13.Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1978), 277, 227; Nicolas Rémy, La Démonolâtrie, ed. Jean Boës (1595; rpt. edn., Lyons, n.d.), 125. See also Jean Duvernoy, ed., Le Régistre d’Inquisition de Jacques Fournier, Évêque de Pamiers (1318–1325) (Toulouse, 1965), I, 243.
14.Anthony C. Meisel and M. L. del Mastro, trans., The Rule of St. Benedict (Garden City, N.Y., 1975), 66; Alan of Lille, The Art of Preaching, trans. Gillian R. Evans (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1981), 136; Richard Baxter, Practical Works . . . (London, 1838), I, 339; Mid-Night Thoughts, 158–159; Abbot Gasquet, English Monastic Life (London, 1905), 111–112; C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London, 1984), 28–30; John M. Staudenmaier, S. J., “What Ever Happened to the Holy Dark in the West? The Enlightenment Ideal & the European Mystical Tradition,” in Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish, eds., Progress: Fact or Illusion? (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 184.
15.Livy with an English Translation in Fourteen Volumes, trans. F. G. Moore (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), VI, 372–373; Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York, 1992), 43; Pausanias, Description of Greece, trans. W.H.S. Jones and H. A. Ormerod (Cambridge, 1966), II, 311; Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, trans. John Dryden (New York, 1979), 630, 1208; Allardyce Nicoll, ed., Chapman’s Homer: The Iliad, The Odyssey and the Lesser Homerica (Princeton, N.J., 1967), II, 73.
16.Paul Bohannon, “Concepts of Time among the Tiv of Nigeria,” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9 (1953), 253; Paul and Laura Bohannan, Three Source Notebooks in Tiv Ethnography (New Haven, 1958), 357; Bruno Gutmann, The Tribal Teachings of the Chagga (New Haven, 1932); George B. Silberbauer, Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert (Cambridge, 1981), 111.
17.Thomas A. Wehr, “A ‘Clock for All Seasons’ in the Human Brain,” in R. M. Buijs et al., eds., Hypothalamic Integration of Circadian Rhythms (Amsterdam, 1996), 319–340; Thomas A. Wehr, “The Impact of Changes in Nightlength (Scotoperiod) on Human Sleep,” in F. W. Turek and P. C. Zee, eds., Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms (New York, 1999), 263–285; Natalie Angier, “Modern Life Suppresses Ancient Body Rhythm,” New York Times, Mar. 14, 1995; personal communications from Thomas Wehr, Dec. 23, 31, 1996.
18.Warren E. Leary, “Feeling Tired and Run Down? It Could be the Lights,” NYT, Feb. 8, 1996; Charles A. Czeisler, “The Effect of Light on the Human Circadian Pacemaker,” in Derek J. Chadwick and Kate Ackrill, eds., Circadian Clocks and Their Adjustment (Chichester, Eng., 1995), 254–302; William C. Dement, The Promise of Sleep (New York, 1999), 98–101. Wehr, to his credit, has speculated that other conditions in his experiments, apart from darkness, might have produced a bimodal pattern of sleep—such as boredom or the enforced rest of his subjects. “Further research will be necessary,” he has written, “to determine whether, and to what extent, darkness per se or factors associated with the dark condition” were “responsible for the differences that we observed in the subjects’ sleep.” (Thomas A. Wehr et al., “Conservation of Photoperiod-responsive Mechanisms in Humans,” American Journal of Physiology 265 [1993], R855.) But plainly such factors did not normally prevail in the voluminous number of preindustrial allusions to first and second sleep. Rest in those instances was neither involuntary nor the consequence of monotonous surroundings.
19.Dec. 14, 1710, George Aitken, ed., The Tatler (1899; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), IV, 337, 339; Apr. 9, 1664, Pepys, Diary, V, 118; Mar. 19, 1776, Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell: The Ominous Years, 1774–1776 (New York, 1963), 276.
20.Edward MacCurdy, ed., The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (New York, 1938), II, 256–257.
21.Boorde, Compendyous Regyment, viii; John Dunton, Teague Land, or A Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish: Letters from Ireland, 1698, ed. Edward MacLysaght (Blackrock, Ire., 1982), 25.
