32.PA, Jan. 3, 1786; Rose, ed., Slavery, 460; Malcolm Letts, “Johannes Butzbach, a Wandering Scholar of the Fifteenth Century,” English Historical Review 32 (1917), 31; Thomas, Relgion and the Decline of Magic, 506–523; H. C. Erik Midelfort, “Were There Really Witches,” in Robert M. Kingdon, ed., Transition and Revolution: Problems and Issues of European Renaissance and Reformation History (Minneapolis, 1974), 198–199; David Thomas Konig, Law and Society in Puritan Massachusetts: Essex County, 1629–1692 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 145–179, passim.
33.Karlsen, Shape of a Woman, 140; SWP, II, 413; NHTR, II, 130–131.
34.Pinkerton, Travels, III, 316; Carmina Medii Aevi (Torino, 1961), 35; Jütte, Poverty, 152–153. See also Letters from Barbary, France, Spain, Portugal ... (London, 1788), II, 113.
35.June 2, 1663, Pepys, Diary, IV, 171; Beattie, Crime, 173–175. See also Best, Books, 35.
36.Domestic Management, or the Art of Conducting a Family; with Instructions to Servants in General (London, 1740), 59; Pinkerton, Travels, III, 316; Mar. 22, 1770, Carter, Diary, I, 372; John Greaves Nall, ed., Etymological and Comparative Glossary of the Dialect of East Anglia (London, 1866), 521; William Hector, ed., Selections from the Judicial Records of Renfrewshire ... (Paisley, Scot., 1876), 203–204.
37.Newton D. Mereness, ed., Travels in the American Colonies, 1690–1783 (New York, 1916), 592, 606–607; John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington (Washington, D.C., 1939), XXXII, 264; Richard Parkinson, The Experienced Farmer’s Tour in America (London, 1805), 446–447; James M. Rosenheim, ed., The Notebook of Robert Doughty, 1662–1665 (Norfolk, 1989), 39; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, passim.
38.Manning, Village Revolts, 296, 284–305, passim; Rachel N. Klein, “Ordering the Backcountry: The South Carolina Regulation,” WMQ, 3rd Ser., 38 (1981), 671–672.
39.Robert Bell, Early Ballads ... (London, 1889), 436–437; David Davies, The Case of Labourers in Husbandry ... (Dublin, 1796), 77; Spike Mays, Reuben’s Corner (London, 1969), 197; Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1989), 172–197. See also Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, April 1792, 296.
40.LEP, Oct. 5, 1738; Arthur Walter Slater, ed., Autobiographical Memoir of Joseph Jewell, 1763–1846 (London, 1964), 134; Cal Winslow, “Sussex Smugglers,” in Douglas Hay et al., eds., Albion’s Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England (New York, 1975), 119–166; Hufton, Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 284–305.
41.Defoe, Tour, I, 123; OED, s.v. “owler”; McLynn, Crime and Punishment, 177; Burton E. Stevenson, The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases (New York, 1948), 1623; Eric Partridge, ed., A Dictionary of the Underworld ... (New York, 1950),449; Dec. 13, 1794, Woodforde, Diary, IV, 160, passim; Slater, ed., Jewell Memoir, 135; “Extract of a Letter from Orford,” LC, March 23, 1782; John Kelso Hunter, The Retrospect of an Artist’s Life: Memorials of West Countrymen and Manners of the Past Half Century (Kilmarnock, Scot., 1912), 42.
42.T.J.A. Le Goff and D.M.G. Sutherland, “The Revolution and the Rural Community in Eighteenth-Century Brittany,” PP 62 (1974), 100; Jütte, Poverty, 153–156. In contrast to smuggling, “wrecking,” whereby shipwrecked vessels were pillaged by coastal inhabitants, was not, exclusively, a nocturnal crime. Despite occasional allegations that false lights at night were displayed ashore to lure ships aground, the evidence for this is scanty. Otherwise, plunderers looted wrecks as soon as they could, whatever the hour. See “An Act for Enforcing the Laws Against Persons Who Shall Steal or Detain Shipwrecked Goods ... ,” 26 George II c.19; W. H. Porter, A Fenman’s Story (London, 1965), 129; John G. Rule, “Wrecking and Coastal Plunder,” in Hay et al., eds., Albion’s Fatal Tree, 180–181.
