120. “Champion, ‘Choppy’ Warburton’s Latest Find,” Bearings, February 11, 1997, p. 105.
121. “Men of Mark in the Cycling World.” Champion graces the cover, photo credited to Thiele and Company, Chancery Lane.
122. Duncan, Vingt Ans de Cyclisme Pratique, p. 185.
123. Velocipede Illustré (Paris), May 3, 1896, cover.
124. “Men of Mark in the Cycling World.”
125. “Au Royal Aquarium: Lisette-Champion,” January 16, 1897 (Champion scrapbook, unnamed newspaper).
126. “Champion, the Boy Champion,” Bearings, February 11, 1897, p. 105.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid.
135. Ibid.
136. Ibid.
137. Victor Breyer, “Great Star of Sport, Then of Industry, Albert Champion Is Dead!” Echo des Sports, October 28, 1927, p. 1, publishes the photo.
CHAPTER 5. A NEW CENTURY, ANOTHER COUNTRY, A FRESH START
1. “An Elaborate Programme Has Been Arranged—The Meet Will Be One To Be Remembered,” Montreal Daily Star, August 5, 1899.
2. “Aluminum,” The New Encyclopedia Britannica (London: 2005).
3. Ibid.
4. Georges-Thadée Bouton, Dictionnaire de Biographie Français, vol. 7 (Paris: Librairie Letouzey et Ané, 1956), p. 63.
5. Ibid. “A Versatile, Trendsetting, Automotive Pioneer,” inducted 2004 into the European Automotive Hall of Fame, Automotive News, http://www.autonews.com/fileseuroauto/inductees/dedion2004.htm (accessed February 2, 2004).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Bob Rimel, “Reed Martin’s 1899 DeDion Bouton,” Classic Cycle Review (Harrisburg, PA) 2, no. 4 (April 1995): 37. More information on how the De Dion-Bouton motorcycle works came from an author interview with Reed Martin on May 9, 1995, at his home in Cabin John, MD.
9. Victor Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix: Victoire de Champion,” Vélo, April 3, 1899.
10. “Champion Rides Like a Demon,” Bearings, February 25, 1897, p. 326.
11. Sir Arthur du Cros, Wheels of Fortune: A Salute to Pioneers (London: Chapman and Hall, 1938), p. 59.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Author e-mail correspondence with cycling historian Les Woodland of Silfield, England, May 5, 2005.
15. Victor Breyer and Robert Coquelle, Les Rois du Cycle: Comment Sont Devenus Champions (Paris: Le Vélo, 1898), p. 153.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. “Ce qu’en Pense Champion (The Thoughts of Champion),” Vélo (Paris), from Champion’s scrapbook, likely written by Victor Breyer.
19. Victor Breyer, “Grande Vedette du Sport, Puis de L’Industrie, Albert Champion Est Mort!” Echo des Sports, October 28, 1927, p. 1.
20. Victor Breyer, “International Memories of Half a Century: Men and Events I,” Cycling (London), February 12, 1947, p. 142; Who’s Who in France, 1959–1960, 4th ed. (Paris: 1959), p. 146.
21. René Bibere, “La Bonté de Champion (The Kindness of Champion),” Intransigeant (Paris), October 31, 1927, describes Champion giving 700 francs to Marie of Porte Maillot so she could purchase firewood through the winter as an example of Champion’s generosity to people in his old neighborhood.
22. Breyer and Coquelle, Les Rois du Cycle, p. 153.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., p. 145.
25. H. O. Duncan, Vingt Ans de Cyclisme Pratique: Étude Complète du Cyclist de 1876 a Ce Jour (Paris: F. Juven, 1896).
26. “Tidbit,” Véloce Sport, June 10, 1897.
27. “‘Choppy’ Warburton Dead: Famous English Trainer Dies Suddenly at Wood Green Track,” Cycle Age and Trade Review (Chicago), December 23, 1897, p. 238.
28. “Cause of ‘Choppy’s’ Death,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, January 13, 1898, p. 378.
29. Ibid.
30. Inscription from photo of tombstone supplied by historian Stuart Stanton of Leeds, England, e-mailed to author November 1, 2009.