22.Thomas Jubb, Nov. 17, 1740, Assi 45/22/1/102; Nov. 12, 1729, Nov. 30, 1726, Jan. 4, 1728, Robert Sanderson, Diary, St. John’s College, Cambridge; Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (New York, 1965), II, 241; Robert Boyle, Works ... (London, 1772), V, 341; Richard Wiseman, Eight Chirurgical Treatises ... (London, 1705), 505; Lyne Walter, An Essay towards a ... Cure in the Small Pox (London, 1714), 37.
23.Tobias Venner, Via Recta ad Vitam Longam ... (London, 1637), 272; Walter Pope, The Life of the Right Reverend Father in God Seth, Lord Bishop of Salisbury ... (London, 1697), 145; Best, Books, 124; Vosgien, An Historical and Biographical Dictionary ... , trans. Catharine Collignon, (Cambridge, 1801), IV.
24.Jane Allison, Mar. 15, 1741, Assi 45/22/2/64B; Stephen Duck, The Thresher’s Labour (Los Angeles, 1985), 16; A. R. Myers, ed., English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), 1190.
25.Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., 5, no. 115 (Mar. 13, 1858), 207; Tobias Smollett, Peregrine Pickle (New York, 1967), II, 244.
26.Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 835.
27.JRAI, II, 376; Thomas Nicholson, June 2, 1727, Assi 45/18/4/39–40; Herbert’s Devotions, 237; Anthony Horneck, The Happy Ascetick, or, the Best Exercise ([London], 1680), 414; Mary Atkinson, Mar. 9, 1771, Assi 45/30/1/3; Jane Rowth, Apr. 11, 1697, Assi 45/17/2/93.
28.Nicolas Remy, Demonolatry, ed. Montague Summers and trans. E. A. Ashwin (Secaucus, N.J., 1974), 43–46; Francesco Maria Guazzo, Compendium Maleficarum, ed. Montague Summers and trans. E. A. Ashwin (Secaucus, N.J., 1974), 33–48.
29.Horneck, Happy Ascetick, 415; M. Lopes de Almeida, Diálogos de D. Frei Amador Arrais (Porto, 1974), 19; The Whole Duty of Prayer (London, 1657), 13; Richard and John Day, A Booke of Christian Praiers . . . (London, 1578), 440–441; R. Sherlock, The Practical Christian: or, the Devout Penitent ... (London, 1699), 322–323; Frederick James Furnivall, ed., Phillip Stubbes’s Anatomy of the Abuses in England in Shakespere’s Youth, a.d. 1583 (London, 1877), 221.
30.Cowper, The Works (London, 1836), IX, 45–50; Danielle Régnier-Bohler, “Imagining the Self,” in HPL II, 357; Mid-Night Thoughts.
31.Dorothy Rhodes, Mar. 18, 1650, York Depositions, 28. See also Geoffroy de La Tour-Landry, Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry (London, 1906), fo. 3b.; Jan. 4, 1728, Sanderson, Diary.
32.The Deceyte of Women ... (n.p., 1568); Helen Simpson, ed. and trans., The Waiting City: Paris, 1782–88. Being an Abridgement of Louis-Sébastian Mercier’s “Le Tableau de Paris” (Philadelphia, 1933), 76; Aviel Orenstein, ed., Mishnah Berurah: Laws Concerning Miscellaneous Blessings, the Minchah Service, the Ma’ariv Service and Evening Conduct ... (Jerusalem, 1989), 435.
33.Laurent Joubert, Popular Errors, trans. Gregory David de Rocher (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1989), 112–113; Thomas Cogan, The Haven of Health (London, 1588), 252. See also Boorde, Compendyous Regyment; Orenstein, ed., Mishnah Berurah, 441.
34.Cardano, The Book of My Life (New York, 1962), 82; Thomas Jefferson, Writings, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (New York, 1984), 1417; Francis Quarles, Enchiridion ... (London, 1644), ch. 54.
35.Everie Woman in Her Humor (London, 1609); Wilson, English Proverbs, 566. See also July 12, 1702, Cowper, Diary; May 24, 1595, Richard Rogers and Samuel Ward, Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries, ed. Marshall Mason Knappen (Gloucester, Mass., 1966), 105.