43.Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy (Oxford, 1979), 215; Cannon, Diary, 183; OBP, Sept. 18, 1752, 244; Richard Jefferson, Oct. 16, 1734, Assi 45/20/1/9; D. R. Hainsworth, Stewards, Lords, and People: The Estate Steward and His World in Later Stuart England (Cambridge, 1992), 208–209; Jim Bullock, Bowers Row: Recollections of a Mining Village (Wakefield, Eng., 1976), 163; Douglas Hay, “Poaching and the Game Laws on Canock Chase,” in Hay et al., eds., Albion’s Fatal Tree, 201–202; Manning, Village Revolts, 293; Douglas Hay “War, Dearth and Theft in the Eighteenth Century: The Record of the English Courts,” PP 95 (1982), 117–160. As E. P. Thompson put it, “The same man who touches his forelock to the squire by day—and who goes down to history as an example of deference—may kill his sheep, snare his pheasants or poison his dogs at night” (Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture [New York, 1991], 66).
44.Robert M. Isherwood, Farce and Fantasy: Popular Entertainment in Eighteenth-Century Paris (New York, 1986), 208; Roger Thompson, Unfit for Modest Ears: A Study of Pornographic, Obscene and Bawdy Works Written or Published in England in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century (Totowa, N.J., 1979), 59; Alexander Hamilton, Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744, ed. Carl Bridenbaugh (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1948), 46; “T.S.C.P.,” PA, Nov. 13, 1767; Kathryn Norberg, “Prostitutes,” in HWW III, 459–474.
45.Helen Langdon, Caravaggio: A Life (New York, 1999), 144; Ferrante Pallavicino, The Whores Rhetorick . . . (London, 1683), 144; OBP, passim; Norberg, “Prostitutes,” 462, 472–474.
46.OBP, Dec. 7–12, 1743, 13, Dec. 9–11, 1747, 15; J. M. Beattie, “The Criminality of Women in Eighteenth-Century England,” JSH 8 (1975), 90.
47.Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 759; Fréderique Pitou, “Jeunesse et Désordre Social: Les ‘Coureurs de Nuit’ à Laval au XVIIIe Siècle,” Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 47 (2000), 69; Ferdinando Bottarelli, The New Italian, English and French Pocket-Dictionary ... (London, 1795), I; S.A.H. Burne, ed., The Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls, 1581–[1606] (Kendall, Eng., 1940), V, 238; PA, July 30, 1762; Davenant, Works; The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1881), III, 647; Daniel Fabre, “Families: Privacy versus Custom,” in HPL III, 546–561.
48.Schindler, Rebellion, 210; Matthiessen, Natten, 137; Rudolf Braun, Industrialization and Everyday Life, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tension (Cambridge, 1990), 84; Minutes of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia, 1704–1776 (Philadelphia, 1847), 405; J. R. Ward, “A Planter and His Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica,” in T. C. Smout, ed., The Search for Wealth and Stability: Essays in Economic and Social History Presented to M. W. Flinn (London, 1979), 19.
49.HMM and GA, Mar. 10, 1752; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 760; Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit,” 72, 82–84; Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan, “Potere Politico e Spazio Sociale,” in Mario Sbriccoli, ed., La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna (Florence, 1991), 61; Maurice Andrieux, Daily Life in Venice in the Time of Casanova, trans. Mary Fitton (London, 1972), 29; Elizabeth S. Cohen, “Honor and Gender in the Streets of Early Rome,” JIH 22 (1992), 597–625; Matthiessen, Natten, 129; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 258–260; Auguste Philippe Herlaut, “L’Èclairage des Rues à Paris à la Fin du XVIIe Siècle et au XVIIIe Siècles,” Mémoire de la Société de l’Histoire de Paris et de l’Ile-de-France 43 (1916), 221–222, 226.