31. Birth certificate of Julie Elisa Delpuech, December 4, 1876, Archives de Paris, 18 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, on microfilm #950 (accessed September 10, 2004). Also available at http://canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr.
32. Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1964) p. 65.
33. Roger De Maertelaere, 100 Jaar Zesdaagsen de Mannen van de Nacht (Eeklo, Belgium: De Eecloonaar, 2000), p. 11.
34. “American 6-Day Races in the Nineteenth Century,” Sixday.org, http://www.sixday.org/html/usa_19th_century.htm (accessed June 19, 2014).
35. “Bouhours Contre Champion,” undated clip from Champion’s scrapbook.
36. “Champion à Agen: Champion Tout Seul,” undated clip from Champion’s scrapbook.
37. Cycle Age and Trade Review, December 1, 1898, p. 146.
38. Les Woodland, Paris-Roubaix: All the Bumps of Cycling’s Cobbled Classic (Cherokee Village, AR: McGann Publishing, 2013), p. 56.
39. Ibid., p. 49; Pascal Sergent, A Century of Paris-Roubaix (London: Bromley Books, 1998), p. 19.
40. Victor Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix: La Grande Épreuve de Demain,” Le Vélo, April 1, 1899.
41. Sergent, Century of Paris-Roubaix, p. 8.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., p. 18.
44. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année,” Journal de Roubaix, April 4, 1899. p. 1.
45. Chany, La Fabuleuse Histoire du Cyclisme, p. 159.
46. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
47. Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix,” April 1, 1899.
48. Woodland, Paris-Roubaix, pp. 35–37. Woodland researched the claim that Garin’s father had given him away and found it was based on an underlying truth. France had laws prohibiting French children from working inside chimneys, but youngsters from across the border were exploited. Maurice Garin was indeed a chimney sweep, as was a younger brother, Joseph-Isidore Garin.
49. Sergent, Century of Paris-Roubaix, p. 12.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 14.
52. Victor Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix: Derniers Détails,” Le Vélo, April 2, 1899.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Sergent, Century of Paris-Roubaix, p. 19.
56. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
57. Sergent, Century of Paris-Roubaix, p. 18.
58. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
59. Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix,” April 3, 1899.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.; Sergent, Century of Paris-Roubaix, p. 19.
62. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
63. Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix,” April 3, 1899.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.; Sergent, Century of Paris-Roubaix.
66. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
67. Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix,” April 3, 1899.
68. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
69. Ibid.
70. Breyer, “Paris-Roubaix,” April 3, 1899.
71. “La Course Paris-Roubaix, 4e Année.”
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. “Paris-Roubaix Road Race,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, April 20, 1899, p. 775.
75. Victor Breyer, “Vitesses Comparées,” Le Vélo, April 3, 1899.
76. John J. Donovan, “Albert Champion Dies, Millionaire at 47: Brilliant Career of Ex-Bicycle Racer, Who Got His Manufacturing Start in Boston,” Boston Globe, October 28, 1927.
77. John J. Donovan, “Memorial Day Races Promise to Play Havoc with Records,” Boston Globe, May 27, 1900.
78. Breyer, “International Memories,” pp. 142–43.
79. “Foreign Invasion Begins: Champion, the Frenchman, Arrives Wednesday,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, November 16, 1899, p. 616.
80. “A Versatile, Trendsetting, Automotive Pioneer,” inducted 2004 into the European Automo
tive Hall of Fame, Automotive News, http://www.autonews.com/fileseuroauto/inductees/dedion2004.htm (accessed February 2, 2004).
81. “Foreign Invasion Begins.”
82. Thomas S. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time: The Cars of C. H. Metz,” Automobile Quarterly (Kutztown, PA) 32, no. 3 (January 1994): 6.
83. Franklin B. Tucker, “C. H. Metz: Automotive Pioneer,” Antique Automobile (Hershey, PA) (March-April 1967): 8.
84. Jack Rennert, Prima Posters (New York: Poster Auctions International, 1994), vol. 14, no. 47.
85. Tucker, “C. H. Mentz,” p. 6.
86. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 11.
90. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 11.