36.Oliver Lawson Dick, ed., Aubrey’s Brief Lives (London, 1950), 131; Crusius, Nocte, ch. 1.5; GM 18 (1748), 108; G and NDA, Feb. 11, 1769; Rita Shenton, Christopher Pinchbeck and His Family (Ashford, Eng., 1976), 29.
37.Régnier-Bohler, “Imagining the Self,” 390; Edmund Spenser, The Works ... , ed. Edwin Greenlaw (Baltimore, 1947), II, 249; Richard Brome, The Northern Lasse (London, 1632); William Davenant, The Platonick Lovers (London, 1636); Cowper, Works, IX, 45.
38.Roy Harvey Pearce, ed., Nathaniel Hawthorne: Tales and Sketches ... (New York, 1982), 200–201; John Wade, Redemption of Time ... (London, 1692), 187. Worried by the potential for masturbation, another moralist cautioned that a sleeper “accustom himself to rise immediately after his first sleep
” (S.A.D. Tissot, Onanism: Or a Treatise upon the Disorders Produced by Masturbation ... [London, 1767], 122).
39.Mercier, The Night Cap (Philadelphia, 1788), 4.
40.Tertullian, Apologetical Works, trans. Rudolph Arbesmann et al. (New York, 1950), 288; Sidney J. H. Herrtage, ed., Early English Versions of the Gesta Romanorum (London, 1879), 207; Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 403–404; Mar. 11, 1676, Jane Lead, A Fountain of Gardens ... (London, 1697), 121; Jan. 6, 1677, Heywood, Diaries, I, 340; Peter Corbin and Douglas Sedge, eds., Ram Alley (Nottingham, 1981), 56.
41.Hubert, Egypts Favourite. The History of Joseph ... (London, 1631). See also, for example, William Vaughan, Naturall and Artificial Directions for Health ... (London, 1607), 55.
42.Looker-On, May 22, 1792, 234; Geoffrey Keynes, ed., The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (London, 1931), V, 185; Nashe, Works, I, 355.
43.Thomas Tryon, A Treatise of Dreams & Visions ... (London, 1689), 9; WR or UJ, Dec. 30, 1732; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 128–130.
44.Keynes, ed., Browne Works, V, 185; James K. Hosmer, ed., Winthop’s Journal: “History of New England,” 1630–1649 (New York, 1908), I, 121.
45.“Somnifer,” PA, Oct. 24, 1767; S.R.F. Price, “The Future of Dreams: From Freud to Artemidorous,” PP 113 (1986), 31–32; Thomas Hill, The Most Pleasaunt Arte of the Interpretation of Dremes ... (London, [1571]); Nocturnal Revels: or, a General History of Dreams ... , 2 vols. (1706–1707).
46.Thomas Johnson, trans., The Workes of that Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey (London, 1649), 27; Ripa, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 9.27; Levinus Lemnius, The Touchstone of Complexions ... , trans. T. Newton (London, 1576), 113–114.
47.Feltham, Resolves (London, 1628), 18, 163; Thomas Tryon, Wisdom’s Dictates: or, Aphorisms & Rules ... (London, 1691), 68.
48.Sept. 12, 1644, Josselin, Diary, 20; Mar. 8, 1626, The Works of the Most Reverend Father in God, William Laud ... (Oxford, 1853), III, 201; July 31, 1675, Sewall, Diary, I, 12.
49.Lemnius, Touchstone, trans. Newton, 114; Phillipe Martin, “Corps en Repos ou Corps en Danger? Le Sommeil dans les Livres de Piété (Seconde Moitié du XVIIIe Siècle),” Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses 80 (2000), 255; Aug. 15, 1665, Feb. 7, 1669, Pepys, Diary, VI, 191, IX, 439; Cannon, Diary, 344. The penis routinely becomes erect during a dream, regardless of its content; in fact, men on average experience “four to five erections a night (when they are asleep), each lasting from five to ten minutes” (Kenneth Jon Rose, The Body in Time [New York, 1989], 54, 95).
50.Charles Carlton, “The Dream Life of Archbishop Laud,” History Today 36 (1986), 9–14; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, a Seventeenth-Century Clergyman (Cambridge, 1970), 183–187.
