need to politicize, 281
as normal culinary option, 294
as rising trend, x, 47, 222, 292
as seasonal, 38, 62–63, 65–67, 274
insect-human relationships
complexity of, 147–148, 273
framing of, 130
with honey bees, 66–71
management of, 91, 282
need to reimagine, 140
insecticidal music, 166
insecticides. See also pesticides
collateral damage from, 127
DDT, 125–127
locust plagues and, 154–155
resistance to, 133
risks to farm workers, 133
insect-insect relationships, 80–82
insectivory. See also entomophagy; insect-eating
amongst primates, 61–62
cultural benefits of, 62
vs entomophagy, 14
insect-microbe relationships, 78–80
insect-mineral relationships, 76–78
insecto-theology, 299–300
insect-plant relationships, 57, 82–83, 87, 89–90
insects. See also social insects
allergic reactions to, 258
as animal feed, 210–219, 230
in art, 63, 67
attitudes towards, 118, 124, 145, 153, 223–224, 227–228
beauty of, 248–249
communication by, 83–84, 91–97, 100–101
consciousness in, 241–243
counting populations of, 3, 9, 17–19
cultural images of, 124, 141–142, 151
as disgusting, 104–105
ethical considerations for, 234–235, 245–247, 256
evolution of, 51–60
in film and literature, 105–107, 119–120
as garnishes and supplements, 38, 229
harvesting of, 261
importing of, 184, 248, 278
light polarization and visual cues in, 97–99
love of, 239
magnetoreception in, 99–100
natural predators for, 160–161
as not kosher, 221
nutritional value of, xi–xii, xviii, 26–38
as optional ingredient, 200–201
pheromones in communication, 91–94
pre-history of, 51–52, 54–55
primates eating, 61
semi-management of, 274
sexual cannibalism in, 122
in song and music, 144
stinging and biting by, 91
storage and preservation of, 155–156, 201, 260, 274
suffering in, 240–245, 249–250, 307
supply-side sustainability of, xviii, 202
as threats to food sources, 66, 113–117
trained to detect contaminants, 260–261
as vulnerable, 91
war against, 125–129
Insects as Human Food: A Chapter of the Ecology of Man, 118–119
Insects for Food and Feed Conference (2015), 280–281
Insects Inter (chain of street vendors), 229–230
Integrated Pest Management (IPM), 161
intercropping, 158
International Livestock Research Institute, 42
International Platform for Insects as Food and Feed (IPIFF), 271
J
Japan International Volunteer Center (JIVC), 187
Japanese beetles, 161
Jianchu, Xu, 168–169
Johns, Jasper, 143–144
Jotï people, 178–179
Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 211
K
katydids, 24, 55, 59, 144. See also bush crickets
keyhole amphibians, 53
keystone species, 78
killer bees, 128
kissing bugs. See assassin bugs (triatomine bugs)
koinobiosis, 81–82
kosher paleontology, 237
Kwong, Kylie, 226–227
L
lacewings
in aphid control, 161
pre-history of, 55
ladybugs (ladybird beetles)
in literature, 140
many species of, 163
in pest management, 161–163
Lampyridae, 98
Langstroth, Lorenzo Lorraine, 68–69, 283–284
language
baggage associated with, 303–304
in insects, 100
laser vibrometry, 97
Le Festin Nu (restaurant), x, xiii–xv, 120
lead, in chapulines, 258–259
leaf-cutter ants, 225–226
leaflitter mantid, 24
Lennon, John, 147, 307–308
Lepidoptera, 9–10. See also armyworms; butterflies; moths
in Cretaceous period, 57
in human diet, 10
Lesser, Friedrich Christian, 299
lesser water boatman, 95. See also true bugs
lice, 121–122
life cycle assessment (LCA), 44–45
life on earth, beginnings of, 50–52
light polarization and visual cues, in insects, 97–99
lignocellulose, 79
Linepithema humile virus 1, 269
Linnaeus, Carl, 18, 141
livelihood strategies, 175–176
Lockwood, Jeffrey
on entomapatheia, 166, 239–240
on insect terminology, 6, 14
on insects as conscious beings, 241–242
on locust extinction, 114–115
on locust plagues, 155
on sanctuaries, 173, 312
Locust: The Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect That Shaped the American Frontier, 115
locusts
Bombay locusts (Patanga succincta), 153
consumption of, 66, 154
