22. Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 64.
23. The National Archives (TNA), WO 33/26; WO 106/285; WO 147/27.
24. Maxwell, Ashanti Ring, p. 72.
25. Low, General Lord Wolseley, p. 317.
26. Kochanski, Wolseley, pp. 77–81; Maxwell, Ashanti Ring, pp. 91–95.
27. Kochanski, Wolseley, pp. 98–102.
28. Low, General Lord Wolseley, pp. 397–400.
29. Hove, Wolseley Mss, W/PP SSL8, Notes for autobiography, cited in Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 111.
30. Wolseley to Childers, August 1881, Childers Mss 5/37, cited in Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 119.
31. Alan R Skelley, The Victorian Army at Home: The Recruitment and Terms and Condition of the British Regular, 1859–1899 (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1977), pp. 62–63.
32. South Lanarkshire Council Museum, Hamilton (hereafter SLCM), Wolseley Diaries, 27 July 1882.
33. Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 135; Maxwell, Ashanti Ring, p. 177.
34. Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 136.
35. Maxwell, Ashanti Ring, p. 179.
36. SLCM, Wolseley Diaries, 9 May 1882.
37. Kochanski, Wolseley, pp. 141–42.
38. SLCM, Wolseley Diaries, 13 September 1882.
39. Wolseley to Childers, 16 September 1882; PRO, WO 32/6096.
40. Maxwell, Ashanti Ring, pp. 229–30.
41. Kochanski, Wolseley, pp. 147–48.
42. Ibid., p. 178.
43. Ian Hamilton, Listening for the Drums (London: Faber & Faber, 1945), pp. 129–30 and 170.
44. Arthur P. Ponsonby, Henry Ponsonby: Queen Victoria’s Secretary (London: Macmillan, 1943), pp. 222–24.
45. Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 191.
46. Anthony Smith, Machine Gun: The Story of the Men and the Weapon That Changed the Face of War (London: Piatkus, 2002), p. 153.
47. Ibid., p. 159.
48. Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 244.
49. Kochanski, Wolseley, p. 226.
50. Ibid., p. 228.
51. Ibid., p. 244.
Chapter 2 Evelyn Wood
1. Joseph Lehmann, The First Boer War (London: Jonathan Cape, 1972), p. 226.
2. J Paine, ‘From Midshipman to Field-Marshal – The Centenary of Sir Evelyn Wood, V.C.’, The Cavalry Journal Vol. XXVIII (1938), 231.
3. The Daily Telegraph, 3 December 1919.
4. Byron Farwell, Eminent Victorian Soldiers (London: Viking, 1985), p. 258.
5. Private Collection, Sir Norman Moore Mss, Case Box 18, 17 February 1895, p. 159.
6. Killie Campbell Africana Library (hereafter KCL), Wood Mss, KCM 89/9/16/8 (a) & (b), Michell to Raglan, 20 June 1855, and Raglan to Michell, 21 June 1855.
7. KCL, Wood Mss, KCM 89/9/16/25, Lushington to Wood, 28 February 1857.
8. E Bradhurst, A Century of Letters 1820–1920: Letters from Literary Friends to Lady Wood and Mrs A C Steele (London: Thomas & Newman, 1929), p. 77.
9. Evelyn Wood, The Revolt in Hindustan 1857–59 (London: Methuen, 1908), p. 331.
10. Farwell, Eminent Victorian Soldiers, p. 245.
11. KCL, Wood Mss, KCM 89/9/17/3 (a), Michel to Chief of Staff, India, 14 April 1859.
12. Ibid., KCM 89/9/17/4, Somerset to Asst. Adjt General, 14 April 1859.
13. Evelyn Wood, From Midshipman to Field Marshal (London: Methuen & Co., 1906), I, p. 177.
14. Ibid., pp. 179–80.
15. KCL, Wood Mss, KCM 89/9/18/9, Wood to Mayne, 6 August 1860.
16. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, I, p. 239.
