65.Medick, “Spinning Bees,” 334; Martine Segalen, Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago, 1983), 126; Madeline Jeay, ed., Les Évangiles des Quenouilles ... (Paris, 1985), passim; Verdon, Night, 121–122; Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (London, 1984), 98.
66.Rudolph M. Bell, How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians (Chicago, 1999), 249; Medick, “Spinning Bees,” 333, 331; Lyndal Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), 179.
67.SAS, VIII, 417; Bell, Peasantry of Ireland, 20–21; Harvey Mitchell, “The World between the Literate and Oral Traditions in Eighteenth-Century France: Ecclesiastical Instructions and Popular Mentalities,” in Roseann Runte, ed., Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture: Volume 8 (Madison, Wisc., 1979), 55; Jean-Michel Boehler, La Paysannerie de la Plaine d’Alsace (Strasbourg, 1995), II, 1963.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1.Mercier, The Night Cap (Philadelphia, 1788), 4.
2.RB, I, 87; Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, N.Y., 1983), 47.
3.Jan. 10, 1694, East Anglian Diaries, 207, passim; John Holloway, ed., The Oxford Book of Local Verses (Oxford, 1987), 15; Keith Thomas, “Work and Leisure in Pre-Industrial Society,” PP 29 (1964), 50–62; Peter Burke, “The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe,” PP 146 (1995), 136–151; Joan-Lluis Marfany, “The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe: Comment,” PP 156 (1997), 174–192.
4.John Aubrey, Aubrey’s Natural History of Wiltshire (1847; rpt. edn., New York, 1969), 11; Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 76.
5.Sept. 10, 1758, Woodforde, Diary, IV, 226, passim; July 26, 1761, Mar. 7, 1758, Turner, Diary, 232, 141, passim; ECR, passim.
6.Jan. 14, Mar. 14, Nov. 10, 15, 1624, Beck, Diary, 32, 61, 203, 206, passim; Jeroen Blaak, “Autobiographical Reading and Writing: The Diary of David Beck (1624),” in Rudolph Dekker, ed., Egodocuments and History: Autobiographical Writing in Its Social Context since the Middle Ages (Hilversum, 2002), 61–87.
7.Jan. 23, 1662, June 5, 1661, Pepys, Diary, III, 17, II, 115, passim.
8.Clare Williams, trans., Thomas Platter’s Travels in England, 1599 (London, 1937), 189; Keith Wrightson, “Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590–1660,” in Eileen and Stephen Yeo, eds., Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590–1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Sussex, Eng., 1981), 10, passim; Burke, Popular Culture, 110; Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History (London, 1983), passim; Thomas Brennan, Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Princeton, N.J., 1988); B. Ann Tlusty, Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany (Charlottesville, Va., 2001).
9.Monsieur Sorbiere, A Voyage to England ... (London, 1709), 62; LC, June 6, 1761; William W. Hagen, “Village Life in East-Elbian Germany and Poland, 1400–1800: Subjections, Self-Defence, Survival,” in Tom Scott, ed., The Peasantries of Europe: From the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (Harlow, Eng., 1998), 146; Wrightson, “Alehouses,” 2; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 19; Hans-Joachim Voth, Time and Work in England 1750–1830 (Oxford, 2000), 80–81; Brennan, Public Drinking, 160–171; Tlusty, Bacchus, 150, 158, 187, passim.
10.OED, s.v. “kidney”; Daniel Defoe, The True-Born English-Man ... (London, 1708), 15; L. H. Butterfield et al. eds., Diary and Autobiography of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), I, 214; RB, I, 414; LC, Jan. 23, 1762, 76; A. M., The Reformed Gentleman ... (London, 1693), 49; LE-P, June 23, 1763; Yves-Marie Bercé, History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France, trans. Amanda Whitmore (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990), 59.
11.The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse . . . (London, 1708), 3; May 30, 1760, Butterfield et al., eds., Adams Diary and Autobiography, I, 130; John Addy, Sin and Society in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1989), 141; A. Lynn Martin, Alcohol, Sex, and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (New York, 2001), 89–91; RB, VII, 231; Richard Rawlidge, A Monster Late Found Out ... (London, 1628), 6.
12.A Curtaine Lecture (London, 1638), 7.
13.David Herlihy, Cities and Society in Medieval Italy (London, 1980), 136; Jeffrey R. Watt, “The Impact of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation,” in FLEMT, 147–150; Edward Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997), 135.
14.Jan. 6, 1761, Butterfield et al., eds., Adams Diary and Autobiography, I, 195; Sara Mendelson and Particia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford, 1998), 119.
15.Shakespeare, The Rape of Lucrece, 674; Ménétra, Journal, 37–38, 168. See also Jack Ayres, ed., Paupers and Pig Killers: The Diary of William Holland: A Somerset Parson, 1799–1818 (Gloucester, Eng., 1984), 19.
