American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity

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American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity Page 50

by Appy, Christian G.

Harvey, William, 141–42

  Hearst, William Randolph, Jr., 22

  Hearts and Minds, 58

  Heinl, Robert, 214

  helicopters, 155, 158

  Helms, Jesse, 245

  Hemingway, Ernest, 34

  Hepburn, Audrey, 33, 54

  Herberg, Will, 12

  heroism, 236–37, 254–56, 273, 333

  Herr, Michael, 172–73

  Herrick, John, 47

  Heston, Charlton, 45–46

  Hilsman, Roger, 102

  Hinckle, Warren, 20

  Hitler, Adolf, 35–37, 39, 147, 199, 217, 258, 301

  Hussein compared to, 296–97

  Munich Agreement and, 36, 37, 39, 62, 74, 78, 83

  HIV/AIDS, 283

  Ho Chi Minh, 14, 19–20, 24, 26, 44, 73, 74, 87, 92, 163, 318

  Ho Chi Minh City, 115

  Ho Chi Minh Trail, 156

  Hoi, Vu Quang, 115

  Holocaust, 301, 302

  Honor America Day, 206–9

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 50

  Hope, Bob, 206–11, 264

  Hue, 175–77

  Huntington, Samuel, 103–5, 108

  Hussein, Saddam, 295–98, 310, 318, 326

  Iacocca (Iacocca), 256

  Iacocca, Lee, xviii, 256–59

  I. F. Stone’s Weekly, 25, 45

  immigrants, 228, 260–61

  Indians, 228, 229

  In Pharaoh’s Army (Wolff), 177–78

  Intrepid, 62–63

  Iran, 75, 232, 233, 279, 296, 318

  hostage crisis in, xviii, 227, 232–37, 239, 288

  Shah of, 96, 232, 233, 235, 284, 285

  Iran-Contra scandal, 292–93

  Iraq, xix, 110, 228, 287, 295–300, 304, 305, 306, 310–18, 324–30

  Abu Ghraib prison in, 308–11, 330

  Israel, 288

  Jackson State College, 202–4

  Japan, 18, 93–95, 169, 228, 261, 262

  in World War II, 13, 56–57, 157, 163

  Jarecke, Kenneth, 308

  Jefferson, Thomas, 95–96

  Jews, 301

  Johnson, Chalmers, 321, 322

  Johnson, Harold, 131

  Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 28, 46–51, 59, 64–74, 81–86, 91, 95, 105–6, 138, 140, 141, 153, 156, 185, 199

  bombing and, 162–64

  Brown & Root and, 110–11

  Diem and, 22–23

  Goodwin and, 82–84

  Great Society programs of, 49, 68, 133–34, 261, 317

  Rostow and, 101

  Vietnam War escalated by, 82, 86, 163–64, 288

  Johnson, Thomas A., 139

  Jordan, Michael, 114–15

  Jordan, Robert, 287

  Judd, Walter, 21

  Kagame, Paul, 303

  Kandahar massacre, 306–7

  Karnow, Stanley, 42

  Kelly, Edna, 21

  Kennan, George F., 52–53, 69

  Kennedy, Jacqueline, 119

  Kennedy, John, Jr., 119

  Kennedy, John F., xv, 9–15, 17, 21–23, 41–43, 46, 48, 64, 82, 83, 137, 183

  assassination of, 28, 42, 119–20, 122, 191, 231

  Cuba and, 74–78

  Diem and, 24

  Green Berets and, 121

  inaugural address of, 122

  military intervention and, 37, 41, 42

  Nixon and, 9–10

  Peace Corps and, 9, 10

  Rostow and, 100–101

  Vietnam War escalated by, 25, 42, 77

  Kennedy, Moorhead C., Jr., 235

  Kennedy, Robert F., 30, 69, 75, 77, 83, 119–20, 231

  Kent State University, 183, 186–93, 197, 198, 201, 308

  Kerr, Clark, 137

  Kerry, John, 265–66

  Khmer Rouge, 225–27

  Khomeini, Ruhollah, 232

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 76–78

  Kill Anything That Moves (Turse), 172

  King, Coretta Scott, 60

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 13, 59–61, 134, 138, 185, 211, 231, 236