17. Leigh Maxwell, The Ashanti Ring – Sir Garnet Wolseley’s Campaigns 1870–1882 (London: Leo Cooper, 1985), p. 38.
18. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, I, p. 261.
19. C Williams, The Life of Lieut-General Sir Henry Evelyn Wood (London: Sampson Low & Marston, 1892) p. 55.
20. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, I, p. 265.
21. Ibid., p. 273.
22. Henry Brackenbury, The Ashanti War of 1873–4 (London: Frank Cass, New Impression, 1968), I, p. 181.
23. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, I, p. 276.
24. Williams, Life of Wood, p. 64.
25. Ibid., p. 70.
26. Ibid, p. 107.
27. Ibid, p. 105.
28. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, II, p. 82.
29. Royal Archives (hereafter RA), VIC/QVJ/1879, The Queen to Beaconsfield, 9 September 1879.
30. Farwell, Eminent Victorian Soldiers, p. 257.
31. Private Collection, Wood to Moore, 18 January 1881.
32. Melton Prior, Campaigns of War Correspondents (London: Edward Arnold, 1912), p. 128.
33. For a detailed explanation of the reason for the assault and the defeat at Majuba see John Laband, The Transvaal Rebellion – The First Boer War 1880–81 (London: Longman, 2005).
34. William Perkins Library, Duke University, Wood Mss, DUK III/6/3, Wood to Kimberley, 5 March 1881.
35. RA, VIC/QVJ/1881, Wood to the Queen, 3 May 1881.
36. RA, VIC/MAIN/039/207, Queen Victoria to Wood, 31 March 1881.
37. RA, VIC/MAIN/040/144, Wood to the Queen, 4 May 1881.
38. Halik Kochanski, Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero (London: Hambledon Press, 1999), p. 111.
39. RA, VIC/QVJ/1882, Wood to the Queen, 4 July 1882.
40. RA, VIC/MAIN/018/24, Bigge to the Queen, 6 November 1882.
41. KCL, Wood Mss, KCM 89/9/38/9, Granville to Wood, 28 November 1882.
42. RA, VIC/MAIN/Z 209/3, Wood to the Queen, 1 April 1883.
43. RA, Cambridge Mss, VIC/MAIN/ADDE/1/10573, Wood to Cambridge, 18 December 1883.
44. Adrian Preston, ed., In Relief of Gordon – Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal of the Khartoum Relief Expedition 1884–1885 (London: Hutchinson, 1967), pp. 31–32.
45. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, II, p. 177.
46. The Times, 7 October 1893.
47. RA, VIC/MAIN/E64/54, Davidson to the Queen, 7 April 1897.
48. John Lee, A Soldier’s Life – General Sir Ian Hamilton 1853–1947 (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 44.
49. H O Arnold-Forster, The War Office, The Army and The Empire (London: Cassell, 1900), p. 40.
50. Evelyn Wood, Winnowed Memories (London: Cassell, 1918), p. 292.
51. The Times, 3 December 1919.
52. Paine, ‘Midshipman to Field Marshal’, 232.
53. Saul David, Zulu (London: Viking, 2004), p. 250.
54. Ibid., p. 251.
55. Ibid., p. 261.
56. Ron Lock, Blood on the Painted Mountain (London: Greenhill, 1995), p. 178.
57. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, II, p. 53.
58. Frank Emery, The Red Soldier: The Zulu War of 1879 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977), p. 179.
59. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, II, p. 53.
60. Maxwell, Ashanti Ring, p. 118.
61. Wood, Midshipman to Field Marshal, II, p .62.
62. Lock, Blood on the Painted Mountain, p. 197.
63. The Times and Daily News, 17 April 1879.
Chapter 3 Redvers Buller
1. Edmund Gosse, ‘Sir Redvers Buller: A Character Study’, in James Bryce et al., Briton and Boer: Both Sides of the South African Question (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1900), p. 305.
