May Day in, 152
murders in, 44
murder weapons in, 43
night courts of, 85
night guards in, 62
nottolónes in, 245
paid assassins in, 44
shepherds of, 172
youth gangs in, 245, 247, 249
Jackson, Hester, 192–93
Jacobites, 228
Jacobzoon, Woulter, 157, 237
Jamaica, 174, 176–77, 246, 257
Jamerey-Duval, Valentin, 123
James, Nicholas, 298
James I, King of England, 15
James II, King of England, 224
Jeake, Samuel, 26–27, 271
Jefferson, Thomas, 310
Jerome, 59
Jerusalem, 4
Jessop, Arthur, 24
Jesus Christ, 4
Jewell, Joseph, 242, 243
Jews, 256
badges of shame worn by, 151
crypto-, 228
curfews of, 65
marital sexual activity of, 308
mezuzas of, 99
Torah studied by, 206–7
“Jinny Green-Teeth,” 17–18
Job, Book of, 193
John, Gospel According to, 4, 155
John George III, Elector of Saxony, 213
John of the Cross, Saint, 59, 302
Johnson, Samuel, 44, 47, 136, 150, 218, 262, 285–86, 325
Johnston, Lady Charlotte, 222
Jolly, Thomas, 229, 316
Jonson, Ben, 292
Jordaens, Jacob, 315
Josselin, Rev. Ralph, 51, 112, 314, 315, 317
Joubert, Laurent, 12–13, 308–9
Journal of the Plague Year (Defoe), 167
Jubb, Thomas, 305
Judges, Book of, 303
Julius III, Pope, 71
Juvenal, 5
Kanaka people, 4
Kay, Richard, 323
kelpies, 18
Ken, Thomas, 306
Key, John, 31–32
King, William, 318
King and the Cobbler, The, 226
knitting bees, see spinning and knitting bees
Knyveton, John, 142
Kyd, Thomas, 33
labor, nocturnal, 155–84
advantages of, 175–83
artificial illumination of, 156, 161–63, 174
communal, 177–84
in disposal of dead bodies, 167–68
of farmers, see farmers
fatiguing effects of, 174–75
of fishermen, 160, 171, 177
as form of social control, 156
in guarding against thieves, 172
in homes, 158, 163–64, 173–74, 178–84, 305–6
irregular work patterns in, 157–58
livestock care in, 121, 170
by moonlight, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174
municipal regulations against, 155–56
of nightmen, 165–67, 166
for personal gain, 176–77
pilfering aided by, 175
of private guards, 165
relaxed supervision of, 175, 178
sexual misconduct aided by, 175
of shepherds, 171–72
of tradesmen, 156–63
weather forecasting as, 170–71
of working poor, 158–60, 164
Lackington, James, 235
Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 302
La Fontaine, Jean de, 318
Laithwaite, Ellen, 190
Lakin, Benjamin, 316–17
Lamare, Nicolas de, 48
Lambert, Gilbert, 306
lamplighters, 73, 74
lang beds, 198
lanterns, 77, 124–27, 131, 142, 179
bull’s-eye, 125
candles in, 67, 68, 73, 74, 124–25
construction of, 67, 124–25
dark, 40, 67
dogs as carriers of, 126
as “lanthorns,” 67
makeshift, of the poor, 126
paper, 70
of pedestrians, 26, 129, 192
social class and, 126–27
as street lighting, 67–68, 73, 74, 129, 246, 337
will-o’-the-wisps as, 18
Lanthorne and Candle-Light (Dekker), 66
La Reynie, Nicholas de, 73
Lascaux cave paintings, 5
Lasebee, Joseph, 245
Laud, William, 314, 315, 316, 317
laudanum, 271
laundresses, 163–64, 175, 177
Lavater, Lewes, 9, 41
Lawson, John, 5
Lead, Jane, 311–12
Leake, John, 141
“Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The” (Irving), 247
Legg, Thomas, 289, 295
Leigerdumaynians, 262
Le Loyer, Pierre, 16
Lemnius, Levinus, 276
Lenton, Francis, 46
Leonardo da Vinci, 305
Le Pautre, Jean, 70
Leper the Tailor, story of, 104
L’Estrange, Sir Roger, 135
Levine, David, 149
Lewis, John, 10
Liancourt, Madame de, 282
Libanius, 5
Libertine, The, 218
libertines, aristocratic, 217–26, 245
at alehouses, 218, 219, 220, 222–23
disguises worn by, 219–20, 222, 226
ecclesiastic, 220
gangs formed by, 224–26
genteel women as, 220–22
jests of, 223, 226
in literature, 226
lower class affinities of, 218–20, 222–23
nightwatch abused by, 224
pedestrians assaulted by, 224, 225
royalty as, 226
vandalism of, 224
violence of, 223–26
women abused by, 217, 223, 224, 225
“Libertine’s Choice, The,” 253
lice, 270, 294–95
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 262, 291
light, 4, 69–71, 100–101
Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, The (Smollett), 136
Life of a Simple Man, The (Guillaumin), 197
Lilith, 4
“Lincolnshire Poacher, The,” 241–42
linkboys, 29, 40, 125–26, 126
as mooncursers, 125
literacy, 87, 203, 325
Little Ice Age, 294
livestock, 64, 85, 179, 270
brought indoors at night, 279
care of, 121, 170
geese, 96
marketing of, 172–73, 176, 327
sleep disturbed by, 293
theft of, 172, 240
wild predators of, 171–72
Livy, 303
Lloyd’s Evening Post, 294
Lochwd, Bardus, 197
Locke, John, 3, 5, 270, 296, 301
London:
abandoned infants in, 237
apprentice population of, 232
aristocratic gangs in, 225–26
arson by burglars in, 54
barred windows in, 93
broken pavements of, 27
burglaries in, 37–38, 39, 54
gates of, 62
Great Fire of 1666 in, 10, 49, 62
homosexuals in, 230
increasing crime in, 330
jostled pedestrians in, 45
lantern light
ing mandated in, 67, 68
linkboys of, 125
livestock marketed in, 173
lunatics in, 12
Metropolitan Police of, 332
murders in, 44
nightwatch of, 75–76, 79–80, 82
nocturnal excursions in, 129, 133–34
plague in, 167–68, 230, 314
pleasure gardens of, 212
population of, 26
private guards in, 165
prostitutes in, 65, 244
public celebrations in, 69
public masquerades in, 214–15
robberies in, 34, 36, 40
sinister streets of, 141
smuggled goods in, 242
street lighting of, 72, 73
watch-houses of, 77
London Chronicle, 188, 267
London Evening Post, 162–63
London Magazine, 87
“London Prentice, The,” 201
London Spy, 135
Long, Thomas, 158
“Long Margery,” 17
Louder, John, 139–40
Louis XI, King of France, 67, 156
Louis XIII, King of France, 120
Louis XIV, King of France, 60, 70, 73, 104, 211, 280
Loutherbourg, Philip James de, 327
Love and a Bottle (Farquhar), 301–2
“Loves Downfall,” 220
Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare), 8
Lowe, Roger, 198
lower classes, 188, 191–92, 208–9, 227–28, 329–40
beds of, 276–79, 287, 296, 297, 299
black magic of, 238–40
broken sleep of, 304, 306–7
debtors of, 237–38
depression in, 290
disease victims of, 229–30, 231
dreams of, 317–20
drinking houses of, 236–37, 244; see also alehouses
fatigue of, 186, 265, 280, 285, 286, 297, 298–99, 308
libertines and, 218–20, 222–23
nightdress of, 270–71
nobility’s envy of, 214, 216, 218–19
organized violence of, 256–58
paupers, 231–37
petty crimes of, 237–52, 306
political dissenters, 228, 231
religious dissenters, 228–29, 231
sleep deprivation of, 298–99
sleep disturbances of, 290, 297–99
social activities of, 177–84, 235–37
social oversight of, 150–51
unlit streets of, 335–36
young people, 232–35, 241–42; see also youth gangs
see also labor, nocturnal
Low-Life (Legg), 289, 295
low-pads, 35
Lucerna, La (Pona), 244
Lucrece, 8
Lucretius, 119
Luddites, 257, 258
Lull, Ramón, 301
lunacy, 12, 13
Lunar Society of Birmingham, 329
Lusts Dominion, 192
Lutherans, 213
lying-out, 232–33, 255
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 21, 91, 286
McCurrie, Duncan, 198
maces, 77
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 205
Mack, Georg, the Elder, 11
Macpherson, James, 179
Madrid, 27, 34, 93
magic, xxvi, 326
for abused women, 183
amulets, 98, 99, 142
in bedtime rituals, 272–73
black, 238–40
Church’s banning of, 63
criminals’ use of, 41–42
curses in, 238–39
dreams and, 320
excrement in, 41
in excursion protection, 142–43
for fireplace protection, 99–100, 270
folk, 97–101
insurgents’ use of, 257–58
in interval of wakefulness, 307
invisibility bestowed by, 151
light and, 100–101
of midwives, 143
of millers, 161
as property of stillborn infants, 41–42
as protection against witches, 143
of servants, 239
of shepherds, 171–72
of slaves, 99, 143, 239, 257–58
in storytelling, 179, 180
of thieves, 41–42
for treasure hunting, 238
of witches, 21, 307
against wolves, 172
Mailu, 4
Maimonides, 206
Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme, 12, 170
malarial fevers, 14
mandrake, 41
Manners of the Age, The, 280–81
