harry (carpenter), 140-41, 202, 204
Hatita ag Khuden, 77, 90-91, 166-68, 171,175, 191-92
Hat Salah, (vizier in Kano), 123-24, 130,189, 211, 212, 215
Hausa tribe, 107, 114, 119, 124-25, 156,182, 183, 219
Haut-Sénégal-Niger, 276
Hay, Robert W., 260, 261, 264, 283
Haydn, 180n
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 84
Henry VIII, King of England, 62n
Herodotus, 149, 192
Hillman, William, 86, 95, 97, 98, 104, 111,112, 117, 118, 133, 189, 212, 215
History and Description of Africa (Africanus), xvi
History of Robinson Crusoe, The (Defoe), 51
History of Tomboucto (D’Arowan), 261
Hoare (banker), 20
Hoggar Tuareg tribe, 167, 191-93
attack Laing, 195-203, 238-40, 243, 278
Hornemann, Friedrich, 43-45, 72, 74, 124
Horton, Robert Wilmot, 155
Houghton, Maj. Daniel, 18-19
Houtson (British trader), 162-64, 179, 180
Ibn Batuta, xiii, 149-50
Idehan Fezzan (sand slopes), 72
Ifora tribe, 167
India, 12, 54, 126-27, 215, 216
In Salah (Insalah), 33, 167n, 168-69,174-77, 180, 191-93, 197, 237
Isaaco (Mandingo guide), 42-43
ivory trade, xiv, xxi, 58, 128
Jacob (Gibraltar Jew), 86-87, 240, 243
Jacoba (cousin of Bello), 212, 220
Jafara (plain), 5
Jamaica, 52-53
Janissaries, 67
Jannah (Jonah, village), 163-64, 183
Jaza (town), 214, 251
Jebel es Sawda (basalt hills), 72, 96, 142
Jefferson, Thomas, 14
Jenne (town), 238
Jews, xiv, 274
Jilifree (town), 19
Jolibar (Park’s ship), 186, 188
Jomard, Edme-François, 269