2. Buller’s teeth were kicked in. For early biographical information on Buller, see Walter Jerrold, Sir Redvers H Buller V.C.: The Story of his Life and Campaigns (London: S W Partridge & Co., 1900), Lewis Butler, Sir Redvers Buller (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1901), C H Melville, The Life of General The Rt Hon. Sir Redvers Buller (London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1923) and Geoffrey Powell, Buller: A Scapegoat? A Life of General Sir Redvers Buller 1839–1908 (London: Leo Cooper, 1994).
3. William Francis Butler, Sir William Butler: An Autobiography, 2nd edn (Toronto: Bell and Cockburn, 1911), pp. 103–4.
4. Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley, The Story of a Soldier’s Life, 2 vols (Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., 1903; reprint, New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1971), II, p. 178.
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5. Henry Brackenbury, The Ashanti War: A Narrative, 2 vols (London and Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1874; new imp., Frank Cass, 1968), I, p. 170.
6. The ‘Ring’ was a clique of officers who accompanied Wolseley on many of his campaigns and who became very influential in building the late Victorian army. It included Evelyn Wood, Baker Russell, John McNeill, Henry Brackenbury, Frederick Maurice, William Butler, Thomas Baker, Robert Home, George Greaves, Hugh McCalmont and George Colley.
7. In 1874, his older brother, James, died, and Buller inherited the family estates.
8. Chelmsford to Wood, 3 February 1879, cited in John Laband, ed., Lord Chelmsford’s Zululand Campaign 1878–1879 (Dover, NH: Alan Sutton, 1994), pp. 91–92.
9. The National Archives (hereafter TNA), Buller Mss, WO 132/1, Buller’s report on the attack on Inhlobana Mountain, sub-enclosure of Colonel Bellairs’s dispatch.
10. John Laband, Kingdom in Crisis: The Zulu Response to the British Invasion of 1879 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), pp. 150–51.
11. Ibid., p. 150.
12. Jerrold, Buller, p. 120.
13. TNA, WO 32/7724, Staff Officer’s report, 29 March 1879.
14. Ian Knight, The National Army Book of the Zulu War (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 2003), pp. 158–61.
15. See note 9 above.
16. Henry Evelyn Wood, From Midshipman to Field Marshal (London: Methuen & Co., 1906), II, p. 68.
17. Waller Ashe and E V Wyatt-Edgell, The Story of the Zulu Campaign (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1880; new edn, Cape Town: N & S Press, 1989), p. 12; TNA, WO 32/7226, Wood’s report, 30 March 1879.
18. Buller’s report of Khambula, 29 March 1889, as cited in Melville, Buller, I, pp. 120–21.
19. Ibid., p. 121.
20. Laband, Kingdom in Crisis, pp. 156–57.
21. Letter from Schermbrucker dated 1 May 1879, in Frank Emery, ed., Marching Over Africa, Letters from Victorian Soldiers (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1986), p. 65; as cited in Laband, Kingdom in Crisis, p. 163.
22. D’Arcy was the awarded the VC at Ulundi. See Knight, National Army Book, p. 170.
23. F W Grenfell, Memoirs of Field Marshal Lord Grenfell (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1925), p. 54.
24. Jerrold, Buller, p. 150.
25. TNA, WO 32/7763, Chelmsford’s Report on Ulundi, 6 July 1879.
26. John Laband, The Battle of Ulundi (Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter, 1988), p. 40.
27. Powell, Buller, p. 43.
28. Melville, Buller, I, p. 151.
29. Jerrold, Buller, p. 193.
30. J F Maurice, Military History of the Campaign of 1882 in Egypt (London: HMSO, 1887), p. 75.
31. Adrian Preston, ed., In Relief of Gordon: Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal of the Khartoum Relief Expedition, 1884–1885 (Rutherford, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970), pp. 112–13.
32. Powell, Buller, p. 72; Robin Neillands, The Dervish Wars: Gordon and Kitchener in the Sudan 1880–1898 (London: John Murray, 1996), p. 145.
