46.Dietz, Surgeon, 194; Johnson, London, 17; Muchembled, Violence, 32; Beattie, Crime, 93; Schindler, Rebellion, 215–216.
47.Matthiessen, Natten, 96.
48.“Palladio,” Middlesex Journal, or, Chronicle of Liberty (London), July 30, 1769; Shakespeare, Othello, I, 1, 75; William Davenant, The Wits (London, 1636); Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 15; Johan Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization (London, 1992), 144–145.
49.James Gabriel Fyfe, ed., Scottish Diaries and Memoirs, 1550–1746 (Stirling, Scot., 1928), 259; Samuel H. Baron, ed. and trans., The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth Century Russia (Stanford, Calif., 1967), 112; Penny Roberts, “Agencies Human and Divine: Fire in French Cities, 1520–1720,” in William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts, eds., Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), 9.
50.Stephen Porter, “Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries,” Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 103, passim.
51.Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 333; Mar. 16, 1701, Cowper, Diary; Matthiessen, Natten, 121–122.
52.Sir Richard Blackmore, Prince Arthur (London, 1695), 190; E. L. Jones et al., A Gazetteer of English Urban Fire Disasters, 1500–1900 (Norwich, 1984).
53.Roy Porter, London, a Social History (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 85; Sept. 4, 1666, Evelyn, Diary, III, 454; Neil Hanson, The Great Fire of London: In that Apocalyptic Year (Hoboken, N.J., 2002).
54.NYWJ, Sept. 26, 1737; SJC, Aug. 4, 1785; Roberts, “Fire in French Cities,” 9–27.
55.Mar. 30, 1760, “Stow, and John Gate’s Diary,” Worcester Society of Antiquity Proceedings (1898), 270; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (Oxford, 1971), 55–63, 206–213, 364–372; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (Oxford, 1971), 18, 100–105, 292–294.
56.Ludwig Holberg, Moral Reflections & Epistles, ed. P. M. Mitchell (Norvik, Eng., 1991), 169; “The Diary of George Booth,” Journal of the Chester and North Wales Architectural Archaeological and Historic Society, New Ser., 28 (1928), 40; Enid Porter, Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore (New York, 1969), 205.
57.John Bancroft, The Tragedy of Sertonius (London, 1679), 20. See also Benjamin Keach, Spiritual Melody (London, 1691), 28; Rowlands, Night Raven.
58.Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., (New York, 1987), 220–221; “Philanthropos,” LEP, Jan. 25, 1763; Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (New York, 1967), 144; The Life and Errors of John Dunton ... (London, 1818), II, 606.
59.Paroimiographia (English), 5; Thomas Tusser, Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie, eds. V. Payne and J. Sidney (London, 1878), 179; Jan. 13, 1669, Josselin, Diary, 545; Nov. 3, 1710, Raymond A. Anselment, ed., The Remembrances of Elizabeth Freke, 1671–1714 (London, 2001), 270; Mar. 22, 1683, J. E. Foster, ed., The Diary of Samuel Newton (Cambridge, 1890), 84; PG, Feb. 18, 1729.
60.Hugh Platte, The Jewell House of Art and Nature ... (1594; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1979), 50.
61.July 20, 1709, Sewall, Diary, II, 622; George Lyman Kittredge, The Old Farmer and His Almanack ... (Cambridge, Mass., ca. 1904), 147; DUR, July 11, 1787.
62.Marybeth Carlson, “Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 157–158; Wilson, English Proverbs, 167.
63.Grub Street Journal (London), May 16, 1734.
64.PA, July 15, 1763; William Langland’s Piers Plowman: The C Version, trans. George Economou (Philadelphia, 1996), 25; Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (London, 1995), 276–277.
65.William Hector, ed., Selections from the Judicial Records of Renfrewshire ... (Paisley, Scot., 1876), 239; Bernard Capp, “Arson, Threats of Arson, and Incivility in Early Modern England,” in Peter Burke et al., eds., Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford, 2000), 197–213; Matthiessen, Natten, 121.
66.Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization, 158; Roberts, “Fire in French Cities,” 22; Country Journal: or the Craftsman (London), June 24, 1738.
67.SJC, May 25, 1769; Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1989), 85; Ruff, “Crime, Justice, and Public Order,” 262; BC, May 20, 1761.
68.Augustus Jessopp, ed., The Autobiography of the Hon. Roger North (London, 1887), 41; WJ, Aug. 15, 1724; Effectual Scheme, 69–70.
69.Bob Scribner, “The Mordbrenner Fear in Sixteenth-Century Germany: Political Paranoia or the Revenge of the Outcast?,” in Evans, ed., German Underworld, 29–56; Penny Roberts, “Arson, Conspiracy and Rumor in Early Modern Europe,” Continuity and Change 12 (1997), 9–29.
