UNDER NELSON MANDELA BOULEVARD
Life Among the Stowaways
SEAN CHRISTIE
JONATHAN BALL PUBLISHERS
JOHANNESBURG & CAPE TOWN
For all my Beachboy friends.
Especially for Adam Bashili.
PROLOGUE
This story about a community of African stowaways has several beginnings.
One lies in Tanzania in the late 1970s, in the port city of Dar es Salaam. Pushed by the collapse of the rural economy and pulled by the prospect of salaried work, rural Tanzanians are moving to the country’s commercial capital in unprecedented numbers. Julius Nyerere’s government has not planned for urbanisation on this scale and, by 1979, three quarters of Dar es Salaam’s population lives in dusty, unplanned settlements on the southern and western fringes of the CBD. Working-age youths are absorbed into the ballooning informal economy. They sell cigarettes, peanuts, second-hand shoes.
Most will know little else.
Unwilling to accept such limitations, a group of young men discovers that they can sneak aboard the merchant ships that dock in Dar es Salaam’s natural harbour. Some reach Europe this way, where they work in construction yards, or as stevedores in the ports. When they return, often many years later, they are treated like celebrities. The tales they tell inspire more young men to seek the ships; by the mid eighties, a significant stowaway sub-culture has taken root at the edges of Tanzania’s principal port. Dockworkers and sailors dub these young men the Beachboys, because they spend all their time on the beaches below the city’s promenade, watching the ships come and go.
The Beachboys quickly learn how to become useful to the visiting seafarers, running cigarettes, food and even prostitutes to and from the crew cabins. All they ask for in return is an opportunity to remain aboard, concealed, when the vessel departs. Port and ship security is lax, and it costs low-ranking crew members very little to offer their assistance. Ship captains do what they can to discourage these relationships, putting on shows of fury whenever the presence of a stowaway is discovered. But, if this happens when a ship is already out to sea, there is little to be done; ship captains frequently become enablers, too, by allowing the stowaways to slip off the ship unnoticed at the next port of call.
In the port cities of Europe, the presence of a growing number of East African men does not go unnoticed. Immigration officials warn ship captains that the disembarkation of African stowaways will no longer be tolerated. Increasingly, to avoid losing their jobs, ship captains make large detours to deposit Dar es Salaam’s stowaways back onto East Africa’s coastline. It is a short-sighted tactic, akin to pollination, because Beachboy communities are soon entrenched in Tanga and Mombasa, and as far north as Djibouti. As the Beachboy sub-culture expands, hearts begin to harden in the shipping industry. To avoid the cost and hassle of dealing with stowaways in a procedural manner, the captains and crews of some ships resort to extreme measures, forcing stowaways to jump overboard – often at gunpoint. The lucky ones are fitted with life jackets, the ship’s name blacked out; the unlucky ones are attached to heavy objects and instantly disappear below the ocean’s surface. Enough survive to tell the tale, advancing public awareness of crimes at sea. The survivors’ stories also contribute to a deepening of the Beachboy mythology. In their communities, Beachboys are seen as hard cases and accorded a level of respect usually reserved for seasoned soldiers and gangsters.
For two decades, any southward spread of the Beachboy culture is blocked by civil war in Mozambique and racial apartheid in South Africa. By the mid nineties, however, these obstacles have fallen away, and not just for the Beachboys. Men and women from all parts of Tanzania set out for Africa’s economic mecca. Most head for the El Dorado of Johannesburg, but the Beachboys continue on to the port cities: to Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. They find the conditions in these places ideal for their purposes. Harbour security, untested for decades, is primitive. The CBDs verging on the ports are in varying phases of collapse, as wealthy residents and business owners continue to decamp to the suburbs, a process that had started in the eighties with the breakdown of apartheid-era influx laws. The Beachboys find they can melt into the shanty towns that have sprung up under city bridges, alongside railway lines and on vacant plots.
Incredibly, their presence goes virtually unnoticed for fifteen years.
◆
A more literal beginning for this book lies in Cape Town, in 2010. The South African-born photographer David Southwood was driving through Cape Town’s Foreshore precinct one afternoon when he noticed a group of men gathered beneath the Nelson Mandela Boulevard bridge, then called Eastern Boulevard. They were cooking, washing their clothes, soaping their bodies, smoking, gambling – an intimate communal diorama in the unlikeliest of settings. Dave, whose photography limns both structures and social margins, pulled over. In his brief interactions, he was intrigued to hear the men speaking Swahili so many thousands of kilometres from Africa’s Great Lakes region. He paid several more visits to the bridge and established that the men were Tanzanian nationals, come to Cape Town with the aim of stowing away on board the ships that dock in the city’s harbour.
It was my good fortune to meet Dave not long afterwards, when he was on the lookout for a research partner. I knew a bit about the Foreshore precinct, having written about it years before. I knew, for example, that the area had been reclaimed from the ocean in the forties and was 194 hectares in size. And I was aware that the Foreshore’s architecture, including two unfinished freeway bridges, had been a source of civic disappointment for decades – particularly the Eastern Boulevard, the development of which had led to the eviction of thousands of mainly non-white Capetonians in the sixties.