16.David P. French, comp., Minor English Poets, 1660–1780 (New York, 1967), III, 318; Paroimiographia (British), 4; John S. Farmer, ed., Merry Songs and Ballads Prior to the Year a.d. 1800 (New York, 1964), IV, 6; Lusts Dominion; or, the Lascivious Queen (London, 1657); John Lough, France Observed in the Seventeenth Century by British Travellers (Boston, 1985), 119; “A New and Accurate Description of the City of Rome ... ,” Town and Country Magazine 24 (1792), 261; ECR, IX, 29.
17.Maurice Andrieux, Daily Life in Venice in the Time of Casanova, trans. Mary Fitton (London, 1972), 128; Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, II, 2, 165; Hannah Richards, n.d., Suffolk Court Files #874, Suffolk County Court House, Boston; J. Douglas Porteous, Landscapes of the Mind: Worlds of Sense and Metaphor (Toronto, 1990), 7; Takashi Tomita, Yoru no Shinrijutsu: Hiru Kara Yoru e no Kåodåo, Korkoro no Henka o (Tokyo, 1986), 13; Darrell L. Butler and Paul M. Biner, “Preferred Lighting Levels: Variability Among Settings, Behaviors, and Individuals,” Environment and Behavior 19 (1987), 696, 702, 709, 710.
18.Grose, Dictionary; Robert Abbot, The Young Mans Warning-Piece ... (London, 1657), 35 (taken from Job 24:15); F. Platter, Journal, 80; Samuel Rowlands, The Night-Raven (London, 1620); Wendy Doniger, The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade (Chicago, 2000), passim; Joanne Bailey, Unquiet Lives: Marriage and Marriage Breakdown in England, 1660–1800 (Cambridge, 2003), 140–167.
19.Aug. 18, June 2, 1668, Nov. 8, 1665, Apr. 9, 1667, Pepys, Diary, IX, 282, 221, VI, 294, VIII, 159, passim; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (New York, 1977), 552–561.
20.Frederick J. Furnivall, ed., Phillip Stubbes’s Anatomy of the Abuses in England in Shakespeare’s Youth a.d. 1583 (London, 1877), I, 149; David Cressy, Birth, Marriage & Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 1997), 352; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 380.
21.Brand 1848, II, 229; Clodagh Tait, Death, Burial and Commemoration in Ireland, 1550–1650 (New York, 2002), 34–35; Cressy, Birth, Marriage & Death, 427; Margo Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (New Haven, 2002), 212–213; Edward MacLysaght, Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century (1950; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), 318.
22.Darryl Ogier, “Night Revels and Werewolfery in Calvinist Guernsey,” Folklore 109 (1998), 54; Jean-Louis Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, 1979), 108–109; John McManners, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1999), II, 203; Steven Ozment, Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (New York, 1999), 208.
23.Farmer, ed., Songs and Ballads, II, 82; Gloria L. Main, Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 7; C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603 (Cambridge, 1996), 112, 128; Griffiths, Youth, 258; Paroimiographia (British), 25; Thomas Willard Robisheaux, “The Origins of Rural Wealth and Poverty in Hohenlohe, 1470–1680” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Virginia, 1981), 170; Sara Tilghman Nalle, God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650 (Baltimore, 1985), 28–2
9; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 256.
24.Aug. 19, 1794, Drinker, Diary, I, 584; The Roving Maids of Aberdeen’s Garland ([Edinburgh?], 1776); Feb. 10, 1873, William Plomer, ed., Kilvert’s Diary: Selections from the Diary of the Rev. Francis Kilvert ... (London, 1971), II. 322. See also Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution ... , ed. Richard J. Hooker (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1953), 100.
25.Roger Lonsdale, The New Book of Eighteenth-Century Verse (Oxford, 1984), 405; George Parfitt and Ralph Houlbrooke, eds., The Courtship Narrative of Leonard Wheatcroft, Derbyshire Yeoman (Reading, Eng., 1986), 52; Émile Guillaumin, The Life of a Simple Man, ed. Eugen Weber, trans. Margaret Crosland (Hanover, N.H., 1983), 41, 43–44.
26.Lochwd, Ymddiddan Rhwng Mab a Merch, Y’nghylch Myned I Garu yn y Gwely (n.p., [1800s]), 4.