70.Jacqueline Simpson, The Folklore of Sussex (London, 1973), 135–136; Capp, “Arson,” 204; Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 330–332.
71.Weinsberg, Diary, I, 125; SJC, Nov. 4, 1769; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 531–533.
72.Grose, Dictionary; 6 Anne c.31; PG, Apr. 30, 1730. See also Effectual Scheme, 69; Michael Kunze, Highroad to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft, trans. William E. Yuill (Chicago, 1987), 147.
73.Nashe, Works, I, 386.
74.Rudolph Braun, Industrialisation and Everyday Life, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tenison (Cambridge, 1990), 84.
PART TWO
PRELUDE
1.James M. Houston, ed., The Mind on Fire: An Anthology of the Writings of Blaise Pascal (Porland, Ore., 1989), 165.
2.[Foxton], The Night-Piece: A Poem (London, 1719), 10. For the institutions of daily life, see, for example, Pounds, Culture, 255–301; Cohens, Italy, 51–52, 116–125; David H. Flaherty, “Crime and Social Control in Provincial Massachusetts,” Historical Journal 24 (1981), 339–360.
3.Ken Krabbenhoft, trans., The Poems of St. John of the Cross (New York, 1999), 19; James Scholefield, ed., The Works of James Pilkington, B. D., Lord Bishop of Durham (London, 1842), 340; Verdon, Night, 199–215; Paulette Choné, L’Atelier Des Nuits: Histoire et Signification du Nocturne dans l’Art d’Occident (Nancy, France, 1992), 146–150; John M. Staudenmaier, “Denying the Holy Dark: The Englightenment Ideal and the European Mystical Tradition,” in Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish, eds., Progress: Fact or Illusion (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 184–185.
4.Daniello Bartoli, La Ricreazione del Savio (Parma, 1992), 191–192; John Northbrooke, A Treatise wherein Dicing, Dauncing, Vaine Playes or Enterluds with Other Idle Pastimes ... (London, 1577), 20; John Clayton, Friendly Advice to the Poor ... (Manchester, 1755), 38.
5.Piero Camporesi, Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment (Malden, Mass., 1994), 13.
6.Thomas Amory, Daily Devotion Assisted and Recommended ... (London, 1772), 20; George Economou, trans., William Langland’s Piers Plowman: The C Version (Philadelphia, 1996), 188; Cotton Mather, Meat Out of the Eater (Boston, 1703), 129; Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility (New York, 1983), 40.
CHAPTER THREE
1.Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 350.
2.Lean, Lean’s Collectanea, I, 352; Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum, History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, 1996), 204; Remarks 1717, 160; Sigridin Maurice and Klaus Maurice, “Counting the Hours in Community Life of the 16th Century,” in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 148.
3.T. P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge, 1995), 125; James D. Tracy, ed., City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective (Cambridge, 2000); R. A. Butlin, “Land and People, c. 1600,” in T. W. Moody et al., eds., Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691 (Oxford, 1991), 160–161; Remarks 1717, 160; Matthiessen, Natten, 18; Ripae, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 19.
4.Adam Walker, Ideas ... in a Late Excursion through Flanders, Germany, France, and Italy (London, 1790), 69; Verdon, Night, 81; Batavia: or the Hollander Displayed ... (Amsterdam, 1675), 50; Alexander Cowan, Urban Europe
, 1500–1700 (London, 1998), 138–142.
5.John Chamberlayne, Magna Britannia Notitia: or, the Present State of Great Britain ... (London, 1723), I, 255; Cowan, Urban Europe, 39–40.
6.Anglicus, On the Properties of Things, trans. John Trevisa (Oxford, 1975), I, 539; Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 23.
7.Corinne Walker, “Esquisse Pour une Histoire de la Vie Nocturne: Genéve au XVIIIe Siècle,” Revue du Vieux Genève 19 (1989), 74; Moryson, Itinerary, I, 41; Remarks 1717, 101–104; Gerhard Tanzer, Spectacle Müssen Seyn: Die Freizeit der Wiener im 18. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1992), 55.
8.OED, s.v. “curfew”; Raphael Holinshed, Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ed. Charles Lethbridge (1807; rpt. edn., New York, 1965), II, 9.
9.Toulin Smith, ed., English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More than One Hundred Early English Gilds ... (1870; rpt. edn., London, 1963), 194; Falkus, “Lighting,” 249–251; William M. Bowsky, “The Medieval Commune and Internal Violence: Police Power and Public Safety in Siena, 1287–1355,” AHR 73 (1967), 6; A. Voisin, “Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV. Siècle: Dijon la Nuit,” Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 267.