Its soaring overpasses had also disconnected the city from the sea, not only physically but psychologically, metaphorically.
I was also on the lookout for a Cape Town-based project, so meeting Dave felt like serendipity. I was instantly drawn to the historic irony embedded in his project: the suggestion that a structure frequently described as ‘inhumane’ and ‘antisocial’ had, for years, been leading a double life as a shelterer of undocumented African migrants. A singular hook, I felt, for a story about continuity and change in South Africa’s oldest, most racially unreconstructed city.
There remained the considerable question of my ability to win the tolerance of the Beachboys. Dave had found that attitudes towards his interest varied greatly. When in smaller groups, or alone, most Beachboys seemed happy enough to talk with him. Around larger groups, he had experienced naked hostility, often from individuals who had been friendly to him the day before. Most of the Beachboys were junkies, which did not help; he said his access problems were further compounded by the fact that his most even-tempered contacts kept disappearing, presumably to sea.
Initially I struck the same problems, but as the weeks grew to months I found I was able to navigate the Beachboy community with ease. Friends puzzled over this, with one suggesting only half jokingly that my physical size was probably a factor, as if having the appearance of a lapsed lock forward may somehow help to override suspicion. But I knew there was more to their tolerance than this, and my research diaries became increasingly self-reflective as I strained to work it out. In effect, I began hunting for this story’s third beginning: its source inside myself.
After much internal debate I settled on 2002, the year I moved to Cape Town with the intention of co-writing, with an old friend, a book about the city’s Main Road, which starts under Nelson Mandela Boulevard and runs southwards out to Simon’s Town. It was a precocious project. We were both 21 and so ignorant of loca
l history that the first words I typed into the University of Cape Town’s library search were ‘Cape’ and ‘Town’.
We did a lot of work, though. We spent hours in the city’s libraries, reading all the social histories, the Cape novels, the poetry of place. And, for several hours each day, we walked the streets. It soon became apparent that very little in Cape literature connected with our pavement experiences. K. Sello Duiker’s Thirteen Cents had just been published, and came closest. It tells the story of a preadolescent boy named Azure and his search for a way out of the city’s underworld. Psychopathic gangsters loom large, as do pigeons, rats and taxis. Instead of mountains, we are shown bridge underpasses and toilet blocks. The stench of fire-smoke masks the smell of the ocean.
It was a landmark portrayal of a city that had slipped the frame of touristic representation and run wild into a new century. But it was also narrow, as any story narrated by a 13-year-old is bound to be. There is no recognition, for example, of the great social change being wrought in the city by the arrival of foreign-born Africans. Also absent is any sense of the city’s new security pact with big business, which quickly saw to the dispersal of the squatter camps under certain overpasses while clamping down hard on its growing informal sector.
I remember feeling inspired to take up Duiker’s lead, but doubted I was qualified to do so. My Afrikaans was poor, my Xhosa, French and Swahili almost non-existent. I was a student of literature, not of history, anthropology or political science, and I had grown up privileged and loved, not bullied and stymied on every level imaginable. Through his excoriating depictions of white Capetonians (as pederasts, hard-hearts, hedonists or impotent do-gooders), Duiker himself seemed to be suggesting that I – a person like me – should leave this kind of work to others. And he would not have been wrong, I don’t think.
At any rate, the student loan I took on as a way of financing the Main Road project ran out, and my friend and collaborator left for Scotland and the start of a PhD. I remained in Cape Town without direction, working in a series of bars, exacerbating a drink and drug problem that was older and greyer than it had any right to be. I was arrested and put behind bars a few times, and moved from digs to digs, leaving behind broken relationships and unpaid bills. I was slipping. The pavements I had so enjoyed walking beckoned in an entirely new way; I avoided them as if my life depended on it, using the freeways to move in and out of the city, shunning public transport.
When I decided to take a stab at journalism in 2008, I had very little left in the way of self-belief. I felt my life had spoiled at the near end, possibly beyond saving. I soon discovered, however, that wrong turns and trodden-on turds count for a great deal in certain lines of work. People respond well to humility, especially in a region still shaking off the trauma of minority rule, and I was meek in the presence of just about everyone – especially those who have achieved the miracle of self-sufficiency in the face of great odds. Embarrassed by my own inability to do the same off the foundations of a loving home and an excellent education, I dedicated more of my time to recording the stories of others than made economic sense. To make up the shortfall, I continued to work in bars and, to save on travel costs, I learnt how to work the region’s trucking network. My departure point was frequently the Slabbert Burger Transport depot in Wellington. My way stations were tolling points to the east of Johannesburg, repair yards outside dusty towns. I started seeing the world through the eyes of long hauliers, turn boys and petrol station attendants.
My extreme enthusiasm for this work led to new opportunities and, by the start of 2011, I was – in a sense – professionally established. I had secured a job with a renowned local newspaper writing about foreign policy matters and, since the post was externally funded by an American philanthropic organisation, I was able to bounce between the major capitals of the world, spending no more than a week a month in Cape Town. I stayed in luxurious hotels, wore Italian suits and handed out beautiful business cards left, right and centre. I proposed to my girlfriend of eight years and she accepted. We moved out of our small apartment into a house with a garden, front and back.
