by Nick Bunker
6. Edward Johnson, The Wonder-Working Providence of Sions Saviour: Being a Relation of the First Planting in New England in the Yeare 1628 (New York, 1910), chap. 7.
7. Bainbridge entry in ODNB.
8. Bainbridge, Astronomicall Description, pp. 31–32.
9. Thomas Birch, The Court and Times of James I, Illustrated by Authentic and Confidential Letters (London, 1848), p. 109.
10. Anthony Milton, ed., The British Delegation and the Synod of Dort (Woodbridge, UK, 2005), p. 190.
11. Aaron Burckhart, Cometen Predigt als in diesem 1618 Jahre in Novembr (Magdeburg, 1618), title page.
12. Conrad Dieterich, Ulmische Cometen Predigte (Ulm, 1619), p. 32.
13. Milton, British Delegation, p. 191.
14. W. B. Patterson, King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (Cambridge, UK, 2000), pp. 191–93 and 268–69.
15. Will of William Staresmore (1636), Archdeaconry of Leicester wills, LRCRO; and baptism of Sabine Staresmore, Aug. 31, 1582, Frolesworth Parish Register, DE 4087/1, LRCRO. Also, William Burton, The Description of Leicester Shire (London, 1622), pp. 109–12.
16. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, by William Bradford (New York 1979), pp. 353–59.
17. Will of Sir John Wolstenholme (1639), PROB/11/181, PCC Wills, NAK. Also, S. M. Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London (Washington, DC, 1906–35), vol. 1, pp. 310–11, Feb. 16, 1620. Estimate of twenty pounds as the annual income of a skilled craftsman is based on the sixteen pence paid daily to tapestry weavers by the Crown. Wolstenholme’s papers: Notes on the East India trade, CO 77/1(East Indies), fols. 196–99, and CO 77/2, fols. 68–73, NAK.
18. For the diplomatic correspondence, see Nov. 13 and Dec. 21, 1617, State Papers (France), SP 78/67, fols. 206 and 230, NAK; State Papers (Holland), SP 84/81, fols. 40–43, NAK; and W. N. Sainsbury, ed., Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, 1617–1621 (London, 1870), pp. 41, 42, and 69.
19. Petition of Jan. or Feb. 1618, in The Works of Samuel de Champlain, ed. H. P. Biggar (Toronto, 1925), vol. 2, pp. 329–45.
20. Pitiscus, Trigonometry; or, the Doctrine of Triangles, trans. Rafe Handson (London, 1614), dedication.
21. On Briggs, see typescript notes on fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge, St. John’s College Library, and St. John’s College Rentals for 1604–5, College Archives; Briggs’s will, proved Feb. 11, 1631, PROB/11/159, PCC, NAK; D. M. Hallowes, “Henry Briggs, Mathematician,” Transactions of the Halifax Antiquarian Society (1962), pp. 87–89.
22. On James and Buckingham, see Jan. 31, 1618, SP 14/95/28, NAK.
23. On the silent revolution, see N. E. McClure, ed., The Letters of John Chamberlain (Philadelphia, 1939), vol. 2, pp. 124–26, Jan. 3, 1618; HMC, Downshire Manuscripts, vol. 6, Papers of William Trumbull, 1616–1618 (London, 1995), pp. 342–43 and 357; and John Cramsie, Kingship and Crown Finance Under James I, 1603–1625 (London, 2002), pp. 142–63.
24. Pirates: State Papers (Spain), SP 94/22, fol. 178, Aug. 22, 1617, and SP 94/22, fol. 236, Dec. 14, 1617, NAK. Spanish rearmament: SP 14/95/22, Jan. 18, 1618, NAK. Navy: N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660–1649 (London, 2004), pp. 368–70.
25. Smith to Francis Bacon, in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580–1631, ed. Philip E. Barbour (Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), vol. 1, p. 378.
26. Edward Winslow, Hypocrisie Unmasked (1646), in Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, ed. Alexander Young (Boston, 1844; repr. Baltimore, 1974), pp. 382–83.
