Chapter 19 Britain, France, and Spain: The Imperial Contest, 1739–1763
General and the War of Jenkins' Ear
Fred Anderson and Andrew Cayton, The Dominion of War: Empire and Liberty in North America, 1500–2000 (New York, 2005).
Guy Chet, Conquering the American Wilderness: The Triumph of European Warfare in the Colonial Northeast (Amherst, 2003).
Lawrence Delbert Cress, Citizens in Arms: The Army and the Militia in American Society to the War of 1812 (Chapel Hill, 1982).
W. J. Eccles, The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760 (New York, 1969; rev. edn, Albuquerque, 1983).
W. J. Eccles, Essays on New France (Toronto, 1987).
W. J. Eccles, “ The Fur Trade and Eighteenth-Century Imperialism,” William and Mary Quarterly, 40 (1983), 341–62.
John Mack Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland (New York, 2005).
John Ferling, Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America (Arlington Heights, 1993).
John E. Ferling, A Wilderness of Miseries: War and Warriors in Early America (Westport, 1980).
Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Colonial Period (Austin, 1981).
Don Higginbotham, “ The Early American Way of War: Reconnaissance and Appraisal,” William and Mary Quarterly, 44 (1987), 230–73.
Cornelius J. Jaenen, The French Relationship with the Native Peoples of New France and Acadia (Ottawa, 1984).
Douglas Edward Leach, Arms for Empire: A Military History of the British Colonies in North America, 1607–1763 (New York, 1973).
Douglas Edward Leach, Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677–1763 (Chapel Hill, 1986).
Paul Mapp, The Elusive West and the Contest for Empire, 1713–1763 (Chapel Hill, 2011).
George F. G. Stanley, New France: The Last Phase, 1744–1760 (Toronto, 1968).
Thomas Truxes, Defying Empire: Trading with the Enemy in Colonial New York (New Haven, 2008).
The Struggle for the Ohio
John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge, 1984).
Daniel J. Beattie, The Adaptation of the British Army to Wilderness Warfare, 1755–1763, in Maarten Ultee, ed., Adapting to Conditions: War and Society in the Eighteenth Century (University, Ala., 1986).
Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, Contact Points: The American Frontier from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750–1830 (Chapel Hill, 1998).
Milton W. Hamilton, Sir William Johnson: Colonial American, 1715–1763 (Port Washington, 1976).
Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673–1800 (New York, 1997).
Eric Hinderaker and Peter Mancall, At the Edge of Empire: The Backcountry in British North America (Baltimore, 2003).
Alfred P. James, The Ohio Company: Its Inner History (Pittsburgh, 1959).
Francis Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years' War in America (New York, 1988).
P. E. Kopperman, Braddock at the Monongahela (Pittsburgh, 1977).
Lee S. McCardell, Ill-Starred General: Braddock of the Coldstream Guards (Pittsburgh, 1986).
Michael N. McConnell, A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774 (Lincoln, Nebr., 1992).
James Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (New York, 1999).
Peter E. Russell, “ Redcoats in the Wilderness: British Officers and Irregular Warfare in Europe and America, 1740–1760,” William and Mary Quarterly, 35 (1978), 629–52.
Timothy J. Shannon, Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754 (Ithaca, 2000).
James Titus, The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics, and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia (Columbia, 1991).
Anthony F. C. Wallace, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700–1763 (Syracuse, 1990).
The Conquest of Canada
F. W. Anderson, “ Why did Colonial New Englanders Make Bad Soldiers? Contractual Principles and Military Conduct during the Seven Years' War,” William and Mary Quarterly, 38 (1981), 395–417.
Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (New York, 2000).
Fred Anderson, A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War (Chapel Hill, 1984).
Fred Anderson, “ A People's Army: Provincial Military Service in Massachusetts during the Seven Years' War,” William and Mary Quarterly, 40 (1983), 499–527.
Fred Anderson, The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (New York, 2005).
Colin Calloway, The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (New York, 2006).
James T. Flexner, Mohawk Baronet: A Biography of Sir William Johnson (Syracuse, 1990).
J. Fortier, Fortress of Louisburg (Toronto, 1979).
Guy Fregault, Canada: The War of the Conquest (Toronto, 1969).
Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Colonial Period (Austin, 1981).
Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory: The Pitt–Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War, 1757–1762 (Cambridge, 1985).