50.Iona Opie and Moira Tatem, eds., A Dictionary of Superstitions (Oxford, 1989), 142; Washington Irving, History, Tales and Sketches, ed. James W. Tuttleton (New York, 1983), 1071–1072; Darryl Ogier, “Night Revels and Werewolfery in Calvinist Guernsey,” Folklore 109 (1998), 56–57; Lavater, Spirites, 21–22; A.Voisin, “Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV. Siècle: Dijon la Nuit,” Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 271.
51.D. M. Ogier, Reformation and Society in Guernsey (Rochester, N.Y., 1996), 137; Apr. 30, 1673, Isham, Diary, 207; Pavan, “Nuit Vénitienne,” 345; Muchembled, Violence, 124.
52.Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 275; Evelyn, Diary, II, 472; Mar. 25, 1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 133.
53.Moryson, Itinerary, IV, 373; Hannah Miurk[?], Feb. 28, 1677, Suffolk Court Files #1549, Suffolk County Court House, Boston; Janekovick-Römer, “
Dubrovniks,” 103; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 755; Jacques Rossiaud, “Prostitution, Youth, and Society,” in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, eds., Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society: Selections from the Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, trans. Elborg Forster and Patricia Ranum (Baltimore, 1978), 12–13; Aug. 16, 1624, Beck, Diary, 152; T. Platter, Journal, 249; George Huppert, After the Black Death: A Social History of Early Modern Europe (Bloomington, Ind., 1986), 38.
54.Fabre, “Families,” 547; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 261; Dec. 26, 1718, Lewis, Diary; James R. Farr, Hands of Honor: Artisans and Their World in Dijon, 1550–1650 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1988), 211; Muchembled, Violence, 124; Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit,” 73–74. See also Nov. 20, 1680, Heywood, Diary, I, 276.
55.Eli Faber, “The Evil That Men Do: Crime and Transgression in Colonial Massachusetts” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ., 1974), 168; VG, Aug. 28, 1752; Boston Gazette, Jan. 8, 1754; Sept. 6, 1774, The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell (New York, 1924), 35; NYWJ, May 22, 1738; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 394–398.
56.James C. Scott, “Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance,” in James C. Scott and Benedict J. Kerkvliet, eds., Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South-east Asia (London, 1986), 6. This is not to deny that celebrations of Carnival stometimes produced unforeseen disorder, especially after nightfall. See Davis, Society and Culture, 103–104, 117–119, 122–123; Mikhail Baktin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Helene Iswoldky (Cambridge, Mass., 1968).
57.M. Dorothy George, London Life in the XVIIIth Century (London, 1925), 280; Joe Thompson, The Life and Adventures ... (London, 1788), I, 93; “Advice to Apprentices,” Walker’s Hibernian Magazine (1791), 151; Awnsham Churchill, comp., A Collection of Voyages and Travels ... (London, 1746), VI, 542; Philip D. Morgan, “Black Life in Eighteenth-Century Charleston,” Perspectives in American History, New Ser., 1 (1984), 324–325; Fabre, “Families,” 550, 548.
58.Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit,” 88; A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Selectmen’s Minutes from 1764 to 1768 (Boston, 1889), 100; OED, s.v. “scour”; Burne, ed., Staffordshire Quarter Sessions, V, 238. See also Matthiessen, Natten, 137–139; “John Blunt,” G and NDA, Oct. 31, 1765.
59.George, London Life, 400 n. 101; OBP, Sept. 7, 1737, 187, 190.
60.Defoe, Tour, I, 123; Robert Semple, Observations on a Journey through Spain and Italy to Naples ... (London, 1807), II, 218.