27. Naunton: Material referred to in note 17, above; and Roy E. Schreiber, The Political Career of Sir Robert Naunton (London, 1981), pp. 45–54 and 132. Greville, Coke, and Naunton: HMC, 12th Report, app. pt. 1, Manuscripts of the Earl Cowper at Melbourne Hall (London, 1888), vol. 1, p. 110.
28. Thomas Locke to William Trumbull, Aug. 28, 1618, in HMC, Downshire Manuscripts, vol. 6, p. 487.
29. Thomas Scott, Vox Populi; or, News from Spayne (1620?), pp. 1–3, 1103.C.12, BL.
CHAPTER TWO: MR. JONES IN PLYMOUTH SOUND
1. Quoted in Sir John Rennie, An Historical, Practical, and Theoretical Account of the Breakwater in Plymouth Sound (London, 1848), p. 13. For the very brief description of the Mayflower’s departure given by the Pilgrims, see the opening of their journal, Mourt’s Relation, either in Dwight B. Heath, ed., Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Bedford, MA, 1963), p. 15, or in the older, extensively annotated, but sometimes inaccurate edition of Alexander Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (Boston, 1844; repr., Baltimore, 1974), pp. 117–18.
2. SP 14/109/78 and SP 14/111/75, NAK.
3. Voyages to America in 1619: The Bona Nova, in Exchequer port book (London exports), July 31, 1619, E 190/22/9, NAK; S. M. Kingsbury, ed., Records of the Virginia Company of London (Washington, DC, 1906–35), vol. 1, pp. 351–52; and Faith Harrington, “‘Wee Tooke Greate Store of Cod-fish’: Fishing Ships and First Settlements on the Coast of New England, 1600–1630,” in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson W. Baker et al. (Lincoln, NE, 1994), pp. 203–7. New pattern of trade: Tables in Merchants and Merchandise in Seventeenth-Century Bristol, ed. Patrick McGrath (Bristol, UK, 1955), app. D, pp. 279–80.
4. Alicante cargoes: Plymouth port book (new impositions), 1614 and 1616, E 190/1026/15 and E 190/1027/2, NAK. Archaeology: John Allan and James Barber, “A Seventeenth Century Pottery Group from the Kitto Institute, Plymouth,” in Everyday and Exotic Pottery from Europe, c. 650–1900, ed. David Gaimster and Mark Redknap (Oxford, 1992), pp. 229–35.
5. On Jacobean Plymouth, see Tristram Risdon, The Chorographical Survey of the County of Devon (London, 1811), pp. 201–3; and Elisabeth Stuart, Lost Landscapes of Plymouth: Maps, Charts, and Plans to 1800 (Stroud, UK, 1991).
6. On the ship’s design, see Étienne Trocmé and Marcel Delafosse, Le commerce rochelais de la fin du XVe siècle au debut du XVIIe (Paris, 1952), pp. 15–21; William A. Baker, The Mayflower and Other Colonial Vessels (London, 1983), pp. 27–44; and J. R. Hutchinson, “The ‘Mayflower,’ Her Identity and Tonnage,” NEHGR, Oct. 1916, pp. 337–42.
7. 1620 port book for Plymouth, Christmas 1619–Christmas 1620, E 190/1029/19, NAK.
8. For Weddell, see W. N. Sainsbury, ed., Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, East Indies, 1617–1621 (London, 1870), pp. 63, 258, 310, and 332–33; and ODNB.
9. Brian Dietz, “The Royal Bounty and English Shipping in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Mariner’s Mirror 77 (1991), pp. 14–20.
10. Lieutenant-Commander D.W. Waters, The Art of Navigation in Elizabethan and Stuart England (Greenwich, UK, 1978), esp. pp. 297–300, 342–44, 425–34, and 478–88.
11. Thomas Dale, The History and Antiquities of Harwich and Dovercourt in the County of Essex (London, 1732), p. 250. On Tudor and Stuart Harwich, see H. Hitchman and P. Driver, Harwich: A Nautical History (Harwich, UK, 1984), pp. 56–62. Jones’s background: Winifred Cooper, Harwich, the Mayflower, and Christopher Jones (London, 1970), esp. pp.