33. Douglas Dundonald, My Army Life (London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1926), p. 58.
34. TNA, Buller Mss, WO 132/2, Wolseley to Buller, 29 January 1885.
35. Dundonald, My Army Life, p. 58.
36. Preston, ed., In Relief of Gordon, p. 162.
37. For Buller’s years at the War Office, see James B Thomas, ‘Sir Redvers Buller in the post-Cardwellian Army: A Study of the Rise and Fall of a Military Reputation’, unpub. PhD thesis, Texas A&M University, 1993.
38. Buller to Henry Campbell Bannerman, 18 June 1895, as cited in Halik Kochanski, Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero (London: Hambledon Press, 1999), p. 213.
39. W St John Midleton, Records & Reactions, 1856–1939 (New York: E P Dutton, 1939), pp. 132–33; as cited in Powell, Buller, p. 114.
40. Melville, Buller, II, p. 2.
41. The War Office vigorously denied all these charge. See TNA, CAB 37/52/37, Buller to Lansdowne, 6 January 1900. For Buller’s response to the charges, see ibid., CAB 37/52/49, Buller to Lansdowne, 17 April 1900.
42. Butler, Sir Redvers Buller, p. 420.
43. For further discussion of the military decisions made prior to the outbreak of the war, see John Gooch, ed., The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
44. TNA, Buller Mss, WO 132/24, p. 3.
45. Ibid., WO 132/6, Buller to Tremayne Buller, 3 November 1899.
46. Leo S Amery, My Political Life (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1953), I, pp. 118–19.
47. Buller and Wolseley had lost faith in White, yet he remained the senior officer in Natal. His juniors, Major Generals C F Clery, Henry Hildyard and Neville Lyttelton, encouraged Buller to come.
48. TNA, Buller Mss, WO 132/24, p. 17.
49. Ibid., p. 29.
50. Dundonald, My Army Life, pp. 109–10.
51. See, for example, Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (New York: Random House, 1979), p. 226; and, Leo S Amery, ed., The Times History of The War in South Africa 1899–1902 (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co., 1900–9), II, pp. 430–40.
52. TNA, WO 32/7887, Orders by Clery, 14 December 1899.
53. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 239.
54. National Army Museum (hereafter NAM), Greening Mss, 8307–121.
55. British casualties at Colenso were 1,130. The Boers lost forty men.
56. Dundonald, My Army Life, pp. 109–10.
57. TNA, Buller Mss, WO 132/24, p. 37b.
58. Ibid., WO108/399, p. 55, Lansdowne to Buller, 16 December 1899.
59. Neither the Queen nor Wolseley were notified of the decision. See TNA, WO 108/39, p. 57, Lansdowne to Buller, 18 December 1899.
60. Buller to Lady Audrey Buller, 18 December 1899; as cited in Powell, Buller, p. 155.
61. TNA, WO 105/5, copy of letter to Lansdowne, through Roberts forwarding Warren’s report on the capture and evacuation of Spion Kop, 30 January 1900.
62. Ibid., Buller Mss, WO 132/24, p. 51.
63. Buller denied this claim as well. See ibid., WO 105/5.
64. Great Britain, South Africa, The Spion Kop Despatches (London: Harrison and Sons, 1902), pp. 4, 29.
65. Ibid. Amery erroneously claimed that Thorneycroft was ready to stay but Coke had made the decision to retire. See Amery, ed., Times History of The War in South Africa, III, pp. 260–75.
66. British casualties on 24 January 1900 were 1,044. See Great Britain, The Spion Kop Despatches, p. 21.
67. Pakenham, Boer War, p. 317.
68. Dundonald, My Army Life, p. 133.
69. Great Britain, The Spion Kop Despatches, pp. 4–5.
70. Ibid.
71. Keith Surridge, ‘Lansdowne at the War Office’, in Gooch, ed., Boer War, pp. 34–36.
72. TNA, WO 105/5, Buller’s Vaal Krantz dispatch, 8 February 1900.
73. Ibid., WO 132/24, p. 65.
74. War Office: Correspondence and Papers, South African War, Secret Despatches, 1901, Cd 457, xlvii, 87, Roberts to Lansdowne, 28 February and 15 March 1900; TNA, WO 108/380.