  Kinnard, Douglas, 181

  Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 232

  Kissinger, Henry, xiv–xv, 198–99, 226

  Klein, Christina, 16

  Koh Tang, 226–27

  Kojak, 239

  Koran, 306, 307

  Korean War, 15, 37–40, 49, 65, 68, 137, 163, 243

  Kovic, Ron, 144, 190–92

  Krause, Allison, 189

  Kuwait, 296, 297, 299, 300

  Ky, Nguyen Cao, 48, 98

  Ladies’ Home Journal, 33, 54–56

  Lake, Anthony, 303

  Langguth, A. J. “Jack,” 74

  Lansdale, Edward, 21, 26–27, 39

  Laos, 8, 10, 28, 48–49, 107, 128–29, 154, 178, 261

  Laurence, John, 213

  Lausche, Frank, 52–53

  Lawson, James, 60

  Lebanon, 227, 287–91

  Lederer, William, 8, 27

  Lee, Bernard, 59

  LeMay, Curtis, 56–57, 83, 104, 163

  Lembcke, Jerry, 237

  Life, 22, 43, 61, 98, 111, 145

  Life Is Worth Living, 11

  Lin, Maya, 240

  Lindsay, John, 183, 185, 193–95

  Liteky, Charlie, 278–81

  Liuzzo, Viola, 56

  Loan, Nguyen Ngoc, 267

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 24

  Look, 20

  Los Angeles Times, 204–5

  Luce, Don, 111

  Luce, Henry, 13, 16, 21, 22, 69

  Lundborg, Louis B., 112, 113

  MacArthur, Douglas, 38

  MACV, 43–45, 64–65, 175

  Maddox, 46, 47

  Magruder, Jeb, 206

  Malaysia, 92–94

  Manchester Guardian, 34

  Mansfield, Mike, 13, 21, 22, 65–66

  Mao Tse-tung, 69, 101, 104, 120

  Marcos, Ferdinand, 96

  Marshall, William, 58–59

  Marshall Plan, 94

  Martin, Graham, 31, 225

  Marx, Karl, 41, 100

  masculinity, 78, 82, 84, 248–49

  Mauldin, Bill, 65

  Mayaguez, SS, 225–27

  Mayhorn, Gloria, 203

  McCain, John, 301, 311

  McCarthyism, 38, 332

  McGovern, George, 163, 264–65

  McLean, Joyce, 57

  McNamara, Robert, 46–47, 56–57, 68, 76, 79, 81, 103, 132, 133, 266

  McNaughton, John, 80–82

  Meadlo, Paul, 149–50

  Meany, George, 197

  Medina, Ernest, 147

  Mekong Delta, 106, 158, 179–80

  Michener, James, 15–16, 18

  Middle America Committee, 196

  Middle East, 285, 315, 320

  military, 132–33, 258–59, 283, 286, 321

  bases, 106–10, 321

  culture of, 124–25, 144

  desegregation of, 137, 139

  medical exemptions and, 134

  see also soldiers

  Military Half, The (Schell), 166

  Miller, Jeff, 189

  Milosevic, Slobodan, 302

  Mississippi Freedom Summer, 136

  Mizo, George, 280–81

  Mladic, Ratko, 302

  Mobutu Sese Seko, 96

  Mogadishu, 302, 303

  Moore, Harold G., 273–74

  Moore, Robin, 126–29, 142

  Moran, Kevin, 113

  Morrison, Jim, 125

  Morrison, Norman, 277, 278

  Morse, Wayne, 48

  Morton, Br
uce, 298

  Moskos, Charles, 132

  Mossadegh, Mohammad, 233

  Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 132–33

  Muller, Bobby, 239

  Munich Agreement, 36, 37, 39, 62, 74, 78, 83

  Murphy, Duncan, 280

  music, 123–26, 259

  Muskie, Edmund, 203–4

  My Lai massacre, xvi, 144–50, 180–81, 267, 308

  napalm, 43, 49, 53–59, 153, 267, 269, 278, 308

  Napalm Ladies, 57

  Nash, Diane, 60

  National Archives, 180

  nationalism, xviii, 13, 260–61, 273, 283

  National Review, 240

  National Security Council, 65, 95

  nation building, 99, 101, 104–6, 128, 320

  Native Americans, 228, 229

  Neary, Joan, 259

  Negro Family, The (Moynihan), 133

  New Face of War, The (Browne), 268–69

  New Jersey, USS, 288, 289

  New Leader, 23

  New Left Notes, 135

  New Legions, The (Duncan), 142–43

  Newsweek, 131, 180, 181, 221, 245, 262, 293, 330

  New York Times, 23, 26, 41, 48, 49, 53, 57–58, 74, 112, 145, 155, 161, 162, 174, 198, 241, 268, 315