61.F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder (Chelmsford, Eng., 1970), 245; Ann Kussmaul, ed., The Autobiography of Joseph Mayett of Quainton (1783–1839) (London, 1979), 14–15.
62.V. S. Naipaul, The Loss of El Dorado: A History (London, 1969), 251–257; Davis, Society and Culture, 97–123; Bernard Capp, “English Youth Groups and ‘The Pinder of Wakefield,’” PP 76 (1977), 128–129; Giffiths, Youth, 169–175; Janekovick-Römer, “Dubrovniks,” 110; Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven, 1994), 176–177. For the concept of “overlapping sub-cultures,” see Bob Scribner, “Is a History of Popular Culture Possible?,” History of European Ideas 10 (1989), 184–185; David Underdown, “Regional Cultures? Local Variations in Popular Culture during the Early Modern Period,” in Tim Harris, ed., Popular Culture in England, c. 1500–1800 (New York, 1995), 29.
63.Jütte, Poverty, 180–185; Schindler, Rebellion, 275; The Honour of London Apprentices: Exemplified, in a Brief Historicall Narration (London, 1647); Richard Mowery Andrews, Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735–1789 (Cambridge, 1994), 521–535; “A Constant Correspondent,” PA, Apr. 22, 1763; Dekker, Writings, 187–191; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 248–249; A. L. Beier, Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640 (London, 1985), 125–126.
64.Torriano, Proverbi Italiani, 34; Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge, 1973), 75.
65.Marston, The Malcontent, ed. M. L. Wine (Lincoln, Neb., 1964), 64.
66.Griffiths, Youth, 151–152; Davis, Society and Culture, 104–123; Fabre, “Families,” 533–556, passim; Thompson, Customs in Common, 467–533; Burke, Popular Culture, 199–201.
67.Fabre, “Families,” 555–566; The Libertine’s Choice ... (London, 1704), 14–15; F. Platter, Journal, 172; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 252–253; Giffiths, Youth, 397.
68.American Weekly Mercury (Philadelphia), Oct. 21, 1736; John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976), 186–188; Stanley H. Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 1988), 129–130.
69.Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th–18th Centuries, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York, 1990), 128; Muchembled, Violence, 241; Malcolmson, Recreations, 60–61, 75–76, 81–84; Burke, Popular Culture, 190, 201–203.
70.Bourne, Antiquitates Vulgares, 229–230; Henry Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers and Related Writings, ed. Malvin R. Zirker (Middletown, Ct., 1988), 81; Stephen Duck, Poems on Several Occasions (London, 1736), 27.
71.Parkinson, Farmer’s Tour, 440; G and NDA, Sept. 15, 1767; Paul S. Seaver, “Declining Status in an Aspiring Age: The Problem of the Gentle Apprentice in Seventeenth-Century London,” in Bonnelyn Young Kunze and Dwight D. Brautigam, eds., Court, Country and Culture: Essays on Early Modern British History in Honor of Perez Zagorin (Rochester, N.Y., 1992), 139–140; Dekker, Writings, 173.
72.Oct. 13, 1703, May 20, 21, 1704, Jan. 27, 1707, Cowper, Diary; Oct. 15, 1780, Nov. 25, 1782, Woodforde, Diary, I, 293, II, 45; Carter, Diary, I, 359; Henry Wakefield, Aug. 4, 1729, Assi 45/18/7/1; Eric Robinson, ed., John Clare’s Autobiographical Writings (Oxford, 1983), 62.
73.Robinson, ed., Clare’s Autobiographical Writings, 167; OBP, Oct. 16, 1723, 7; May 24, 1711, Cowper, Diary; Marybeth Carlson, “Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 132; Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies, 209; Patricia S. Seleski, “The Women of the Laboring Poor: Love, Work and Poverty in London, 1750–1820” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ., 1989), 89.
74.Jan., 24, 1770, Carter, Diary, I, 348; Fitzpatrick, ed., Washington Writings, XXXII, 246, XXXIII, 369, 444; Gladys-Marie Fry, Night Riders in Black Folk History (Knoxville, Tenn., 1975), 60–73; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 524–526.