51.Cardano, Book of My Life, 156, 161; July 24, 1751, James MacSparran, A Letter Book and Abstract of Out Services, Written during the Years 1743–1751, ed. Daniel Goodwin (Boston, 1899), 45; James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London, 1975), XXI, 203.
52.Torrington, Diaries, I, 165; Aug. 2, 1589, Aug. 6, 1597, J. O. Halliwell, ed., The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee (London, 1842), 31, 59.
53.Jan. 2, 1686, Sewall, Diary, I, 91; Henry Fishwick, ed., The Note Book of the Rev. Thomas Jolly, a.d. 1671–1693 (Manchester, 1894), 100; Jean Bousquet, Les Thèmes du Rêve dans la Littérature Romantique (Paris, 1964).
54.Lady Marchioness of Newcastle, Orations of Divers Sorts ... (London, 1662), 300.
55.Apr. 4, 1706, Aug. 22, 1716, Sewall, Diary, I, 544, II, 829.
56.Sept. 4, 1625, Laud Works, III, 173; Oct. 17, 1588, Halliwell, ed., Dee Diary, 29; Mar. 20, 1701, Robert Wodrow, Analecta: or, Materials for a History of Remarkable Providences ... , ed. Matthew Leishman (Edinburgh, 1842), I, 6; Feb. 17, 1802, Woodforde, Diary, V, 369.
57.Nov. 20, 1798, Drinker, Diary, II, 112. See, for example, Cardano, Book of My Life, 89; Wodrow, Analecta, II, 315, III, 339; July 15, 1738, Benjamin Hanbury, An Enlarged Series of Extracts from the Diary, Meditations and Letters of Mr. Joseph Williams (London, 1815), 131.
58.Jan. 7, 1648, C.H. Josten, ed., Elias Ashmole (1617–1692) ... (Oxford, 1967), II, 467; Jan. 6, 1784, Irma Lustig and Frederick Albert Pottle, eds., Boswell, The Applause of the Jury, 1782–1785 (New York, 1981), 175.
59.Feb. 10, 1799, William Warren Sweet, Religion on the American Frontier, 1782–1840: The Methodists ... (Chicago, 1946), IV, 217–218.
60.June 30, 1654, Feb. 15, 1658, Josselin, Diary, 325, 419; June 16, 1689, Mar. 18, 1694, Feb. 13, 1705, Sewall, Diary, I, 219, 328, 518; May 28, 1789, Woodforde, Diary, III, 108; Dec. 2, 1720, William Byrd, The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (Oxford, 1958), 481; Oct. 12, 1582, Halliwell, ed., Dee Diary, 17; Jan. 29, 1708, J. E. Foster, ed., The Diary of Samuel Newton (Cambridge, 1890), 118; Aug. 27, Oct. 14, 1773, Frederick A. Pottle and Charles H. Bennett, eds., Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 1773 (New York, 1961), 87–88, 303–304; Feb. 3, 15, 1776, Ryskamp and Pottle, eds., Ominous Years, 230, 235.
61.May 30, 1695, Foster, ed., Newton Diary, 109; Dec. 21, 1626, Laud Works, III, 197; Carlton, “Dream Life of Laud,” 13.
62.Mid-Night Thoughts, 34; Mark R. Cohen, ed. and trans., The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena’s Life of Judah (Princeton, N.J., 1988), 94, 99; James J. Cartwright, The Wentworth Papers, 1705–1739 (London, 1883), 148; Wolfgang Behringer, Shaman of Oberstorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night, trans. H. C. Erik Midelfort (Charlottesville, Va., 1998); Boyereau Brinch, The Blind African Slave ... (St. Albans, Vt., 1810), 149–150; Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, N.Y., 1982), 250.
63.Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi ... , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 3; Jean de La Fontaine, Selected Fables, ed. Maya Slater and trans. Christopher Wood (Oxford, 1995), 283; Jacques Le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago, 1988), 234. See also Torriano, Proverbi, 261.
64.David P. French, comp., Minor English Poets, 1660–1780; A Selection from Alexander Chalmers’ The English Poets (New York, 1967), II, 259; “Meditations on a Bed,” US and WJ, Feb. 5, 1737; Enid Porter, The Folklore of East Anglia (Totowa, N.J., 1974), 126–127; David Simpson, A Discourse on Dreams and Night Visions; with Numerous Examples Ancient and Modern (Macclesfield, Eng., 1791), 61.