75. Amery, ed., Times History of The War in South Africa, III, p. 543.
76. Ibid., p. 549.
77. See, for example, Herbert Wrigley Wilson, After Pretoria: The Guerrilla War (London: Amalgamated Press, 1902), p. 125.
78. (An Average Observer), The Burden of Proof (London: Grant Richards, 1902), p. 76.
79. Amery, ed., Times History of The War in South Africa, IV, p. 452.
80. TNA, WO 105/10, Buller to Roberts, 13 September 1900.
81. NAM, Greening Mss, 8307-121.
82. Amery, My Political Life, II, p. 156.
83. Maurice V Brett, ed., Journals and Letters of Reginald Viscount Esher (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1934), p. 308.
84. TNA, WO 138/16, Kelly-Kenny to Roberts, 16 October 1901; and Brodrick to the King, 22 October 1902.
Chapter 4 George Colley
1. General Sir Ian Hamilton, Listening for the Drums (London: Faber & Faber, 1944), p. 130.
2. Field Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood, From Midshipman to Field Marshal (London: Methuen & Co., 1906), II, p. 112; Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives (hereafter LHCMA), Maurice Mss, 2/2/9, Wolseley to Maurice, n.d. (1881); South Lanarkshire Council Museum (hereafter SLCM), Wolseley Diaries, CAM.H.12, Diary, 31 December 1881; Hove Reference Library (hereafter Hove), Wolseley Mss, W/P 8/22 and 27, Wolseley to his wife, 26 August and 29 September–3 October 1879; Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley, The Story of a Soldier’s Life (London: Archibald Constable & Co., 1903), II, p. 317.
3. Lieutenant General Sir William Butler, The Life of Sir George Pomeroy-Colley (London: John Murray, 1899), pp. 80–81.
4. The National Archives (hereafter TNA), WO 33/26, Wolseley to Cardwell, 24 October 1873; Royal Archives (hereafter RA), Cambridge Mss, VIC/ADDE/1/7217, Wolseley to Cambridge, 24 October 1873.
5. TNA, WO 147/3, Wolseley journal, 16 January 1874; ibid., CO 96/111, Report of Judicial Court, 14 November 1873; RA, Cambridge Mss, VIC/ADDE/1/7309, Wolseley to Cambridge, 25 January 1874; National Army Museum (hereafter NAM), Cooper Mss, 6112-596-8-5, Colley to Cooper, 26 February 1874; G Salis, ‘Carrier Corps and Coolies on Active Service in China, India and Africa, 1860–79’, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution 24, 107 (1880), 815–46.
6. Frederick Boyle, Through Fanteeland to Coomassie (London: Chapman and Hall, 1874), p. 220; G A Henty, The March to Coomassie (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1874), p. 444; Winwood Reade, The Story of the Ashantee Campaign (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1874), pp. 241–43.
7. Henry Brackenbury, The Ashanti War: A Narrative (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1874), II, p. 357.
8. NAM, Cooper Mss, 6112-596-8, Colley to Cooper, 26 February and 19 April 1874; Author’s Collection, Colley to his brother, ‘Wednesday morning’ (March 1874).
9. Adrian Preston, ed., Sir Garnet Wolseley’s South African Diaries (Natal), 1875 (Cape Town: A A Balkema, 1971), p. 185; Butler, Colley, p. 123.
10. G W Forrest, The Life of Field Marshal Sir Neville Chamberlain (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1909), p. 153; Brian Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War, 1878–81 (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1986), p. 70; Adrian Preston, ‘Sir Charles MacGregor and the Defence of India, 1857–87’, Historical Journal 12, 1 (1969), 58–77.
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