75.Griffiths, Youth, 78; Manning, Village Revolts, 72–73, 97, 197, 207; Mihoko Suzuki, “The London Apprentice Riots of the 1590s and the Fiction of Thomas Deloney,” Criticism 38 (1996), 181–182; Matthiessen, Natten, 139; Thomas Willard Robisheaux, Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1989), 119; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 759; Martina Orosová, “Bratislavskí Zobráci V 18. Storocí,” Slovenska Archivistika 34 (1999), 95; Faber, “Evil That Men Do,” 169–171; William M. Wiecek, “The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America,” WMQ, 3rd Ser., 34 (1977), 272; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (Oxford, 1971), 219.
76.WJ, Apr. 20, 1723; Life of Michael Martin, Who Was Executed for Highway Robbery, December 20, 1821 (Boston, 1821), 6–7; Keith Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), passim; Manning, Village Revolts, 217–218; G and NDA, Aug. 24, Sept. 9, 13, 1769; J. R. Dinwiddy, “The ‘Black Lamp’ in Yorkshire, 1801–1802,” PP 64 (1974), 118–119; Assi 45/25/2/30; Whitehall Evening-Post (London), Aug. 3, 1749; Andrew Barrett and Christopher Harrison, eds., Crime and Punishment in England: A Sourcebook (London, 1999), 169–170.
77.E. P. Thompson, “The Crime of Anonymity,” in Hay et al., eds., Albion’s Fatal Tree, 278; Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 330–332; Bob Scribner, “The Mordbrenner Fear,” in Richard J. Evans, ed., The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History (London, 1988), 29–56; Penny Roberts, “Arson, Conspiracy and Rumor in Early Modern Europe,” Continu
ity and Change 12 (1997), 9–29; André Abbiateci, “Arsonists in Eighteenth-Century France: An Essay in the Typology of Crime,” in Forster and Ranum, eds., Deviants and the Abandoned, trans. Forster and Ranum, 157–179; Bernard Capp, “Arson, Threats of Arson, and Incivility in Early Modern England,” in Peter Burke et al., eds., Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford, 2000), 199–200.
78.Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 309; Kenneth Scott, “The Slave Insurrection in New York,” New York Historical Quarterly 45 (1961), 43–74; Rose, ed., Slavery, 99–101, 104, 109–113; Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, N.Y., 1982), passim; Wood, Black Majority, 308–326; James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810 (New York, 1997); David Barry Gaspar, Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua (Baltimore, 1985), 222; Elsa V. Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century (Westport, Ct., 1980), 184; Beckles, Black Rebellion, passim; Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Baton Rouge, 1992), 354–355.
79.Lindley, Fenland Riots, 179; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York, 1964), 559, 565; Gaspar, Bondmen & Rebels, 246–247; Craton, Testing the Chains, 122–123; Scott, “Slave Insurrection in New York,” 47; James S. Donnelly Jr., “The Whiteboy Movement, 1761–5,” Irish Historical Studies 21 (1978), 23; Peter Sahlins, Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 42–47.
PART FOUR
PRELUDE
1.Geoffrey Keynes, ed., The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (London, 1931), III, 230.
2.Alastair Fowler, ed., The New Oxford Book of Seventeenth Century Verse (Oxford, 1991), 416; Stanley Coren, Sleep Thieves: An Eye-Opening Exploration into the Science and Mysteries of Sleep (New York, 1996), 9; “Why Did the Caveman Sleep? (Not Just Because He Was Tired),” Psychology Today 16 (March 1982), 30; Burton E. Stevenson, ed., The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases (New York, 1948), 1685; Carol M. Worthman and Melissa K. Melby, “Toward a Comparative Ecology of Human Sleep,” in Mary A. Carskadon, ed., Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social and Psychological Influences (Cambridge, 2002), 102–103.
At Day's Close Page 49