  New York Times Magazine, 234

  Nhu, Ngo Dinh, 24

  Nicaragua, 40, 232, 245, 275–80, 287, 292–94

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 13

  Nightline, 233

  Night of the Dragons, 45–46

  Nike, 114–15

  9/11 attacks, see September 11 terrorist attacks

  Nixon, Richard, xiv, 9, 52, 62, 86–90, 91, 113, 185–86, 234, 265

  affirmative action and, 199–201

  antiwar demonstrators and, 186–89, 191, 196–99, 206

  Calley and, 148

  Graham and, 206–7

  Honor America Day and, 206–8

  Hope and, 206–7, 210

  Kennedy and, 9–10

  pardoning of, 223

  Paris Accords and, 221

  POWs and, 244–45

  silent majority and, 62, 88, 196, 199

  Vietnam War escalated by, 87, 88, 158, 164, 186–88

  Vietnam War troop withdrawal and, 86–87, 186

  Watergate and, 206, 222

  Nol, Lon, 227

  Noriega, Manuel, 293–95

  Norris, Chuck, 248

  North, Oliver, 292

  North Korea, 234

  nuclear weapons, 6, 38, 49, 56–57, 76–78, 151–52, 157, 163, 229, 282–83, 285, 293

  Obama, Barack, xix, 305–6, 311, 329–33

  O’Brien, Tim, 58, 84–86, 212, 268

  Occupy movement, 316

  O’Daniel, John “Iron Mike,” 13

  “Ohio,” 190

  oil, 228, 231, 233, 285, 297, 299, 300, 315

  Okamoto, Vincent, 178–79

  “Okie from Muskogee,” 125

  O’Neil, Tip, 289

  On the Beach, 152

  Operation Arc Light, 153, 154

  Operation Babylift, 31–32

  Operation Desert Storm, 295–300

  Operation Duck Hook, 87–88

  Operation Just Cause, 295

  Operation Passage to Freedom, 3, 29

  Operation RAW (Rapid American Withdrawal), 215–16

  Operation Rolling Thunder, 71, 73, 163, 164

  Operation Speedy Express, 179–81

  Operation Urgent Fury, 290

  Oram, Harold, 21, 22

  Orangeburg massacre, 201

  Orlando, Tony, and Dawn, 236

  Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 96, 232, 233, 235, 284, 285

  Palestinians, 288

  Panama, 293–96

  Pan Am Flight 103, 227

  Panetta, Leon, 307–8

  paper tiger, 73, 74, 76, 81

  Paris Peace Accords, 221–22

  patriotism, xvii, xviii, 124, 125, 184, 199, 201, 215, 237, 252, 256–58, 260, 312