Alan Rogers, Empire and Liberty: American Resistance to British Authority, 1755–1763 (Berkeley, 1974).
Harold E. Selesky, War and Society in Colonial Connecticut (New Haven, 1989).
Ian K. Steele, Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the “Massacre” (New York, 1990).
Matthew Ward, Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years' War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765 (Pittsburgh, 2003).
The Cherokee War
David H. Corkran, The Cherokee Frontier: Conflict and Survival, 1740–1762 (Norman, 1966).
Tom Hatley, The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Revolutionary Era (New York, 1995).
John Oliphant, Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier, 1756–1763 (Baton Rouge, 2001).
Pontiac's War
David Dixon, Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America (Norman, 2005).
Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
Gregory Evans Dowd, War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and the British Empire (Baltimore, 2002).
Richard Middleton, Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences (New York, 2007).
Jon Parmenter, “ Pontiac's War: Forging New Links in the Anglo-Iroquois Covenant Chain, 1758–1766,” Ethnohistory, 44 (1997), 617–54.
The Emergence of Racial Identities and the Paxton Riots
Kevin Kenny, Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (New York, 2009).
Jane Merritt, At the Crossroads: Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier (Chapel Hill, 2003).
William Pencak and Daniel Richter, eds, Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania (University Park, 2004).
Nancy Shoemaker, A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America (New York, 2004).
Peter Silver, Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America (New York, 2008).
Alden Vaughan, “ Frontier Banditti and the Indians: The Paxton Boys' Legacy, 1763–1775,” Pennsylvania History, 51 (1984), 1–29.
Index
Page numbers referring to maps and figures are in italics; subentries are listed chronologically and thematically rather than alphabetically.
Abenakis: food sources
early encounters with Europeans
and fur trade
location
wars with Iroquois
and King Philip's War
Andros's attacks
involvement in imperial
wars
in New France
war with Massachusetts
Norridgewock destroyed
overview of society and history
warfare skills
Abercromby, General
abortion
Acadia (later Nova Scotia)
Acoma
Act of Uniformity (1662)
Adams, John
Addison, Joseph
Adena culture
adoption: Native American attitude
Africa: European exploration
culture and society
statistics and effects of export of slaves
English trade with
English trade rivalry with Dutch
map of
influence of African culture on that of African Americans
see also slavery and slave trade; West Africa
African Americans: free
marriage with Native Americans
and voting rights
see also slavery and slave trade
agents, assembly
agriculture: beginnings
precontact
in western Europe
Indian complementary planting techniques
family farming model
in New England
in Maryland
becomes more profitable in Massachusetts
Pennsylvania's fertility
overview of main southern cash crops
subsistence farmers
overview of northern
proportion of tenant farmers
social status of farmers
European crop introductions
Spanish changes to Native American style
New France
Louisiana
German immigrants
Scots-Irish immigrants
Georgia
see also individual crops; plantations
Aguayo, Marquis de San Miguel de
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748)
Albany
Albany Congress (1754)
Algonquians: precontact
attitude to warfare
political succession process
relations with French traders
relations with Iroquois
in Manhattan area
alliance with French in Nine Years War
alliance with France in upper country
Allegheny River
Allerton, Colonel Isaac
almanacs
Altamaha River
Amadas, Philip
American Mercury
American Philosophical Society (formerly Junto Club)
American Revolution (1775–83): possible causes
slaves' attitude
development of republicanism
Amherst, General Jeffrey
Amish
Anabaptists
Anasazis
ancestor worship
Andover
Andros, Major Edmund: as governor of New York
negotiates Covenant Chain with Iroquois
and King Philip's War
as governor of Dominion of New England
Anglicans: in England
beliefs and practices
first church in Boston
and Restoration settlement
in Virginia
Randolph accuses Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts of persecuting
rise in Massachusetts
in Carolinas
rise
in the South
and education
and New Jersey politics
