conduct books, 214, 282
Connolly, Thomas, 106
constables, 65, 77, 79–80, 81, 82, 83
as “midnight magistrates,” 83, 85
consumerism, 326–27
Conti, Alessandro, 230
Cooper, John, 94
Corbaccio, The (Boccaccio), 220
Coren, Stanley, 261
corn huskings, 177–78
corpses, see dead bodies
Cosimo, Duke of Tuscany, 297
cosmology, popular, 12
cotton mills, 327, 330
courts, 21, 59, 84–89
courtship, 190, 194–202
nocturnal excursions in, 196–97
restrictive controls on, 191
serenading in, 198
as spinning bees, 194–96
youth dances in, 196
see also bundling
Coutumes de Beauvaisis, 87
Coverdale, Miles, 194
Cowper, Countess Mary, 228
Cowper, Dame Sarah, 9, 97, 119, 123, 145, 173, 206, 225–26, 233, 265, 268, 273, 281, 286–87, 288–89, 290
Cowper, Sir William, 287
Cowper, William, 308, 311
crab catching, 176–77, 177
Craft, Margaretha, 284
Cresswell, Nicholas, 248–49
crime, criminals, 31–47, 56, 66, 76, 139
approaching walls at night as, 62
attributed to witches, 21–22
dark nights preferred for, 39–40
daylight as evidence of derangement in, 40
dead, on gibbets, 141–42
demonic beings impersonated by, 40–41
identities concealed in, 40
in interval of wakefulness, 306–7
lights extinguished in, 40
magic used by, 41–42
neighbors and, 68, 88, 115–17
nightwalkers and, 31–32
pedestrian targets of, 39
petty, 237–52
rising incidence of, 329–34
street lighting and, 330–31, 332–34, 336
timetable of, 36
torture in interrogation of, 85
variations in, 32–33
and victims’ cries for help, 40, 115–17
witchcraft in, 21–22
see also nightwatch; violence; specific crimes
criminal justice, 12, 84–89
night courts in, 85–86
nocturnal offenses in, 86–88
Crosby, Michael, 144
cross-dressing, 216, 220
crossroads, ghosts of, 19
Crowne, John, 32
crows, 15
Crusius, Jacobus Andreas, 41, 168
Cryters, Canon Arnold, 220
cunning-men, 98, 112, 313
curfews, 63–66, 118, 155, 324
on apprentices, 256
church bells’ tolling of, 77–78
decline of, 72
derivation of term, 63
household, 233
laws on, 64–65
personal, 266
curtained beds, 274, 275, 279, 297
curtained windows, 150, 270
curtain lectures, 283
Cymbalum Mundi (Des Périers), 117
Cymbeline (Shakespeare), 106
Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint, 59, 202
Czeisler, Charles A., 304
Dahomey, 4
Damned Crue gang, 224
Dane, John, 158, 178
Dark Cully, 193
dark lanterns, 40, 67
darkness:
antiquity of, 3–5
appeal of for criminals, 39–40, 128, 237–43
celestial phenomena in, 10–13, 11, 13
in children, 3, 5–6, 199–22
communal sleep and, 280
Cowper on, 123
cultural differences in, 4–5
decline in, 326
depression and, 290
fear of, 3–6, 7–30, 75
ghosts in, 18–19
hearing in, 9
insurgencies and, 256–58
intimacy of, 178, 192–93, 281–83, 339
noxious vapors in, xxxi–xxxii, 12–15
personal autonomy and, 152–53, 227–28
poor visibility in, 8–9, 16, 23, 24, 25, 36, 45
prayer during, 59–60, 71
at rest time, 60, 261–62
as sacred time, 59, 74, 179
self reflection during, 310–11
storytelling and, 179–80
wild animals in, 28–30
see also demonic beings; mishaps, nocturnal
Dark Night of the Soul, The (St. John of the Cross), 302
Darwin, Erasmus, 329
Davenant, Sir William, 48, 118, 203, 233
Davis, Joseph, 39
day, daylight, 9, 109, 111, 127, 149, 152, 158, 188, 206, 211
burglaries in, 38
clothing in, 135
crimes committed in, as evidence of derangement, 40
drawn curtains in, 150
night as negation of, 60
robberies in, 34, 36
sleep during, 218
day-laborers, 157
day-witches, 4
dead bodies:
disposal of, 167–68
funeral wakes for, 194
on gibbets, 141–42
night vigils for, 64, 114
nocturnal burials of, 213, 229, 237
theft of, 237
dead of night, 138–40, 257, 300
death, 7, 18, 223, 292
crib, 292
darkness equated with, 4
demonic warnings of, 18, 19
in dreams, 317
in early morning hours, 14
from fright, 19, 22
from mishaps, 24, 25–26, 28, 235, 246
from nightmares, 292
from noxious vapors, 14
planetary influence on, 12
in sleep, 268–69, 269, 272