  commercialization of, 262

  Patton, 90

  Peace Corps, 9, 10, 121, 122, 128

  Peale, Norman Vincent, 62

  Pearl Harbor, 13, 157

  Pentagon Papers, The, 26

  Pepper, William, 58

  Persian Gulf War, 242, 287, 295–300, 308

  Petraeus, David, 324–30

  Philadelphia Plan, 199–200

  Phnom Penh, 227

  Phoenix of Hiroshima, 30

  Phoenix Program, 178–79

  Phong, Duong Thanh, 154

  Phuc, Kim, 267

  pilots, 158–59, 271

  Platoon, 257 258

  Pledge of Allegiance, 11, 265

  Pleiku, 64–67, 70–71

  post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 284, 300

  poverty, 317

  Powell, Colin, 288–90, 295, 301, 323

  Power, Samantha, 302

  POW films, 246–49, 267

  POW/MIA flag, 242–43

  POWS, 242–50

  “Pride Is Back, The,” 259–60

  private contractors, 110

  Problem from Hell, A (Power), 302

  Project 100,000, 132–34

  Project Beefup, 42, 77

  Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, 280

  Pueblo, 234

  Pye, Lucien, 31

  Quang Duc, Thich, 23, 267, 269

  Quang Ngai, 166–67

  Quang Tin, 166–67

  Quat, Phan Huy, 79

  racism, 16–18, 172–73, 202, 261

  Radford, Arthur, 94

  Rambo films, 246–50

  Ramparts, 19–21, 25, 58, 59, 142

  Reader’s Digest, 8

  Reagan, Ronald, xvii, xviii, 40, 107, 113, 186, 245, 257–59, 273, 283, 285, 322

  Central America and, 275–76, 278–80, 282–83, 291

  commercials for, 253–54

  Grenada and, 290–91

  Hussein and, 296

  Iran-Contra and, 292–93

  Lebanon and, 287–89

  Noriega and, 294

  POWs and, 244–46

  Springsteen and, 252–53, 255, 259, 260

  on Vietnam, 255–56, 285–86

  religion, 4, 11–13

  Catholicism, see Catholicism

  Republican Convention, 191

  Reuther, Walter, 197–98

  Rhodes, James, 186–87, 207

  Ribicoff, Abraham, 185

  Ridenhour, Ron, 145–46

  Rising Sun (Crichton), 262

  Risner, Robert, 130–31

  RMK-BRJ consortium, 110

  Robbins, Tony, 260

  Robinson, Jackie, 17

  Rockefeller, John D., 22

  “Rockin’ in the Free World,” 273

  Rogers, Kenny, 260

  Rolling Stone, 253

  Romney, George, 140

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 22

  Roosevelt, Franklin, 10, 49, 56, 112, 230

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 320

  Rostow, Lillian, 99

  Rostow, Walt Whitman, 68, 99–104, 108, 115, 173, 266

  Rostowsky, Victor, 99

  Rove, Karl, 319

  Ruddy, Francis, 120

  Rumsfeld, Donald, 316, 320, 323, 324

  Rusk, Dean, 42–43, 46–47, 68, 77, 81

  Rusk, Howard, 57–58

  Rwanda, 300, 302–4

  Ryan, Jack, 282

  Ryder, Nickie, 260

  Saddam Hussein, 295–98, 310, 318, 326

  Sadler, Barry, 123–24, 126

  Saigon, 39, 41, 42, 70, 73, 81, 88, 96, 106, 115, 177,
221–22, 225

  bombing near, 155, 156

  fall of, 32, 102, 103, 222–24, 227

  Hope in, 209

  Salazar, Ruben, 204–6

  Salisbury, Harrison, 161–62

  Sanchez, Manolo, 199

  Sandinistas, 276, 280

  Sandino, Augusto, 276

  Saturday Evening Post, 78, 120

  Savio, Mario, 136–37

  Scheer, Robert, 19–20

  Schell, Jonathan, 29, 166–68

  Scheuer, Sandy, 188, 189

  Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 13, 21

  school desegregation, 201

  school textbooks, 228, 258, 266–67

  Schroeder, Bill, 188–89

  Schweitzer, Albert, 9

  search-and-destroy missions, 105, 170, 171

  Sebba, Jon, 149

  Selective Service System, 135–36

  Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 46–47, 49–51, 53, 112

  September 11 terrorist attacks, xviii, 227, 228, 236, 287, 308–10, 312, 313, 315, 317, 319–21, 323, 332–33

  Serbs, 300–302

  Service, John Stewart, 70

  Seven Sisters, 55–56

  Sheehan, Casey, 314

  Sheehan, Cindy, 314–15

  Sheehan, Neil, 25

  Sheen, Fulton J., 11

  Shimkin, Alex, 180

  Shultz, George, 290

  Sick, Gary, 234

  silent majority, 62, 88, 196, 199

  Sir! No Sir!, 264

  60 Minutes, 304

  Skyraider, 165

  slavery, xii, 229

  Smith, Bob, 245

  Smith, Wayne, 170, 172

  Smith Act, 141

  Sneaker News, 115

  Snepp, Frank, 224–25

  soldiers, 130–50, 211–12, 258

  African American, 133, 137–42, 202

  antiwar dissent among, 140–42

  attempted murder of officers by, 214

  demoralization in, 211

  drafting of, 134–37, 258–59, 316–17

  drug use by, 213–14

  Green Berets, 120–30, 142–44, 272, 280

  heroism of, 130

  My Lai massacre and, xvi, 144–50, 180–81, 267, 308

  pilots, 158–59, 271

  POWS, 242–50

  Project 100,000 and, 132–34

  resistance by, 212–15

  see also Vietnam veterans

  Somalia, 300–303

  Somoza, Anastasio, 96, 232, 276

  South Africa, 283

  South Carolina State University, 201

  Southeast Asia: Building the Bases (Tregaskis), 107–8

  South Pacific, 16, 18

  Soviet Union, 4, 6, 7, 17, 35–37, 95, 245, 284, 293

  Afghanistan and, 318, 321–22

  Berlin and, 77, 293

  Cuba and, 76–78

  Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 11–13, 21, 30

  Spitting Image, The (Lembcke), 237

  Spock, Benjamin, 61–62

  Springsteen, Bruce, 251–56, 259

  Stages of Economic Growth, The: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Rostow), 100–101

 

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