91. Donovan, “Memorial Day Races Promise to Play Havoc with Records.”
92. David V. Herlihy, The Bicycle: The History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 293–94.
93. “May Prove Means of Saving Millions in Transportation,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, July 11, 1899, p. 454.
94. “An Elaborate Programme Has Been Arranged.”
95. Ibid.
96. US Census Bureau figures, http://www.census.gov/population/estimates (accessed April 12, 2014).
97. “1900: 8,000 Automobiles, 4 billion Cigarettes,” in Chronicle of America: From Prehistory to Today (New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1995), p. 529.
98. Stephen B. Goddard, Colonel Albert Pope and His American Dream Machines: The Life and Times of a Bicycle Tycoon Turned Automotive Pioneer (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2000), pp. 157, 183.
99. A museum dedicated to the twins, Francis Edgar and F. O. Stanley, is maintained in their native Kingfield, Maine. See Stanley Museum, http://www.stanleymuseum.org (accessed June 20, 2014).
100. “No Use for Horses: Springfield Mechanics Devise a New Mode of Travel,” Springfield Evening Union (Massachusetts), September 12, 1896.
101. Goddard, Colonel Albert Pope and His American Dream Machines, p. 188.
102. Laurence Gustin. “Sights and Sounds of Automotive History,” Automotive History Review (New London, CT), no. 52 (Summer 2010): 5; Arthur Pound, The Turning Wheel: The Story of General Motors through Twenty-Five Years, 1908–1933 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1934), illustration, p. 39.
103. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 7.
104. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 8.
105. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6.
106. US Census Bureau figures, http://www.census.gov/population/estimates (accessed April 12, 2014).
107. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 5.
111. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 5.
112. Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 5.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.; LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6.
116. Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 5; LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6.
117. Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 5; LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6.
118. City of Waltham website: http://www.waltham-community.org/Waltham4History.html, see Key dates in the history of Waltham (accessed June 20, 2014).
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. “Economic Fluctuations: Stability and Instability: Business Cycles. Historical Studies of Cycles,” The New Encyclopedia Britannica (London: 2005).
123. LaMarre, “One Piece at a Time,” p. 6; Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 7.
124. “What the Boys Are Doing Now,” Bicycling World (New York), November 17, 1906, p. 217, estimated his worth upon retirement at more than $100,000, and his investments included a telephone company in Detroit.
125. “Baseball’s Milestone Contracts,” Sports Illustrated, http://www.sportsillustrated.cnn.comsi.com/mlb/photos/2014/02/24/baseball-milestone-contracts#1 (accessed May 15, 2014) cites Wagner’s salary as having doubled in 1908 to $10,000, considered a milestone contract for major league baseball.
126. Tucker, “C. H. Metz,” p. 8.
CHAPTER 6. “PACEMAKERS KILLED”
1. John J. Donovan, “Pacemakers Killed: Miles and Stafford on Motor Tandem Hurley to Death,” Boston Globe, May 31, 1900, p. 1.
2. “Fire Destroys Boston Saucer,” Bicycling World and Motorcycle Review, January 23, 1909, p. 670.
3. “Worse than ‘Bicycle Face’: Harry Elks and John Nelson May Die Any Minute,” Omaha World Herald, July 31, 1901, p. 8.
4. “Elkes Still the Champion: Wins Fifty-Mile Race in World’s Record Time,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, September 21, 1899, p. 564.
5. Ibid.
6. “New French Cycle Board,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, March 1, 1900, p. 606; Clément, Légion d’Honneur file, archived at the Centre Historique Archives de Paris, ref. L0549039, http://www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/leonore/pres.htm (accessed March 3, 2006).
7. “Harry Elkes Killed in Bicycle Race: Traveling at Nearly a Mile a Minute When a Tire Burst,” New York Times, May 31, 1903, p. 1. The article notes that Elkes had been studying medicine with Dr. Chase of Chelsea, Massachusetts, and had intended to retire from racing at the end of the summer to enter the University of Pennsylvania.
8. Stewart Harris, “Have You Seen the Globe Today? A History of the Boston Newspaper,” class paper, Boston University, 1981, p. 18.