12. Harwich approaches: Cornelis Antoniszoon, The Safegard of Saylers; or, Great Rutter, trans. Robert Norman (London, 1612); and Waters, Art of Navigation, p. 331. Government of Harwich: Harwich church book, fol. 232, T/P 162/9, ECRO; and Leonard T. Weaver, The Harwich Story (Dovercourt, UK, 1975), pp. 18–38. Move to London: B. Carlyon Hughes, The History of Harwich Harbour (Harwich, UK, 1939), pp. 152–53. Norway voyage: Hutchinson, “‘Mayflower,’ Her Identity and Tonnage,” pp. 337–39.
13. Douglas Killock and Frank Meddens et al., “Pottery as Plunder: A 17th-Century Maritime Site in Limehouse, London,” Post-medieval Archaeology 39, no. 1 (2005), pp. 16–18 and 24–27.
14. On Jones and Wood, see subsidy roll of Brixton Hundred, March 8, 1622, E 179/186/406, NAK; and will of Anthony Wood (1625), PROB/11/148, PCC Wills, NAK.
15. Wine profits: Estimated from details in Garway et al. v. Rothwell (1624), E 134/21JasI/HIL25, NAK; and Tr
ocmé and Delafosse, Le commerce rochelais, pp. 104–13 and 178–80. Wine trade and Jacobean prosperity: A. M. Millard, “The Import Trade of London, 1600–1640” (Ph.D. diss., London University, 1956), pp. 46–47, and the tables in the app. to vol. 2. Prices: For a mass of useful data regarding Jacobean prices, including those of wine, see John Harland, ed., The House and Farm Accounts of the Shuttleworths of Gawthorpe Hall, 1582–1621 (Manchester, UK, 1858), esp. pp. 790–92 and 1103–12.
16. For Speight and the Mayflower, see London port book (exports), 1617, entries for May 19, 26, and 30, Sackville Papers, U 269/1, OEc 1, CKS; London port book (wine imports), 1620, May 15, E 190/24/3, NAK; Speight’s will of 1621, PROB/11/139, NAK; Company of Merchant Taylors, Memorials of the Guild of Merchant Taylors (London, 1875), p. 719. The notarial registers at the Archives Départementales de la Charente-Maritime at La Rochelle show that at least ten English merchants were resident there during the reign of James I.
17. On Jennings, see Plymouth port books in note 4 above, and also for 1626 (new impositions), E 190/1031/6, NAK; M. Brayshay, “Royal Post-Horse Routes in South West England in the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James I,” Report of the Transactions of the Devonshire Association 123 (Dec. 1991), pp. 96–97 and 103; Henry S. Burrage, The Beginnings of Colonial Maine, 1602–1658 (Portland, ME, 1914), pp. 164–66 and 181–82.
18. David B. Quinn and Alison M. Quinn, eds., The English New England Voyages, 1602–1608 (London, 1983), pp. 340–41.
19. James Phinney Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine (Boston, 1890), vol. 1, pp. 222–37.
20. Miller Christy, “Attempts Towards Colonization: The Council for New England and the Merchant Venturers of Bristol, 1621–1623,” American Historical Review 4, no. 4 (July 1899), p. 687.
21. John Pym’s notes of speech by Sir Edwin Sandys, Feb. 26, 1621, in Commons Debates, 1621, ed. W. Notestein, F. H. Relf, and H. Simpson (New Haven, CT, 1935), vol. 4, pp. 104–6.
22. Barry Supple, Commercial Crisis and Change in England, 1600–1642 (Cambridge, UK, 1964), pp. 52–64; R. W. K. Hinton, The Eastland Trade and the Common Weal in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, UK, 1959), pp. 14–32; and Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 478–82.
23. Edward Misselden, Free Trade; or, The Means to Make Trade Flourish (London, 1622), p. 29. Silver shortage: C. E. Challis, ed., A New History of the Royal Mint (Cambridge, UK, 1992), pp. 307–17.
CHAPTER THREE: CROSSING SINAI
1. John Barlow, The True Guide to Glory, funeral sermon for Lady Strode (1618), p. 9, in An Exposition of the First and Second Chapters (London, 1632).