27.A Tour in Ireland in 1775 (London, 1776), 103–104; Ernest W. Marwick, The Folklore of Orkney and Shetland (Totowa, N.J., 1975), 86; Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Lenman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660–1780 (Oxford, 1989), 180; A Tour in Ireland in 1775 (London, 1776), 103. For early America, including not just New England but also New Jersey and Pennsylvania, see Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore, 2002), 246–255; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Lois K. Stabler, “‘Girling of it’ in Eighteenth-Century New Hampshire,” Annual Proceedings, Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife (1985), 24–36; “John Hunt’s Diary,” New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings 53 (1935), 111, 112, 122; John Robert Shaw, An Autobiography of Thirty Years, 1777–1807, ed. Oressa M. Teagarden and Jeanne L. Crabtree (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), 108; Bernard Chevignard, “Les Voyageurs Europeens et la Pratique du ‘Bondelage’ (Bundling) en Nouvelle-Angleterre a la Fin du XVIIIe Siècle,” in L’Amerique et l’Europe: Réalities et Représentations (Aix-en-Provence, 1986), 75–87.
28.May 5, 1663, William L. Sachse, ed., The Diary of Roger Lowe of Ashton-in-Makerfield, Lancashire, 1663–74 (New Haven, 1938), 20, passim; Reports of Special Assistant Poor Law Commissioners on the Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture (1843; rpt. edn., New York, 1968), 365; Griffiths, Youth, 259–261; Apr. 5, 18, 1765, Turner, Diary, 318, 320; Parfitt and Houlbrooke, eds., Courtship, 53, passim.
29.Tour in Ireland, 103–104; Rudolf Braun, Industrialization and Everyday Life, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tension (Cambridge, 1990), 44; J.-L. Flandrin, “Repression and Change in the Sexual Life of Young People in Medieval and Early Modern Times,” in Robert Wheaton and Tamara K. Hareven, eds., Family and Sexuality in French History (Philadelphia, 1980), 34–35.
30.Enid Porter, Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore (New York, 1969), 5; Les Nuits d’Épreuve des Villageoises Allemandes ... (Paris, 1861), 8.
31.Cannon, Diary, 137.
32.Howard C. Rice, Jr., and Anne S. K. Brown, trans. and eds., The American Campaigns of Rochambeau’s Army 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783 (Princeton, N.J., 1972), I, 245; Michael Drake, Population and Society in Norway 1735–1865 (Cambridge, 1969), 144; Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling: Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America (1871; rpt. edn., New York, 1974), 33; Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, 606.
33.Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 385; Hugh Jones, O Gerddi Newyddion (n.p., [1783?]), 3; Rice, Jr., and Brown, trans. and eds., Rochambeau’s Army, I, 32, 169; Drake, Population, 144; Christine D. Worobec, Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period (Princeton, N.J., 1991), 138–139; Flandrin, “Repression,” 36.
34.Lochwd, Ymddiddan Rhwng Mab a Merch, 4; Stiles, Bundling, 96, 29–30; Flandrin, “Repression,” 36; Dana Doten, The Art of Bundling: Being an Inquiry into the Nature & Origins of that Curious but Universal Folk-Custom ... (Weston, Vt., 1938), 156; History and Journal of Charles Joseph de Losse de Bayac, 1763–1783, I, Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790–1840 (New York, 1988), 193–195, 199; Martine Segalen, Historical Anthropology of the Family, trans. J. C. Whitehouse and Sarah Matthews (Cambridge, 1986), 130–131.
35.Flandrin, “Repression,” 35–36; John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (New York, 1985), 30–31; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 385.
36.Jollie’s Sketch of Cumberland Manners and Customs ... (1811; rpt. edn., Beckermet, Eng., 1974), 40; Bernard Capp, English Almanacs, 1500–1800: Astrology and the Popular Press (Ithaca, N.Y., 1979), 122.
37.Feb. 8, 1779, Sanger, Journal, 29; Farmer, ed., Songs and Ballads, IV, 220–222.
38.Bräker, Life, 96; Rice, Jr., and Brown, trans. and eds., Rochambeau’s Army, I, 245; Baker, Folklore and Customs of Rural England, 139; Les Nuits d’Épreuve, 9; Sara F. Matthews Grieco, “The Body, Appearance, and Sexuality,” in HWW III, 69; Stone, Family, 607; Gillis, British Marriages, 30; Shorter, Family, 103.
39.Cereta, Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist, ed. Diana Maury Robin (Chicago, 1997), 34.
40.Leo P. McCauley, S. J. and Anthony A. Stephenson, trans., The Works of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem (Washington, D.C., 1969), I, 188; Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi of France ... , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 316–317; Daniello Bartoli, La Ricreazione del Savio (Parma, 1992), 192–193.
41.Burton E. Stevenson, The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases (New York, 1948), 1686; Lucien Febvre, Life in Renaissance France, ed. and trans. Marion Rothstein (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 34–36; ODNB, s.v. “Elizabeth Carter” and “John Scott”; Cecile M. Jagodzinski, Privacy and Print: Reading and Writing in Seventeenth-Century England (Charlottesville, Va., 1999), 13; Raffaella Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 138–139.
42.William Davenant, The Works ... (London, 1673); Roger Chartier, “The Practical Impact of Writing,” in HPL III, 111–124.