Marriage agreed with both of us, but the work I had signed on for began to drag me down.
At the outset, I had imagined myself a soul after Whitman, comfortable everywhere and comrade to all. I was soon cured of this fantasy. After years of interacting with African survivalists, mostly warm and trusting people, I was all at sea in the chanceries of the world, where advantage is constantly being calculated at the expense of basic decency. I stopped feeling like myself – or, rather, I experienced the creeping return of the panic I had carried around in my stomach for most of my twenties. I started drinking heavily again and developed a bad habit of walking through unfamiliar neighbourhoods at dangerous hours.
Too often, I woke up in strange places, not able to recall how I got there. The prow of a boat moored at the side of the Potomac River. The bucket seat of a grader parked inside a construction yard in Juba. And, once, beside a subterranean swimming pool in Antananarivo.
◆
I was several months into this whorl of work and wine when Dave Southwood introduced me to the stowaway Adam Bashili in 2011. We sized each other up for a few weeks, and found little to dislike. We even discovered some unlikely overlaps in our experience of the world: an out-of-the-way truck stop or two, the insides of certain police holding cells. We shared personality traits, too, like an acute recklessness around money, narcotics and figures of authority, joined to a naïve belief in our own ability to avert self-destruction in almost any event.
Adam once admitted to bursting into tears at strange times for no discernible reason. I knew exactly what he was talking about.
I like to think that our friendship was inevitable, and that it was built from an early stage on the delight taken in each other’s stories. It was also symbiotic: Adam connected me to the wider Beachboy world, and I helped to keep him connected to his daughter many thousands of miles away. In time, he introduced me to the slums of Dar es Salaam, and I helped to put his half-brother Mohamed through school and, later, college. None of this was conditional.
◆
In place of a choice between tropes and genres – the ethnography of a community of stowaways or the biography of one stowaway in particular – Under Nelson Mandela Boulevard is part history, part ethnography, and part biography, with a measure of memoir mixed in. It is also as much a book about 21st-century Dar es Salaam and Tanzania as it is about contemporary Cape Town and South Africa.
Its four sections, delineated as seasons of the year, incorporate several years of research. I chose to write this book as a series of vignettes, because so many of the scenes are lifted almost word for word from my research diaries, and because this approach seemed best suited to the narration of these episodic and peripatetic Beachboy lives. For obvious reasons I have slightly fudged the co-ordinates of certain Beachboy locales, but in truth Cape Town’s Foreshore has changed so dramatically since 2011 that most of the encampments I describe no longer exist.
To protect individual identities I have mostly used the monikers that the Beachboys give each other, which are nothing like the names given to them by their mothers and fathers. Adam wanted his real name used, arguing that Cape Town’s authorities could hardly make his life more difficult than they already do.
I spent several weeks reading the manuscript to him and to dozens of other Beachboys, and the reception was positive; Adam declared the book his greatest achievement.
If nothing else, I hope I have demonstrated how artfully – intuitively – he guided me through his world. Without Adam, these stories do not exist.
SHC
19 May 2016
WINTER
And Cape Town is not what it used to be. Foreigners have left their imprint on our culture.
– K. Sello Duiker
City gardener Karabo Moshoeshoe’s orders were to clean, and then cut, the
grass embankments around the intersection of Oswald Pirow Street and Hertzog Boulevard, though the routine trim wasn’t supposed to happen for another week.
‘I don’t want to see a single Simba packet when I’m down there,’ were his overseer’s words.
It had something to do with the new sign the traffic department had put up alongside the highway on-ramp and covered with a black sack. The city’s new mayor, Patricia de Lille, would be coming down to the intersection to make a speech, apparently. A tent for the VIPs was already going up next to the wild olive trees alongside the on-ramp. Nothing like this had happened in the eight years for which Moshoeshoe had been tending the area.
It was not a nice area, in his opinion. The room in the concrete substructure of the highway bridge, in which he kept his clothes and his tools, was an especially ugly place. There were always people sleeping around it on flattened cardboard boxes, under sheets of plastic. They cooked in the shelter of the bridge, blackening the concrete with smoke, then drew everywhere using the charcoal from their fires.
‘They draw ships,’ Moshoeshoe once told his wife, but he could not say why – nor was he particularly interested. These people, these bridge men, made work for him. Plus, they were foreigners, drug-smokers.
Michael Bakili, a Congolese-born member of the Central City Improvement District’s (CCID) security detail, had orders of his own: get rid of the bridge men before the VIPs arrive.
It would not be easy. With the sun shining for the first time in a week, the bridge men had come out from under the Foreshore flyovers and slumped down on the grass embankments, where they smoked a procession of cocktails – marijuana joints laced with heroin. These, with the sunshine, would make the bridge men very difficult to deal with; Bakili knew this from experience. One group in particular was likely to test him – the youngsters who had made their sleeping places right there in the plants on the intersection’s traffic island, squashing the Agapanthuses to reedmat thinness.
Under Nelson Mandela Boulevard Page 1