manure, see dung
Manx language, 162
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 335
markets, public, 176–77
consumerism and, 326–27
livestock brought to, 172–73, 176, 327
pilfered goods in, 241
Marlborough, Francis, 33
Marseilles, 28, 78
Marston, John, 253
Martin, John “Michael,” 257
Martin, Jonathan, 122
Mascall, Charles, 36
masons, 157, 161
Masque of Queenes, The (Jonson), 292
“Masquerade, The” (Fielding), 215
masquerades, 186, 213–17, 221, 221, 224
anonymity of, 213–15
ceremonious conduct relaxed by, 214
costumes worn at, 214, 216
critics of, 216
cross-dressing at, 216
declining exclusivity of, 328–29
public subscription, 214–15
sexual activity at, 216
social classes leveled by, 214, 216
spontaneity in, 215–16
Masquerades (Holberg), 79
Massillon, Jean Baptiste, 207
mastiffs, 95
ghostly, 19
as nightwatch, 76
Mather, Cotton, 30, 149, 177–78, 233, 294
Matthias, King of Hungary, 226
May Day, 152, 194
Mayett, Joseph, 250–51
Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), xxxii
melatonin, 290, 304
Ménétra, Jacques-Louis, 43, 123, 139, 158, 192, 279
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, 25, 74, 79, 125, 126, 157, 161, 173, 185, 308, 311
Merckel, Georg, 269
Mesopotamia, 4
meteors, 10
mezuzas, 99
mice, see rats and mice
Middle Ages, xxvii, 10, 30, 32, 45, 56, 62, 64, 74, 84, 104, 191, 283, 318
demonic beings in, 20–21
fireraising in, 54–55
funeral wakes in, 194
literacy in, 203
magic charms in, 41
medical view of sleep in, 263
nightwatch in, 75
nobility of, 210
nocturnal labor in, 155–56
nocturnal offenses in, 86–87
privacy in, 151
religious dissenters in, 228
Middlesex Journal, 48
Middleton, Thomas, xxv
midnight, 46, 138, 139, 157, 257, 301, 321
as “bull’s noon,” 293
“first sleep” and, 300–302, 303, 305, 322–23
Mid-night Thoughts, 303, 308, 317
Midsummer Eve, 140
&nb
sp; Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 18, 132
midwives, 64, 66, 113, 134, 143, 205
Midy, Isobel, 198
military engagements, 5, 68–69
military technology, 327–28
Milky Way, 130, 339
Mill, Humphrey, 9, 38, 155
millers, 161
private guards of, 165
Milton, John, 69, 153, 207, 261
miners, 161
Misérables, Les (Hugo), 336
mishaps, nocturnal, 23–28, 170
dangerous terrain and, 23–25, 123–24
deaths from, 24, 25–26, 28, 235, 246
disappearances in, 24–25
drinking in, 25, 28, 146, 235
drownings, 23, 25–26, 28, 146, 246
in the home, 28
horses in, 26, 137
losing one’s bearings in, 18, 24–25, 145
in nocturnal labor, 174
in streets, 26–28, 29
“Mistaking in the Darke,” 193
Mist’s Weekly Journal, 215
Mitchel, Richard, 142
Mitchell, Betty, 194
mites, 288
Moby-Dick (Melville), 104
Modena, Leon, 317
Moduco, Battista, 319
Moerloose, Isabella de, 120
Mohocks gang, 225–26
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de, 296
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Barone de, 222
Moody, Robert, 132
moon, 73, 88, 127, 128, 203, 270
in almanacs, 129
eclipses of, 10
harvest, 171
hunter’s, 171
nocturnal excursions and, 127–29, 138, 144, 146, 329
nocturnal labor aided by, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174
as parish lantern, 128
phases of, 68, 128–29, 171, 238, 329
physical health influenced by, 12, 13, 128
telling time by, 138, 236
theft and, 39–40
mooncursers, 125
moon-men, 125
moonshine, 242–43
moonwort, 41
Moravia, 19
mordbrenner, 54, 257
morgensterns, 77
Morris, Jane, 163
Moryson, Fynes, 43, 61, 75, 111, 200, 247, 271
Mosaic law, 87
Moscow, 117
fires in, 48, 49
murders in, 43–44
street barriers in, 64
Most Pleasuante Arte of the Interpretacion of Dreames, The (Hill), 313
Mountfort, William, 286
Mowfitt, William, 144
Much Ado About Nothing (Shakespeare), 82
Muchembled, Robert, 20
Murant, Madame de, 221–22
“murder,” as cry for help, 115–16
murder, murderers, 6, 32, 33, 34, 306–7, 329
of domestic intruders, 87–88, 95, 199
drinking in, 46
impulsive, 45–46
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