15. An indispensable overview of the ways in which the Peace of Paris changed the prospects of each of various groups is provided by Colin G. Calloway, The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (Oxford, 2006).
16. Silver, Our Savage Neighbors.
17. The Alleghenies are part of the Appalachian Mountains and run for about 400 miles from central Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia.
18. Historians have sometimes assumed that the British government adopted more humane policies towards the Indians than those of succeeding American governments, but this view is challenged in Gregory Evans Dowd, War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and the British Empire (Baltimore, 2002). The diplomatic prelude to the war between the British, Western, and Ohioan nations can be found in Middleton, Pontiac's War, chs 1–3.
19. The view that the French habitants had been responsible for provoking the rebellion, put forth in Francis Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada, 4th edn, 2 vols (1851; Boston, 1905), Vol. 1, 84–6, has been challenged by Dowd, War under Heaven. For evidence that the French governor in Louisiana helped to encourage Pontiac's plan, however, see Middleton, Pontiac's War, 57–8.
20. A recent account of these events may be found in Kevin Kenny, Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (New York, 2009).
21. Though historians have often argued that the proclamation line was intended to protect Native Americans, some evidence suggests the primary British goal was to create an orderly land tenure system so as to protect the property values of speculators and the British government. See Daniel Richter, “Native Americans, the Plan of 1764, and a British Empire that Never Was,” in Robert Olwell and Alan Tully, eds, Cultures and Identities in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 2006), 269–92.
Selected Bibliography
Bibliographies
David L. Ammerman and Philip D. Morgan, Books about Early America: 2001 Titles (Williamsburg, 1989).
Frank Freidel, ed., Harvard Guide to American History (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
General Texts
Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History, 4 vols (New Haven, 1934–8; reprinted 1964).
Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction (New York, 1986).
T. H. Breen and Timothy Hall, Colonial America in an Atlantic World: A Story of Creative Interaction (New York, 2004).
Jon Butler, Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776 (Cambridge, Mass., 2000).
Nicholas Canny, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 1: The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century (Oxford and New York, 1998).
Edward Countryman, Americans: A Collision of Histories (New York, 1996).
J. H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (New Haven, 2006).
Jack P. Greene, and J. R. Pole, eds, Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore, 1984).
David D. Hall, John M. Murrin, and Thad W. Tate, eds, Saints and Revolutionaries: Essays on Early American History (New York, 1984).
David Freeman Hawke, Everyday Life in Early America (New York, 1988).
Peter Hoffer, The Brave New World: A History of Early America (Baltimore, 2006).
Jacob Judd, Colonial America: A Basic History (Malabar, Fla., 1998).
Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry concerning the Origins of American Civilization (New York, 1972).
Stanley N. Katz, John M. Murrin, and Douglas Greenberg, eds, Colonial America: Essays in Politics and Social Development, 4th edn (New York, 1993).
Paul Robert Lucas, American Odyssey, 1607–1789 (Englewood Cliffs, 1984).
Anthony McFarlane, The British in the Americas, 1480–1815 (London, 1994).
Peter J. Marshall, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998).
Donald William Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1: Atlantic America, 1492–1800 (New Haven, 1986).
Gary B. Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America (Upper Saddle River, 2009).
R. C. Simmons, The American Colonies from Settlement to Independence (New York, 1976).
Ian K. Steele and Nancy L. Rhoden, The Human Tradition in Colonial America (Wilmington, 2000).
Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settling of North America (New York, 2002).
Esmond Wright, The Search for Liberty: From Origins to Independence (Oxford, 1994).
Printed Documentary Collections
James Axtell, The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes (New York, 1995).
Bernard Bailyn and Jane N. Garrett, eds, Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1765 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965).
Warren M. Billings, ed., The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689 (Chapel Hill, 1975).
Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, eds, The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcripts of the Legal Documents of the Salem Witchcraft Outbreak of 1692, 3 vols (New York, 1977).
Richard D. Brown, Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution, 1760–1791: Documents and Essays (Lexington, Mass., 1992).
Richard L. Bushman, ed., The Great Awakening: Documents on the Revival of Religion, 1740–1745 (Chapel Hill, 1989).
Colin G. Calloway, ed., The World Turned Upside Down: Indian Voices from Early America (Boston 1994).
Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, 4 vols (Washington, DC, 1930–5).
Kathleen DuVal and John DuVal, Interpreting a Continent: Voices from Colonial America (Lanham, 2009).
M. Farrand, ed., Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1929).
Jack P. Greene, ed., Settlements to Society, 1584–1763 (New York, 1966).
Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco, eds, The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology (Cambridge, Mass., 1985).
Merrill Jensen, ed., English Historical Documents, Vol. 9: American Colonial Documents to 1776 (New York, 1955).
W. Keith Kavenagh, Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History, 3 vols (New York, 1973; paperback edn, 6 vols, 1983).