sleep likened to, 286
of suicides, 18, 19
by witchcraft, 21–22
see also murder, murderers
Deavill, Richard, 322
De Beatis, Antonio, 43
debtors, 237–38, 290
Dee, John, 317
Defoe, Daniel, 27–28, 39, 125, 136, 167, 189, 193, 230, 231, 250
Dekker, Thomas, 13–14, 66, 82, 158, 237–38
demonic beings, 4, 6, 8, 15–23, 28, 120, 183, 325
criminals masquerading as, 40–41
dead of night favored by, 139–40
declining belief in, 325–26
distinct identities of, 17–18
malevolent powers of, 16
in Middle Ages, 20–21
skeptics of, 23
sleep disturbed by, 291–92
whistling in the dark and, 143
see also evil spirits; Satan; witches
Démonolâtrie, La (Rémy), 302, 307
“De Natura Rusticorum,” 240
Denmark, 48, 89, 99, 125, 141
arson punishment in, 54
burglaries in, 41
crime victims aided in, 68
fires in, 48, 49, 50
kings of, 226
lookouts in, 77
murders in, 43
night courts of, 85
nightwatch’s verses in, 78
nightwatch weapons in, 77
&
nbsp; youth gangs in, 246
De Praestigiis Daemonum (Weyer), 23
depression, 289, 290
De Republica Anglorum (Smith), 115
Description of England (Harrison), 301
Des Périers, Bonaventure, 117
devil, see Satan
“Devil’s lontun,” 18
Dialogues on the Passions, Habits, and Affections Peculiar to Children, 122
Diebeskerze, 42
diet, 124, 271
Dietz, Johann, 19, 47, 145
Diggers, 319
Dinka people, 4
Direction for the Health of Magistrates and Studentes, A (Gratarolo), 265
Discoverie of Witchcraft, The (Scot), 23
disguises, nocturnal, 66–67, 243
of burglars, 41, 243
of Carnival, 152
ghost impersonations as, 41, 243, 256
of libertines, 219–20, 222, 226
of Satan, 15
of thieves, 40
Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft, The (Webster), 23
ditches, 24, 146, 170
as fortifications, 62
as street sewers, 27
dobbies, 18
Dobson, John, 197
doctors, 64, 65, 113, 123, 129, 305
Dogberry, 82
dogs, 270, 293
barks of, as nocturnal guidance, 133
black, 15, 96
as excursion guards, 142
ghosts of, 19
as lantern carriers, 126
rabid, 316
of slaves, 241
wild predators repelled by, 171, 172
see also mastiffs; watchdogs
dog sleep, 267–68
dominos, 216
Domostroi, 46
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 286
Doré, Gustave, 336
Dorrington, Charles, 39
Dou, Gerrit, 204
down-lanterns, 132
dream-books, 313
dreams, xxvii, 9, 262, 267, 311–23, 315, 318, 321, 335, 339
communication of, 320
evil combated in, 319
freedom of, 314, 317–20
interpretations of, 312–13, 316
and interval of wakefulness, 322–23, 334–35
lasting influence of, 320–22
magic and, 320
in non-Western cultures, 320
personal insights from, 313–14
physical health and, 313
physiology of, 261
pleasant, 317, 320
recording of, 314–16
in REM sleep, 322–23
sexual activity in, 314
of shamans, 317
of sleepwalkers, 319–20
spiritual themes in, 316
unpleasant, 316–17
violence in, 316, 319–20
see also nightmares
dress, 135–37, 199, 215, 216, 270–71
Drinker, Elizabeth, 112, 130, 166, 177, 196, 281, 293, 316, 324
drinking, 178, 186, 187, 188, 189–90, 210
in bedtime rituals, 271
fires and, 52
in mishaps, 25, 28, 146, 235
in murder, 46
night vision improved by, 124
drinking houses, 25, 46–47, 72, 187–90, 220, 236–37, 244
see also alehouses; night-cellars; taverns
“drop night,” 12
drownings, 23, 25–26, 28, 146, 246
Drummer, The (Addison), 109–10
Drummond, Daniel, 243
Drummond of Hawthornden, William, 149
Dryden, John, 98, 322, 338–39
Dublin, 74, 76, 86
Duck, Stephen, 163, 254–5
duergars, 18
Du Laurens, André, 290
dung, 179, 182, 284
as cleanser, 164
as fertilizer, 160, 166
as fuel, 103
as gnat repellent, 270
of livestock boarded indoors, 279
Dunton, John, 51
Dursley Lanterns, 196
Dyer, William, 101
Earley, John, 35
earthen banks, as fortifications, 62
Easy Way to Prolong Life, An (Trusler), 263–64
Eaton, Daniel, 161
Eckles, John, 115
Edinburgh, 27–28
Edison, Thomas, 338
Edward I, King of England, 31
Egypt, ancient, xxxi
darkness equated with death in, 4