animals: hunting prey
domestication
European introductions
see also livestock farming
Ann Arundal, Maryland
Annapolis
Annapolis Royal
Anne, Queen
L’Anse aux Meadows
Anson, Commodore George
Antigua
antinomianism
Apaches
Apalachees: early encounters with Spanish
Spanish missions among
revolt against Spanish (1647)
English raid
lifestyle
alliance with Spain
Apalachicolas (Lower Creeks): Spanish missions among
and Yamasee War
revolt against Spanish (1681)
lifestyle
alliance with Spain
principal settlements
applied arts and crafts: precontact
Arabella
architecture: precontact
Argall, Captain Samuel
Aristotle
Arkansas Indians
Arkansas Valley
Arlington, Lord
armed forces: volunteers
see also British army; militias
Arminius
arts
see also applied arts and crafts
assemblies, provincial
agents
see also political organization
astronomy: precontact
Atherton Company
Atlantic world history
Augustus Adolphus, king of Sweden
Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–8)
Avalon
Ayllón, Lucas de
Azores
Aztecs
Bacon, Nathaniel
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Ballard, Joseph
Ballard, Mary
Baltimore
Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, second Lord
Baltimore, Charles Calvert, third Lord
Baltimore, George Calvert, first Lord
banks
Baptists: beliefs
Boston Baptists proclaim status as church
exemption from payment of Congregational tithes
in the South
success in picking up converts
New Lights join
and Great Awakening
and education
spread among slaves
and New Jersey politics
Barbados
Barlowe, Arthur
Barnard, Reverend
Barre, Governor
Bartram, John
Bayard, Nicholas
Beauséjour
Beaver Wars
beer
Belcher, Jonathan
Bellingham, Massachusetts
Bellomont, Richard Lord
Bennett, Richard
Berkeley, John Lord
Berkeley, Sir William: receives Crown instructions as governor of Virginia
expels Puritans from Virginia
and Colleton
seeks control in Carolinas
returns as governor after Restoration
troubles with Indians
and Bacon's Rebellion
paranoid rumors about
attitude to education
Berlin, Ira
Bermuda
Beverley, Robert
Beverley, Robert, Jr.
Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de
bills of exchange
bills of rights: New York
Pennsylvania
English
Biloxi
birth control
Bishop, Bridget
Blackbeard see Teach, William
Blaikley, Catherine
Blair, James
Bland, Giles
Bloody Swamp, Battle of the (1742)
Blount, Tom
Board of Trade: establishment
and the Carolinas
and New Jersey
and paper money
duties
imposes stricter guidelines for governors
flexibility of directives
policies for the West
urges colonies to renew alliances with Iroquois
boats: precontact
Book of General Laws
books
borderlands
Boston
foundation and early days
first Angli
can church
industry
attitude to regicides
emergence of market thinking
growing religious dissent
Dominion of New England overthrown
and War of the Spanish Succession
pre-eminence as trading center
poverty
equality
businesswomen
Thomas Hancock House
religious changes in eighteenth century
church buildings
libraries
printing and publishing
newspapers
interest in science
music
Pope's Day celebrations
population
sanitation
Scots-Irish immigrants
fires
epidemics
paved streets
politics
1747 riot
and French and Indian War
Boston Gazette
Boston News-Letter
botany
Bowen, Ashley
Boylston, Dr Zabdiel
Braddock, General
Bradford, William
Bradstreet, Colonel John
Bradstreet, Dudley
Bradstreet, Simon
Braintree (formerly Mount Wollaston)
Bray, Dr Thomas
Brazil
Brent, John
Brewer, Holly
British army: use of regular soldiers in colonies
quartering
British navy see Royal Navy
Brown
Brown, Robert E.
Bryan, Hugh
Bryan, Jonathan
bullionism
Burnet, Governor
Burnet, William
Burroughs, George
Byllinge, Edward
Byrd, William
Byrd, William, II
Byrd, William, III
cabinetmaking
Cabot, John
Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez
Caddos
Cahokia
Cajuns
calendars: precontact
California: Spanish exploration
Calusas
Calvert, Benedict
Calvert, Cecilius see Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, second Lord
Calvert, Charles see Baltimore, Charles Calvert, third Lord
Calvert, George see Baltimore, George Calvert, first Lord
Calvert, Leonard
Calvin, John
Cambridge Platform
Canada see New France; Nova Scotia
Canso
Cape Ann
Cape Breton see Ile Royale
Cape Cod region
Cape of Good Hope
Carey, Elizabeth
Caribbean see West Indies
Carlisle, earl of
Carolinas: establishment
map of
antagonism with Spain
and Glorious Revolution
imperial wars and political change in
pitch and tar industry
Colonial America Page 92