Karen Ordahl Kupperman, ed., Major Problems in American Colonial History: Documents and Essays, 2nd edn (Lexington, Mass., 1999).
Donald S. Lutz, ed., Colonial Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History (Indianapolis, 1998).
Perry Miller and T. H. Johnson, The Puritans: A Source-Book of Their Writings, 2 vols (New York, 1938).
David B. Quinn, ed., New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612, 5 vols (New York, 1979).
Willie Lee Rose, ed., A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (New York, 1976).
Brett Rushforth and Paul Mapp, eds, Colonial North America and the Atlantic World: A History in Documents (New York, 2008).
Diaries, Journals, and Contemporary Histories
Adolph B. Benson, ed., Peter Kalm's Travels into North America: The English Version of 1770 (New York, 1937).
Robert Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia [1705], ed. Louis B. Wright (Chapel Hill, 1947).
Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr Alexander Hamilton, 1744 (Chapel Hill, 1948).
Colonel Benjamin Church, Diary of King Philip's War, 1675–1676, ed. Alan and Mary Simpson (Chester, 1975).
Everett Emerson, ed., Letters from New England: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629–1638 (Amherst, 1976).
Oscar Handlin and John Clive, eds, Journey to Pennsylvania [1756], by Gottlieb Mittelberger (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).
John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina [1709], ed. Hugh Talmage Lefler (Chapel Hill, 1967).
Michael McGiffert, ed., God's Plot: The Paradoxes of Puritan Piety, Be
ing the Autobiography and Journal of Thomas Shepard [1640] (Amherst, 1972).
Alden T. Vaughan and Edward W. Clark, eds, Puritans among the Indians: Accounts of Captivity and Redemption, 1676–1724 (Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
Reference Works
Jacob Ernest Cooke, Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies, 3 vols (New York, 1993).
Emory Elliott, ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 24: American Colonial Writers, 1606–1734; Vol. 31: American Colonial Writers, 1735–1781 (Detroit, 1984–5).
John Mark Faragher, The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America (New York, 1990).
Alan Gallay, ed., Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763: An Encyclopedia. Military History of the United States, Vol. 5 (New York, 1996).
Daniel G. Reid et al., eds, Dictionary of Christianity in America (Downers Grove, 1990).
William C. Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, 12 vols (Washington, DC, 1978–2008).
Alden T. Vaughan, ed., Early American Indian Documents, Treaties and Laws, 1607–1789, Vols 1–20 (Washington, DC, 1983).
Historiographical Works
David Armitage and Michael Braddick, eds, The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 (New York, 2002).
James Axtell, “ Columbian Encounters: 1992–1995,” William and Mary Quarterly, 52 (1995), 650–96.
James Axtell, “ The Ethnohistory of Early America: A Review Essay,” William and Mary Quarterly, 35 (1978), 110–44.
James Axtell, “ Europeans, Indians and the Age of Discovery in American History Textbooks,” American Historical Review, 92 (1987), 621–32.
Bernard Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concepts and Contours (Cambridge, Mass., 2005).
Bernard Bailyn, “ The Challenge of Modern Historiography,” American Historical Review, 87 (1982), 1–24.
Richard R. Beeman, “ The New Social History and the Search for Community in Colonial America,” American Quarterly, 29 (1977), 422–43.
Wayne Bodle, “ Themes and Directions in Middle Colonies Historiography, 1980–1994,” William and Mary Quarterly, 51 (1994), 355–88.
Jon Butler, “ The Future of American Religious History: Prospectus, Agenda, Transatlantic Problématique,” William and Mary Quarterly, 42 (1985), 167–83.
Nicholas Canny, “ Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America,” Journal of American History, 86 (2000), 1093–14.
E. Wayne Carp, “ Early American Military History: A Review of Recent Work,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 94 (1986), 259–84.
Joyce Chaplin, “ Expansion and Exceptionalism in Early American History,” Journal of American History, 89 (2003), 1431–55.
Peter A. Coclanis, “ Atlantic World or Atlantic/World?” William and Mary Quarterly, 63 (2006), 725–72.
Charles L. Cohen, “ The Post-Puritan Paradigm of Early American History,” William and Mary Quarterly, 54 (1997), 695–722.
Richard S. Dunn, “ The Social History of Early New England,” American Quarterly, 24 (1972), 661–79.
Alison Games, “ Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities,” American Historical Review, 111, no. 3 (2006), 741–57.
Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, eds, Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal (New York, 2009).
Douglas Greenberg, “ The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography,” William and Mary Quarterly, 36 (1979), 396–427.
Philip F. Gura, “ The Study of Colonial American Literature, 1966–1987: A Vade Mecum,” William and Mary Quarterly, 45 (1988), 305–41.
David D. Hall, “ On Common Ground: The Coherence of American Puritan Studies,” William and Mary Quarterly, 44 (1987), 193–229.
David D. Hall, “ Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation,” New England Quarterly, 58 (1985), 253–81.