10.Matthiessen, Natten, 21–22; Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modern Times (Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 190–191; J. R. Hale, “Violence in the Late Middle Ages: A Background,” in Lauro Martines, ed., Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities, 1200–1500 (Berkeley, Calif., 1972), 23; Verdon, Night, 81; Journal of Sir John Finch, 1675–1682, Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of Allan Finch, Esq. ... (London, 1913), I, 69.
11.Paul Griffiths, “Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modern England,” Seventeenth Century 13 (1998), 224–225; The Lawes of the Market (1595; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1974); Falkus, “Lighting,” 250–251, passim.
12.W. O. Hassall, comp., How They Lived: An Anthology of Original Accounts Written Before 1485 (Oxford, 1962), 207; Griffiths “Nightwalking,” 218, passim; Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370–1600 (Cambridge, 1998), 66–67; Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge, 1987), 126, 217; Moryson, Itinerary, I, 196; Walker, “Genève,” 75; T. Platter, Journal, 204; Christopher Black, Early Modern Italy: A Social History (London, 2001), 102.
13.Benjamin Ravid, “The Venetian Government and the Jews,” in Robert C. Davis and Benjamin Ravid, eds., The Jews of Early Modern Venice (Baltimore, 2001), 8, 21; Orest and Patricia Ranum, comps., The Century of Louis XIV (New York, 1972), 168; Black, Early Modern Italy, 154–156; R.I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987), 87.
14.Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-Light (London, 1608); Kathryn Norberg, Rich and Poor in Grenoble, 1600–1814 (Berkeley, Calif., 1985), 44; Griffiths, “Nightwalking,” passim; Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725 (Cambridge, 1991), 179–181; Luigi Cajan and Silva Saba, “La Notte Devota: Luci e Ombre Delle Quarantore,” in Mario Sbriccoli, ed., La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna (Florence, 1991), 74.
15.13 Edward I c.4; Sir Andrew Balfour, Letters Written to a Friend (Edinburgh, 1700), 86; Bartholomäus Sastrow et al., Social Germany in Luther’s Time: Being the Memoirs of Bartholomew Sastrow, trans. H.A.L. Fisher (Westminster, Eng., 1902), 172; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 405, 163; Ruth Pike, “Crime and Punishment in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” Journal of European Economic History 5 (1976), 695; Andrew Trout, City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV (New York, 1996), 173–174, 217.
16.A. R. Myers, ed., English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), 1073; David Chambers and Trevor Dean, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 100; Elisabeth Pavan, “Recherches sur la Nuit Vénitienne à la Fin du Moyen Age,” Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), 354–355.
17.Verdon, Night, 75; Pavan, “Nuit Vénitienne,” 353.
18.E. S. De Beer, “The Early History of London Street-Lighting,” History 25 (1941), 311–324; Falkus, “Lighting,” 251–254; O’Dea, Lighting, 94; Paul Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt’s Holland (New York, 1963), 20.
19.Angelo Raine, ed., York Civic Records (Wakefield, Eng., 1942), III, 110; Falkus, “Lighting,” 251–254; J. H. Thomas, Town Government in the Sixteenth Century ... (London, [1933]), 56–57; Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (New York, 1967), 153–154.
20.Charles Knight, London (London, 1841), I, 104; De Beer, “London Street-Lighting,” 311–324; Matthiessen, Natten, 26.
21.Jean Shirley, trans., A Parisian Journal, 1405–1449 (Oxford, 1968), 51; Thoresby, Diary, I, 190; Matthiessen, Natten, 24, 118; David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London, 1989), 74; Bargellini, “Vita Notturna,” 79.
22.James S. Amelang, ed., A Journal of the Plague Year: The Diary of the Barcelona Tanner Miquel Parets, 1651 (New York, 1991), 86; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 746; Lord Herbert, ed., Henry, Elizabeth and George (1738–80): Letters and Diaires of Henry, Tenth Earl of Pembroke and His Circle (London, 1939), 371; Luca Landucci, ed., A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516, trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (London, 1927), 161, 29; May 29, 1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 136; Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, 85–92.
23.A. W. Verity, ed., Milton’s Samson Agonistes (Cambridge, 1966), 7; Phillip Stubbes, Anatomy of the Abuses in England ... , ed. Frederick J. Furnivall (London, 1877), I, 342; Dec. 6, 1764, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 1764 (New York, 1953), 243; Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c.1400–c.1580 (New Haven, 1992), 407, 419. See also Moryson, Itinerary, I, 167, 235, 310.