2. Details of the night sky over New England on the early morning of November 9, 1620, can be determined using astronomical computer software such as the Alcyone program (www.alcyone.de). The principal source for the landfall itself is (again) the opening of Dwight B. Heath, ed., Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Bedford, MA, 1963), and Bradford’s later account in Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, by William Bradford (New York, 1979), pp. 59–61. November 19 was the date of the landfall using the modern Gregorian calendar. The principal modern American treatment of the voyage and arrival is contained in W. Sears Nickerson, Land Ho! 1620: A Seaman’s Story of the Mayflower (Boston, 1931).
3. Edward Hayes, A Treatise Conteining Important Inducements for the Planting in These Parts, and Finding a Passage and Way to the South Sea and China (London, 1602), p. 16.
4. For conditions on the Mayflower, see William A. Baker, The Mayflower and Other Colonial Vessels (London, 1983), pp. 37–44.
5. M. Oppenheim, ed., The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson in Six Books (London, 1913), vol. 3, p. 434.
6. Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, p. 76; and see chapter 14, note 14, below.
7. “Furthing”: K. R. Andrews, “The Elizabethan Seaman,” Mariner’s Mirror 68 (1982), pp. 254–55. Disputes between masters and crew: George F. Steckley, “Litigious Mariners: Wage Cases in the Seventeenth-Century Admiralty Court,” Historical Journal 42, no. (June 1999), pp. 315–45.
8. Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, p. 78; and G. V. Scammell, “Manning the English Merchant Service in the Sixteenth Century,” Mariner’s Mirror 56 (1970), pp. 149–50.
9. Heath, Mourt’s Relation, p. 16.
10. Ibid., p. 15.
11. Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, pp. 58–63.
12. New England Society in the City of New York, Plymouth Church Records, 1620–1859 (New York, 1920–23), vol. 1, pp. 136–37. Ainsworth: ODNB; and Michael E. Moody, “‘A Man of a Thousand’: The Reputation and Character of Henry Ainsworth,” Huntington Library Quarterly 45, no. 3 (Summer 1982), pp. 200–214.
13. Hebrew: G. Lloyd-Jones, The Discovery of Hebrew in Tudor England: A Third Language (Manchester, UK, 1983), esp. pp. 3–6, 239, and 261. Broughton: ODNB.
14. Henry Ainsworth, “Preface Concerning Moses,” in Annotations upon the Five Bookes of Moses, the Booke of the Psalmes, and the Song of Songs or Canticles (London, 1627). The 1627 edition reprinted the first editions of each work, published in parts in Amsterdam between 1612 and 1619. References to Ainsworth’s Annotations: The term “exquisite scanning” occurs in the preface, but for other examples see Ainsworth’s annotations to Genesis 21:14; Exodus 3:1, 3:18, and 16:1–3; Deuteronomy 8:15; and Numbers 14:29. Midrash: Jacob Neusner and Alan J. Avery-Peck, eds., Encyclopedia of Midrash (Leiden, 2005), pp. 400–411 and 520–26.
15. On the prestige of Maimonides, see Jason Rosenblatt, Renaissance England’s Chief Rabbi: John Selden (Oxford, 2006), p. 79.
16. Ainsworth, “Preface Concerning Moses.”
17. Isidore S. Meyer, “The Hebrew Preface to Bradford’s History of the Plymouth Plantation,” Journal of the American Jewish Historical Society (1948–49), pp. 289–301.
18. Barlow, True Guide, pp. 16–17.
19. For examples, see John Wood, The True Honor of Navigation and Navigators; or, Holy Meditations for Sea-Men (London, 1618), pp. 86–94; Edmund Spenser’s account of the voyage to the Bower of Bliss, in bk. 2, canto 12 of the Faerie Queene of 1590; and the shipwreck in Sir Philip Sidney’s New Arcadia, bk. 2, chap. 7. Also see Alain Cabantous, Le ciel dans la mer: Christianisme et civilisation maritime, XV-XIX siècle (Paris, 1990), pp. 19–28 and 34–38.