65.Hence the bluster of the Nazi Robert Ley: “The only person in Germany who still leads a private life is one who is asleep” (George Steiner, No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1996 [London, 1996], 211); Augustine FitzGerald, ed., The Essays and Hymns of Synesius of Cyrene ... (London, 1930), 345; Carlo Ginzburg, The Night Battles: Witchcraft & Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries, trans. John and Anne Tedeschi (London, 1983).
66.RB, VII, 11–12; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 148; Mercier, Night Cap, I, 4; Robert L. Van De Castle, Our Dreaming Mind (New York, 1994), 333–334.
67.For “sleep behavior disorder,” see the communication from Jonathan Woolfson, Oct. 30, 1997, H-Albion; D. M. Moir, ed., The Life of Mansie Wauch: Tailor in Dalkeith (Edinburgh, 1828), 273–274; Dement, Promise of Sleep, 208–211.
68.Erika Bourguignon, “Dreams and Altered States of Consciousness in Anthropological Research,” in Francis L. K. Hsu, ed., Psychological Anthropology (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 403–434; Vilhelm Aubert and Harrison White, “Sleep: A Sociological Interpretation. I,” Acta Sociologica 4 (1959), 48–49; Beryl Larry Bellman, Village of Curers and Assassins: On the Production of Fala Kpelle Cosmological Categories (The Hague, 1975), 165–178; Cora Du Bois, The People of Alor: A Social-Psychological Study of an East Indian Island (New York, 1961), I, 45–46.
69.John Ashton, ed., Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1966), 85; Franklin, Writings, ed. Lemay, 118–122. See also Jan. 5, 1679, Josselin, Diary, 617.
70.Sept. 16
, 1745, Parkman, Diary, 124; “On Dreams,” Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum, 1776, 119–122; July 2, 1804, Drinker, Diary, III, 1753. See also Simpson, Discourse on Dreams, 59; John Robert Shaw, An Autobiography of Thirty Years, 1777–1807, ed. Oressa M. Teagarden and Jeanne L. Crabtree (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), 131.
71.Patricia Crawford, “Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England,” History Workshop Journal 49 (2000), 140; “Titus Trophonius,” Oct. 4, 1712, Donald F. Bond, ed., The Spectator (Oxford, 1965), V, 293–294; Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca, N.Y., 2000), 128–129; Cartwright, ed., Wentworth Papers, 538; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 130.
72.Lacey, “Hannah Heaton,” 286; Aug. 20, 1737, Kay, Diary, 12, 39; Mechal Sobel, “The Revolution in Selves: Black and White Inner Aliens,” in Ronald Hoffman et al., eds., Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997), 180–200; David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989), 519.
73.William Philips, The Revengeful Queen (London, 1698), 39; Jan. 1723, Wodrow, Analecta, ed. Leishman, III, 374; SWA or LJ, Sept. 3, 1770; OBP, June 4, 1783, 590.
74.John Whaley, A Collection of Original Poems and Translations (London, 1745), 257; John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee, Oedipus (London, 1679), 14.
75.Marcel Foucault, Le Rêve: Études et Observations (Paris, 1906), 169–170; Jan. 16, 1780, Joseph W. Reed and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell: Laird of Auchinleck, 1778–1782 (New York, 1977), 169; The New Art of Thriving; or, the Way to Get and Keep Money ... (Edinburgh, 1706); Van De Castle, Dreaming Mind, 466.
76.Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, The Physiology of Taste, or, Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy, trans. M.F.K. Fisher (New York, 1949), 222; Wehr, “Clock for All Seasons,” 338; Wehr, “Changes in Nightlength,” 269–273; Personal communications from Wehr, Dec. 23, 31, 1996; Carter A. Daniel, ed., The Plays of John Lyly (Lewisburg, Pa., 1988), 123; Breton, Works, II, 12; Barbara E. Lacey, ed., The World of Hannah Heaton: The Diary of an Eighteenth-Century New England Farm Woman (DeKalb, Ill., 2003), 83; Aug. 20, 1737, Kay, Diary, 12, 39. Although less likely to be recalled and internalized, dream activity, of course, also occurred during “morning” or “second sleep” (Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost,” 382).
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