9. John J. Donovan, “Albert Champion Dies,” Boston Globe, October 28, 1927.
10. Joseph Durso, Madison Square Garden: 100 Years of History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), p. 73.
11. “Interest in Racing Not Dead,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, December 7, 1899, p. 214.
12. William A. Brady, Showman: My Life Story (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1937), p. 77.
13. Ibid., p. 209.
14. Roger De Maertelaere, 100 Jaar Zesdaagsen de Mannen van de Nacht (Eeklo, Belgium: De Eecloonaar, 2000), p. 11; Six Day Racing, http://www.6dayracing.ca (accessed March 1, 2014).
15. Brady, Showman, p. 228.
16. Ibid., p. 229. The law passed by the New York legislature was signed into effect by New York governor Teddy Roosevelt.
17. Ibid.
18. “Bicycle Cracks Compete: Elkes and French Racer in 25-Mile Paced Match,” New York Times, December 3, 1899.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. “Gossip of the Wheelmen: Racing Season Will Open at Waltham, May 30,” Boston Globe, May 13, 1900.
24. Donovan, “Albert Champion Dies.”
25. US Federal Census of Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 8, 1900, lists them both as servants living at 19 Cottage Street, where Champion and Dudley Marks lived as boarders.
26. “Passing of Michael: Most Famous of Little Men Dies in Mid-Ocean—His Remarkable Career,” Bicycling World, November 20, 1904, p. 201, discusses Michael deserting cycling to race horses in New Orleans and Paris.
27. “To Give Up Horses,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, December 29, 1898, p. 266.
28. Ibid.; “Passing of Michael.”
29. John J. Donovan, “Crowd Watches the Racers,” Boston Globe, May 14, 1900.
30. “Trouble with Spark Plugs,” Bicycling World, May 8, 1902, p. 171, discussed problems of De Dion spark plugs.
31. Ibid.
32. Donovan, “Crowd Watches the Racers.”
33. Ibid.
34. “Gen Wheeler’s Speech: Hero of Two Conflicts Tells of the Glories and Benefits of Just and Successful War,” Boston Globe, May 31, 1899.
35. The US Department of Veterans Affairs web site notes that Decoration Day was organized on May 5, 1868, by Union veterans of the Civil War to honor
the graves of fallen warriors with flowers. “Memorial Day History,” US Department of Veterans Affairs, http://www.va.gov.opa/speceven.memday.history.asp (accessed July 15, 2014).
36. “Massachusetts Men at Gettysburg: Record They Made during Those Three Days of Fearful Struggle When They Met and Measured Steel and Courage with the Flower and Chivalry of the Southland,” Boston Globe, May 29, 1900.
37. Ibid.
38. “Big Bicycle Day: Waltham’s Plans Going on an Elaborate Scale,” Boston Globe, May 20, 1900, published block print art of Champion on his bicycle.
39. “Memorial Day Races Promise to Play Havoc with Records,” Boston Globe, May 27, 1900, with art showing the motor-tandem called “Typhoon,” carrying the driver, Charles Henshaw, and stoker, Oscar Hedstrom.
40. Ibid.
41. “MacEachern at Waltham,” Boston Globe, May 29, 1900.
42. “McEachern Falls to His Death,” Bicycling World, May 15, 1902.
43. Donovan, “Pacemakers Killed.”
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. “Two Killed at Waltham: W. F. Stafford and H. E. Miles Run off the Track on Motor Tandem, Colliding with Pole,” Cycle Age and Trade Review, May 31, 1900, p. 124.
48. Donovan, “Pacemakers Killed.”
49. Boston Directory: City Record, Directory of the Citizens, Business Directory (Boston: Sampson, Murdock,1901), cites US Census of Massachusetts, 1900, and lists Waltham’s population at 23,431,
p. 15.
50. Donovan, “Pacemakers Killed.”
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. “The Last Star Event of the Racing Season,” Automobile, November 7, 1903, p. 474.
73. Donovan, “Pacemakers Killed.”
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. “‘Fixed’ the Motor: Tampering, Marks Thinks, Caused Waltham Tragedy: Tandem Out of Order,” Boston Post, June 2, 1900.
The Fast Times of Albert Champion Page 40