20. W. K. Clay, ed., Liturgies and Occasional Forms of Prayers Set Forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (Cambridge, UK, 1847).
21. Ainsworth, Annotations, notes on Psalm 107:32. Birkat ha-gomel: Ronald L. Eisenberg, The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions (Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 480–81.
CHAPTER FOUR: TROUBLECHURCH BROWNE
1. Philip E. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580–1631 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), vol. 3, p. 221.
2. Thomas Twyne, Discourse on the Earthquake of 1580, ed. R. E. Ockenden (Oxford, 1936); Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey, Three Proper and Wittie, Familiar Letters Lately Passed Between Two Universitie Men (London, 1580), pp. 5–6 and 9–11; R. M. W. Musson, G. Neilson, and P. W. Burton, “The London Earthquake of 1580, April 6,” Engineering Geology 20 (1984), pp. 113–42.
3. Christopher Haigh, English Reformations (Oxford, 1993), pp. 276–77.
4. Edward Arber, Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554–1640 (London, 1873), vol. 2, pp. 367–73.
5. Robert Lemon, ed., Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series (London, 1856), June 1, 1580, p. 658.
6. Abraham Fleming, A Bright Burning Beacon, Forewarning All Wise Virgins to Trim Their Lampes Against the Comming of the Bridegroome (London, 1580), pp. 39–40.
7. Freke to Burghley, April 19, 1581, Lansdowne MS, vol. 33, no. 26, fols. 13–14, BL.
8. Thomas Fuller, Church History of Britain (Oxford, 1845), vol. 5, pp. 62–70. Fuller’s source for the wife-beating allegation was Robert Baillie, a Scottish Presbyterian of the 1640s hostile to Brownism.
9. Stephen Bredwell, The
Rasing of the Foundations of Brownisme (London, 1588), “Epistle Dedicatorie” and pp. 134, 138, and 140. Bredwell coined the epithet Troublechurch Browne (p. 112).
10. Property of the Brownes: Postmortem inquisition of Sir Anthony Browne (1591), C 142/229/126, NAK, and his will, PROB/11/76, NAK. Browne and the Pickerings: Pickering v. Andrewes, E 133/7/1036 and E 134/35Eliz/East5, NAK. Wealth of the Barrows: Postmortem inquisition of Thomas Barrow (1591), C 142/230/12, NAK. Barrow’s income: Gillingham estate accounts, GIL 2/55/1–12, Norfolk RO. Barrow’s father, Thomas, as a JP: A. Hassell Smith, County and Court: Government and Politics in Norfolk, 1558–1603 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 104–5, 203, and 207.
11. Champlin Burrage, The Early English Dissenters in the Light of Recent Research, 1550–1641 (Cambridge, UK, 1912), vol. 1, pp. 94–117. Also, F. Ives Cater, “Robert Browne’s Ancestors and Descendants,” Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society 2 (1905–6), pp. 151–59; Alan Rogers, ed., William Browne’s Town: The Stamford Hall Book, vol 1, 1465–1492 (Stamford, UK, 2005), pp. i–x; and S. T. Bindoff, ed., History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1509–1558 (London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 131–32 and 521–22.
12. Beacon: J. Goring and J. Wake, Northamptonshire Lieutenancy Papers and Other Documents, 1580–1614 (Gateshead, UK, 1975), p. 20. Pickerings: James A. Winn, John Dryden and His World (New Haven, CT, 1987), pp. 2–12 and 516–18.
13. H. C. Porter, Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge (Cambridge, UK, 1958), pp. 107–9. Corpus fellows: Lists in Robert Masters and John Lamb, History of the College of Corpus Christi (Cambridge, UK, 1831), collated with biographies in J. A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses.
14. Porter, Reformation and Reaction, chap. 6.
15. John Field and Thomas Wilcox, The First Admonition: A View of Popish Abuses (1572), in Puritan Manifestoes, ed. W. H. Frere and C. E. Douglas (London, 1907), p. 21.
16. Robert Browne, A True and Short Declaration (1583), in The Writings of Robert Harrison and Robert Browne, ed. Albert Peel and Leland H. Carlson (London, 1953), p. 397.