oil lamps of, 5
Eibeschütz, Rabbi Jonathan, 206–7
electric lighting, 6, 104, 110, 337
elevated bedsteads, 274, 275, 276
Eliot, John, 283
Ellwood, Thomas, 94, 144
elves, 18
Elyot, Thomas, 265
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 334
Emile (Rousseau), xxv, 110, 143
Endimion (Gombauld), 301
England:
ale consumption in, 25
almanacs published in, 129
arson in, 54, 55
bad roads in, 24
bundling in, 198
burglaries in, 36–39, 87
carrying weapons banned in, 66
Civil War of, 229, 319
coal as fuel in, 102–3
collieries of, 24
demonic beings in, 16–23
dung as fuel in, 103
fires in, 48, 49, 51
folk magic in, 99–100
fortified towns of, 62
impulsive violence in, 45–46
lantern lighting mandated in, 67–68
legal system of, 21, 37, 38, 85, 87
magical protection in, 143
murder rate in, 42
national curfew set in, 63
nightmen of, 165–66
nightwalkers in, 31–32
nightwatch in, 75
nightwatch’s verses in, 78
nocturnal disguises prohibited in, 66–67
Parliament of, 67
personal vendettas in, 44
political dissenters in, 228
public celebrations of, 69
robberies in, 34–35
rural poverty in, 33
rushlights in, 107
squatters in, 238
Statute of Winchester of, 31, 75, 76
taxation in, 106
trained police force resisted in, 80, 331
Tudor, 87
urbanization of, 26
watchdogs of, 95–96
white witchcraft in, 98
wild animals in, 30
witches in, 21–22
witch hunts in, 20
English Rogue, The, 281
Enlightenment, xxxii, 325
Epsom-Wells (Shadwell), 292–93
Ervarene Huyshoudster, 52
Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An (Locke), 3
Essenes, 4
Essex, James, 327
État de Servitude, L’, 298
Évangiles des Quenouilles, Les, 183
Evans, Thomas, 35
Evelyn, John, 49, 247, 296
Everard, William, 319
Everie Woman in Her Humor, 310
evil spirits, 5, 9, 15, 23, 56, 99, 114, 120, 325
church bells as deterrent of, 70
dead of night favored by, 139–40
in dreams,
316–17
magical protection against, 143
prayers against, 142, 144–45
shrines as wards against, 72
treasure hunting aided by, 238
Ewe people, 4
excrement, human, 246, 296–97, 305
in chamberpots, 27–28, 271, 296–97, 305
emptied into streets, 27–28, 165
as fertilizer, 166
in magic, 41
removed by nightmen, 165–67
see also dung
excursions, nocturnal, 118–46, 131, 179, 220, 324–25
of apprentices, 234–35
artificial illumination of, 124–27, 131
barred city gates and, 63, 145
by boat, 137
of children, 118, 119–22, 123–24
clothing for, 135–37
on cloudy nights, 130–31
in courtship, 196–97
encounters with other travelers in, 143–44
on foot, 137
gibbets encountered in, 141–42
giving thanks for safe return from, 146
group travel in, 142
gunshots as distress signals in, 145
head coverings for, 136
hearing in, 132
linkboys in, 125–26
magic charms as protection of, 142–43
mental map as guide for, 123
moon and, 127–29, 138, 144, 146, 329
night vision and, 124
in pitch-darkness, 130–34
resourcefulness in, 126, 131–32
robberies and, 118–19, 137, 139, 141–42, 144
of servants, 234–35
sinister locations in, 140–42
of slaves, 233–34, 235, 236, 255–56
smells in, 133
social class and, 125, 126–27, 136–37
stars and, 129–30, 138, 139, 234
supernatural encounters in, 139–42, 144–45, 180
time divisions and, 137–40
touch in, 133–34
valuables protected in, 136–37
weapons carried in, 142, 144
see also mishaps, nocturnal; pedestrians; streets
Eyre, Adam, 118, 170
Fabre, Daniel, 253
faggot and storm, 38
fairies, 17, 22, 100, 258, 326, 336
nocturnal malevolence of, 18
fallen angels, 18
Falstaff, 226
Famile de Guet, 75, 76
farmers, 158, 168–74
corn huskings of, 177–78
harvest of, 169–70, 169, 171
harvest suppers of, 254–55
tenant, 176
thefts from, 169, 172, 240
see also livestock
Farquhar, George, 301–2
faubourges, 63
Feast of Fools, 152, 254
Feast of Saint-Denis, 210
Feddon, Anne, 93–94
Feltham, Owen, 13, 314
Fénelon, François, 120–21
fertility, reproductive, 308–10
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