Don Higginbotham, “ The Early American Way of War: Reconnaissance and Appraisal,” William and Mary Quarterly, 44 (1987), 230–73.
Richard R. Johnson, “ Charles McClean Andrews and the Invention of American Colonial History,” William and Mary Quarterly, 43 (1986), 519–41.
Elizabeth Mancke and Carole Shammas, eds, The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Baltimore, 2005).
James H. Merrell, “ Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians,” William and Mary Quarterly, 46 (1989), 94–119.
Richard Middleton, “ British Historians and the American Revolution,” Journal of American Studies, 5 (1971), 43–58.
Simon Middleton and Billy G. Smith, “ Class and Early America: An Introduction,” William and Mary Quarterly, 43 (2006), 211–20.
H. C. Porter, “ Reflections on the Ethnohistory of Early Colonial North America,” Journal of American Studies, 16 (1982), 243–54.
Anita H. Rutman, “ Still Planting the Seeds of Hope: The Recent Literature of the Early Chesapeake Region,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 95 (1987), 3–24.
Ian Steele, “ Exploding Colonial American History,” Reviews in American History, 26 (1998), 70–95.
Thad W. Tate, The Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake and Its Modern Historians, in Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman, eds, The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society (Chapel Hill, 1979).
Daniel Vickers, ed., A Companion to Colonial America (Oxford, 2003).
Peter H. Wood, “ I Did the Best I Could for My Day: The Study of Early Black History during the Second Reconstruction, 1960 to 1976,” William and Mary Quarterly, 35 (1978), 185–225.
Chapter 1 The Peoples of Eastern North America: Societies in Transition
General
William W. Fitzhugh, ed., Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contacts on Native American Institutions, A.D. 1000–1800 (Washington, DC, 1985).
Robert S. Grumet, Historic Contact: Indian Peoples and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Norman, 1995).
Bruce G. Trigger, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast (Washington, DC, 1978).
Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn, eds, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. 1: North America (New York, 1996).
Wilcomb E. Washburn, The Indian in America (New York, 1975).
The Precontact Background
James Axtell, “ The Ethnohistory of Early America: A Review Essay,” William and Mary Quarterly, 35 (1978), 110–44.
C. Wesley Cowan, Evolutionary Changes Associated with the Domestication of Cucurbita pepo: Evidence from Eastern Kentucky, in Kristen Gremillion, ed., People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany (Tuscaloosa, 1997), 63–85.
William M. Denevan, ed., The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 (Madison, Wis., 1976; rev. edn, 1992).
Brian M. Fagan, Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (London, 1990).
Jesse D. Jennings, ed., Ancient North Americans (San Francisco, 1978).
Alvin M. Josephy, ed., America in 1492: The Worlds of the Indian Peoples Before the Arrival of Columbus (New York, 1992).
Timothy R. Pauketat and Thomas E. Emerson, eds, Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World (Lincoln, Nebr., 1997).
James D. Rice, Nature and History in the Potomac Country: From Hunter-Gatherers to the Age of Jefferson (Baltimore, 2009).
Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
Neal Salisbury, “ The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans,” William and Mary Quarterly, 53 (1996), 435–58.
Lynda Norene Shaffer, Native Americans Before 1492: The Moundbuilding Centers of the Eastern Woodlands (Armonk, NY, 1992).
Bruce D. Smith, Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America (Washington, DC, 1992).
Bruce D. Smith, ed., Mississippian Emergence: The Evolution of Agricultural Societies in the Eastern Woodlands (Washington, DC, 1990).
Bruce C. Trigger, Native
s and Newcomers: Canada's “Heroic Age” Reconsidered (Montréal, 1985).
The Columbian Impact
Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: The Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, 1972).
Alfred W. Crosby, “ Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,” William and Mary Quarterly, 33 (1976), 289–99.
John D. Daniels, “ The Indian Population of North America in 1492,” William and Mary Quarterly, 49 (1992), 298–320.
William M. Denevan, ed., The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 (Madison, Wis., 1976).
Henry F. Dobyns, Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America (Knoxville, 1983).
Wilbur R. Jacobs, “ The Tip of an Iceberg: Pre-Columbian Indian Demography and Some Implications for Revisionism,” William and Mary Quarterly, 31 (1974), 123–32.
David Jones, “ Virgin Soils Revisited,” William and Mary Quarterly, 60 (2003), 703–42.
Clark Spencer Larsen and George R. Milner, In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest (New York, 1994).
Neil Salisbury, “ The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans,” William and Mary Quarterly, 53 (1996), 435–58.
Marvin T. Smith, Aboriginal Depopulation in the Post Contact Southeast, in Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, eds, The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704 (Athens, Ga., 1994,), 257–75.
David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World (New York, 1992).
Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 (Norman, 1987).
John Verano and Douglas Ubelaker, Disease and Demography in the Americas (Washington, DC, 1992).
Early Encounters
James Axtell, After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988).
James Axtell, Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992).
James Axtell, The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1981).
James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985).
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