extinction of, 114–115
vs grasshoppers, 84–85, 113
in literature, 148–149
loss of habitat for, 115–116
nutrient levels in, 154
plagues, 113–115, 127, 146, 154–155
primates eating, 62
storage and preservation of, 155–156
swarming of, 85, 113–114
as threats to food sources, 113–114
longhorn beetles, 97
Looy, Heather, 14–15, 126
love
of animals, 239
biophilia and, 238
vs caring, 240–241
and ethics, 238–241
of insects, 239
as life force, 307
lower termites, 79
luna moths, 92
M
mad cow (BSE), 262
maggots, 107–108
Magicicada, 95
magnetoreception, 99–100
malaria, 14, 125–126, 164–165, 171
mantises
European praying mantis (Mantis religiosa), 12
in film, xxii, 120
leaflitter mantid, 24
sexual cannibalism in, 122
walking flower mantis, 24
walking leaf mantis, 24
manuka honey, 268, 282
Marchant, Brad, 211, 215, 218
Martin, Daniella
on eating insects, 170, 172
Girl Meets Bug, xi
scorpion-eating video, 182
mayflies, 22
mead, 69–70, 156
mealworm beetles, 13
mealworms. See also darkling beetles
animal feed from, 219
FAO study of, 34
Feed Conve
rsion Ratio (FCR) for feed from, 219
life cycle assessment (LCA) of, 45–46
most popular insect as food, 11
nutrient levels in, 32–34
origin of name, 6
powder from, 260
as recyclers, 86
as snack, 292
Tenebrionidae family, 13
mealybugs, 131
meaning of life, search for, 301–313
Meganeuridae, 54
Meganeuropsis permiana, 54
melon flies, 164
metamorphosis
described, 5
ecological implications of, 22–23
history of, 55
methane. See also greenhouse gases (GHG), insect production of, 43–44
methanogenesis, 43
methylglyoxal, 282
miasis, 107–108
midges, and chocolate (cacao), 87–88
Milbenkäse, 263–264
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2004), 193
millipedes, 52–53
mimicry, 24
mini-livestock, xx, 44
mirid bugs
Macrolophus costalis, 97
Macrolophus pygmaeus, 97
mole crickets, 196
monarch butterflies
loss of habitat for, 115
sanctuaries for, 173
monocultures, 143, 268, 283
Monster of God: The Man-Eating Predator in the Jungles of History and the Mind, 106–107
mopane caterpillars/worms, 5. See also emperor moths
cadmium levels in, 259
cash income from, 180
consumption of in Africa, 63, 175–176
copper levels in, 259
foraging for, 275
and mopane trees, 83
nutrients in, 35
overforaging for, 275
preparation method for, 259
salt and manganese in, 258
as semi-managed, 274
storage and preservation of, 260
zinc levels in, 259
morality
defined, 235–236
vs ethics, 235–236
religious scriptures and, 237–238
mosquitoes
Anopheles gambiae, 14
dengue fever and, 110–111
malaria and, 125–126, 164–165, 171
management of, 161
moth larvae
armyworms, 161
bamboo worms (Omphisa fuscidentalis), 168–169
farming of, 25
mopane caterpillars/worms (Gonimbrasia belina), 5, 35, 63, 83, 175–176, 180, 258–260, 274–275
tobacco budworms, 161
witjuti grubs (Endoxyla leucomochla), 5, 63
moths
bamboo borer (Omphisa fuscidentalis), 168–169
cecropia moths, 82
cossid moths (Endoxyla leucomochla), 5
emperor moths (Gonimbrasia belina), 5, 83, 175
luna moths, 92
peacock moths, 92
pheromones in communication, 92
silkmoths, 183
wax moths, 67
Mymaridae, 12, 21
myriapods, 7–8, 52–53
N
National Institute of Nutrition (Rome), 29–30
nature
caring about, 240
complexity of, 12, 106
genius of, 299
learning from, 56, 309–310
as useful, 301
working with, 128, 159
neo-Darwinism, 299
neonicotinoids, 134–135
nest-provisioning wasps, 58
nocturnal beetles, 99
Noma (restaurant), 225, 291
non-insect eaters
as addicted to pesticides, 160
horror of insects, 105–106
vs insect-eaters, 4–6
naming of insects by, 11
revulsion for insects, 107–108, 119–120
North America, 63
Canada, xii, 135, 202–208, 211–215
Mexico, 30, 63, 95, 115, 156–157, 259
United States, 95, 114–115, 117, 135, 154–156, 162, 280
nutrient content in insects, xi–xii. See also specific insects, e.g. mopane caterpillars
anecdotal evidence of, 27–28
dry-weight basis, 29, 32
as-eaten basis, 29, 32
scientific evidence of, 28
O