24.Schindler, Rebellion, 196; Remarks 1717, 69; John McManners, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1999), II, 219.
25.John Ray, Observations Topographical, Moral, & Physiological . . . (London, 1673), 317; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 448; J. W. Goethe, Italian Journey, 1786–1788 (New York, 1968), 344; Schindler, Rebellion, 195–201; Roche, Consumption, 116–118.
26.Apr. 16, 1708, Cowper, Diary; Stewart E. Fraser, ed., Ludwig Holberg’s Memoirs . . . (Leiden, 1970), 115; “Decription of the City of Rome,” Town and Country Magazine 24 (1792), 260; Henry Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies ... (London, 1783), II, 72–73; Cohens, Italy, 156–157; Sara T. Nalle, God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650 (Baltimore, 1992), 154–156.
27.J. M. Beattie, Policing in London, 1660–1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (Oxford, 2001), 172; Edward MacLysaght, Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1969), 197; Eugène Defrance, Histoire de l’Éclairage des Rues de Paris (Paris, 1904), 36; Falkus, “Lighting,” 254–264; Lettie S. Multhauf, “The Light of Lamp-Lanterns: Street Lighting in 17th-Century Amsterdam,” Technology and Culture 26 (1985), 236–252; Ruff, Violence, 3; Cohens, Italy, 116–117; Jonathan Irvine Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (New York, 1995), 681–682; Voisin, “Dijon la Nuit,” 278.
28.J. P. Marana, Lettre Sicilienne (1700; rpt. edn., Paris, 1883), 50–51; Martin Lister, A Journey to Paris in the Year 1698, ed. Raymond Phineas Stearns (Urbana, Ill., 1967), 25; John Beckman, A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, trans. William Johnston (London, 1846), 180–182; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 748–752; Defrance, Histoire de
l’Éclairage, 35–38; Leon Bernard, The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV (Durham, N.C., 1970), 162–166; Falkus, “Lighting,” 254–260; Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford, 1989), 72–74.
29.SJC, Oct. 25, 1783; De Beer, “Street-Lighting,” 317–320; Beckman, D
iscoveries, trans. Johnston, 180; Matthiessen, Natten, 26.
30.John Scott, A Visit to Paris in 1814 ... (London, 1815), 40; Defrance, Histoire de l’Éclairage, 47; G. E. Rodmell, ed., “An Englishman’s Impressions of France in 1775,” Durham University Journal (1967), 78. See also Maurice Déribéré and Paulette Déribéré, Préhistoire et Histoire de la Lumière (Paris, 1979), 117.
31.Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 759; Corinne Walker, “Du Plaisir à la Nécessité: l’Apparition de la Lumière dans les Rues de Genève à la Fin du XVIIIe Siècle,” in François Walter, ed., Vivre et Imaginer la Ville XVIIIe–XIXe Siècles (Geneva, 1988), 107; Henry Hibbert, Syntagma Theologcum . . . (London, 1662), 31; Beattie, Policing, 170.
32.Smollet, Humphry Clinker . . . (New York, 1983), 113.
33.R. G. Bury, trans., Plato in Twelve Volumes (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), XI, 69; Crusius, Nocte, ch. 5.5.
34.13 Edward I c.4; Beckman, Discoveries, trans. Johnston, 188; Joachim Schlör, Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930, trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998), 73.
35.Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 365–366; Clare Williams, ed., Thomas Platter’s Travels in England, 1599 (London, 1937), 174; Raine, ed., York Civic Records, V, 102; Bowsky, “Medieval Commune,” 9–10; Alan Williams, The Police of Paris, 1718–1789 (Baton Rouge, 1979), 67.
36.Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (Oxford, 1971), 64–67.
37.Beckman, Discoveries, trans. Johnston, 189; Schlör, Nights in the Big City, trans. Imhof and Roberts, 74; Duke of Ormond, “Whereas by the good and wholsome lawes of this realm ... night-watches should be kept ...” (Dublin, 1677); Ruff, Violence, 92; M. De La Lande, Voyage en Italie . . . (Paris, 1786), 154.
38.Memoirs of François-René Vicomte de Chateaubriand, trans. Alexander Teixera de Mattos (New York, 1902), IV, 27; William Young, The History of Dulwich College . . . with a Life of the Founder, Edward Alleyn, and an Accurate Transcript of His Diary, 1617–1622 (London, 1889), II, 356; A.F.J. Brown, Essex People, 1750–1900 (Chelmsford, Eng., 1972), 40; Robert C. Davis, Shipbuilders of the Venetian Arsenal: Workers and Workplace in the Preindustrial City (Baltimore, 1991), 157.
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