43.J. R. Hale, Machiavelli and Renaissance Italy (London, 1972), 112; Chartier, “Writing,” 124–157; Jagodzinski, Privacy and Print, 2–6; Anthony Grafton, “The Humanist as Reader,” in Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier, A History of Reading in the West, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Amherst, Mass., 1999), 179–181.
44.May 19, 1667, Pepys, Diary, VIII, 223, X, 34–39; Nov. 4, 1624, Beck, Diary, 199–200, passim; Canon, Diary, 41, 56; Blaak, “Reading and Writing,” 64–76, 83–87.
45.Apr. 27, 1706, Cowper, Diary, passim; Jagodzinski, Privacy and Print, 20, 25–43; François Lebrun, “The Two Reformations: Communal Devotion and Personal Piety” and Chartier, “Writing,” in HPL III, 96–104, 130–134.
46.Yehonatan Eibeshitz, Yearot Devash (Jerusalem, 2000), 371; Rabbi Aviel, ed. Mishnah Berurah: Laws Concerning Miscellaneous Blessings, the Minchah Service, the Ma’ariv Service and Evening Conduct ... (Jerusalem, 1989), 413; Salo Wittmayer Baron, The Jewish Community: Its History and Structure to the American Revolution (Westport, Ct., 1972), II, 169, 176, III, 163.
47.Thomas Wright, Autobiography . . . 1736–1797 (London, 1864), 24; Steven Ozment, Three Behaim Boys Growing Up in Early Modern Germany: A Chronicle of Their Lives (New Haven, 1990), 103; Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, trans., The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand ... (New York, 1902), I, 54.
48.Dec. 31, 1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 426, X, 174–176, passim; Apr. 26, 1740, Kay, Diary, 34.
49.Tilley, Proverbs in England, 79; Jan. 2, 1624, Beck, Diary, 27–28, passim; Cereta, Letters, ed. Robin, 101, 31–32, passim; Lorraine Reams, “Night Thoughts: The Waking of the Soul: The Nocturnal Contemplations of Love, Death, and the Divine in the Eighteenth-Century and Nineteenth-Century French Epistolary Novel and Roman-Mémoire” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of North Carolina or Chapel Hill, 2000), 138; William Riley Parker, Milton: A Biography (Oxford, 1968), I, 578, II, 710; Blaak, “Reading and Writing,” 79–87; Chartier, “Writing,” Madeleine Foisil, “The Literature of Intimacy,” and Jean Marie Goulemont, “Literary Practices: Publicizing the Private,” in HPL III, 115–117, 157–159, 327–332, 380–383.
&nbs
p; 50.Henry Halford Vaughan, ed., Welsh Proverbs with English Translations (1889; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1969), 94; Michael J. Mikos, ed., Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology (Columbus, Ohio, 1995), 168; RB, I, 84.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1.Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, III, 13, 184–187.
2.Verdon, Night, 127–131; Pierre Jonin, “L’Espace et le Temps de la Nuit dans les Romans de Chrètiens de Troyes,” Mélanges de Langue et de Littérature Médiévales Offerts à Alice Planche 48 (1984), 242–246; Gary Cross, A Social History of Leisure Since 1600 (State College, Pa., 1990), 17–18.
3.Edward Ward, The London Spy (1709; rpt. edn., New York, 1985), 43; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 745–748; Thomas D’Urfey, The Two Queens of Brentford (London, 1721); Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi ... , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 419; Schindler, Rebellion, 194–195.
4.Diary of Robert Moody, 1660–1663, Rawlinson Coll. D. 84, Bodl.; Marie-Claude Canova-Green, Benserade Ballets pour Louis XIV (Paris, 1997), 93–160.
5.Ben Sedgley, Observations on Mr. Fielding’s Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers ... (London, 1751), 8; “A Short Account, by Way of Journal, of What I Observed Most Remarkable in My Travels ... ,” June 2, 1697, Historical Manuscripts Commission., 8th Report, Part 1 (1881), 99–100; Marcelin Defourneaux, Daily Life in Spain: The Golden Age, trans. Newton Branch (New York, 1971), 70–71; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 745–748; Thomas Burke, English Night-Life: From Norman Curfew to Present Black-Out (New York, 1971), 11–22.
6.Tobias George Smollet, Humphry Clinker, ed. James L. Thorson (New York, 1983), I, 87; P. Brydone, A Tour through Sicily and Malta ... (London, 1773), II, 87–90; Remarks 1717, 56; Sedgley, Observations, 8; The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz ... (London, 1739), I, 222; Burke, Night-Life, 23–70, passim.
7.US and WJ, Feb. 28, 1730; Vanessa Harding, The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 (Cambridge, 2002), 197, passim; Craig M. Koslofsky, The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany, 1450–1700 (New York, 2000), 138, 133–152, passim; Clare Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England (London, 1984), 188–200.
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