obligate symbiosis, 79
ommatidia, 98
orchid bees, 90
orchids, Brazil nuts, bees and, 89–90
organic waste
in insect farming, 215, 217
recycling of, 211–212
organophosphate pesticides, 156
Orthoptera, 9. See also crickets; grasshoppers; locusts
in human diet, 10
as nutrient recyclers, 84–85
survival of Permian extinction by, 58–59
overconsumption, 128, 253–254
overforaging, 101, 179, 254–255, 275
P
Pacific beetle cockroach, 37
pacts
with animals, 249–252
with insects, 250–251, 256
palm weevil larvae
fats in, 33
flavor of, xv
nutrient levels in, 37
nutritional value of, 180
and palm trees, 83–84, 179
palm weevils. See also beetles
farming of, 179–180
and palm trees, 83–84, 178
as pests, 84
as semi-managed, 31, 274, 276
pandemics, xix–xx, 105, 264
parasitic wasps
in chemical detection, 261
Darwin on, 304
in pest management, 161, 163
parasitoids, 12–13, 21–22, 80–82, 158
parasitosis, 106
parthenogenesis, 20, 23–24, 139. See also virgin-birth
Payne, Charlotte
on categories of edible insects, 31–32
on declining insect consumption in Japan, 278
on hunting hornets, 189
on politicization of insect-eating, 281
on salt and manganese in mopane caterpillars, 258
PDB (paradichlorobenzene), 130
peacock moths, 92
pentachromatism, 97–98
perception in insects, 100
periodical cicadas, 95–96
Permian extinction, 54, 58–59
pest management. See also Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
insects controlling insects in, 159–160
role of foraging in, 58, 179
use of bacteria in, 161, 164
use of parasitoids in, 21, 82, 158
pesticides. See also insecticides
in beehives, 135
Rachel Carson’s work on, 125–126, 131, 157
resistance to, 126
as short-term solutions, 152
pestilence as punishment, 127–128
pet food, insect protein for, 216–217
pheromones
alarm pheromones, 92–93
aphrodisiacs, 92
in insect communication, 91–94
in insect control, 158
pinion engraver beetles, 97
pinion trees (Pinus edulis), 96–97
place-based science, 286
Planet of the Bugs, 10, 24, 54
Pliny the Elder, 8
pollination services, 268
polyphenism, 85
pot-bellied pigs, 253
primates
first appearances of, 59
as insectivores, 61
processed animal proteins (PAP), 262–263
proctodeal trophallaxis, 79
propolis, 70
protein powder from insects, xii, 193, 208, 211
Protorthoptera, 55
Pterostichus lucublandus, 92
Public Bar and Restaurant, 228
Q
Quammen, David, 106–107
R
Ramos-Elorduy, Julieta, 30, 63
Rangoli (restaurant), 222
red palm weevils, 178–179. See also palm weevils
red-blindness, 97
Reduviidae, 111
Regier, Henry, 239, 307
regulations
re honey bees, 268
re insect consumption, 257–272
re insects-as-food (EU), 217–219, 263, 271–272
reasons for, 266–267
as reflecting social ideals, 237
Renewable Food for Animals and Plants™, 211
revulsion
defined, 119
roots of, 107
rice grasshoppers, 31
Riley, Charles Valentine, 18, 117, 162–163
river blindness, 121, 139
roaches, 54. See also cockroaches
rock art
grasshoppers in, 63
hive-harvesting in, 67
Rothenberg, David, 96, 144, 166
r-strategists, 20
S
sago worms. See palm weevil larvae
sal de hormiga, 225–226
San people, 73
sanctuaries, 280–281, 312–313. See also insect sanctuaries
sawflies, 21, 56
scale insects
California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), 13
cochineal scale insects, 221, 279
cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi), 162–163
exudate of, 131
scaling up
challenges in, 203
technology and, 233
scientists
classification of insects by, 4–6, 8, 11
on insect population size, 18–19
place-based science and, 286–288
preconceptions of, 123–124
as skeptical of anecdotal claims, 27–28
scorpionflies, 55
screw-worm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax), 164
selenium, 77–78
sericulture, 280. See also silkworms
sexual cannibalism, 122
Shakespeare, William, on flies, 108
Shaw, Scott Richard, 10
on insect ears, 54
on insect legs, 24
Eat the Beetles!: An Exploration into Our Conflicted Relationship with Insects Page 34
