by Peter Watson
22. Paul Robinson, The Freudian Left: Wilhelm Reich, Geza Roheim, Herbert Marcuse (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1990), chap. 1, on “Freduian radicalism.”
23. David Seelow, Radical Modernism and Sexuality: Freud, Reich, D. H. Lawrence and Beyond (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 47ff.
24. Ash and Söllner, eds., Forced Migration, p. 269.
25. For Hans Jonas, see Hans Jonas, Technik, Medizin und Ethik: zur Praxis des Prinzips Verantwortnung (Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1987), pp. 90f. for the role of research in modern society; and David J. Levy, Hans Jonas: The Integrity of Thinking (Columbia, Mo., and London: University of Missouri Press, 2002), p. 77 for responsibility in a technological age. For Löwith, see Karl Löwith, My Life in Germany before and after 1933: A Report (London: Athlone Press, 1994), pp. 111–119 for his time in Japan.
26. Andrew Jamieson and Ron Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1994), p. 47.
27. Ibid., p. 50.
28. Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, pp. 403–404.
29. Ibid., p. 412.
30. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Why Arendt Matters (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 73 for the relevance of Arendt after 9/11.
31. Richard Wolin and John Abromeit, Heideggerian Marxism/Herbert Marcuse (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), pp. 176ff.
32. Timothy J. Lukes, The Flight into Inwardness: An Exposition and Critique of Herbert Marcuse’s Theory of Liberative Aesthetics (Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1985), p. 46.
33. Jamieson and Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties, pp. 124–125. See also Robert Pippin, et al., eds., Marcuse: Critical Theory & the Promise of Utopia (London: Macmillan Education, 1988), pp. 143ff. and 169ff.
34. Anne Norton, Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2004).
35. Heinrich Meier, Carl Schmitt & Leo Strauss: The Hidden Dialogue, trans. J. Harvey Lomax (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
36. Daniel Tanguay, Leo Strauss: An Intellectual Biography (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 99ff. See also Mark Blitz, Leo Strauss, the Straussians and the American Regime (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
37. Mark Lilla, “The Closing of the Straussian Mind,” New York Review of Books, November 4, 2004, pp. 55–59.
38. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 205.
39. Jan-Werner Müller, A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Post-War European Thought (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 194–206.
40. His later career was, inevitably perhaps, less remarkable, a raft of memoirs and consultancies, not all of them successful: he was, for instance, a director of Hollinger International, the chief executive of which, Conrad Black, was jailed for six years for fraud in 2007. It was widely perceived that the board on which Kissinger served did not exert sufficient oversight of the company, enabling Black to commit the crimes of which he was convicted.
41. Stefan Müller-Doohm, Adorno: A Biography, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005), pp. 267–277. Adorno himself “disdained” biography as an intellectual form. See also Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 160.
42. Detlev Clausen, Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 222 for discussions with Horkheimer.
43. Ibid., pp. 135–144.
44. Müller-Doohm, Adorno, pp. 336ff and 374ff.
45. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 107.
46. Ibid., p. 114.
47. Paul Lazarsfeld, William H. Sewell, and Harold L. Wilensky, The Uses of Sociology (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968).
48. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 164.
49. Ibid., p. 166.
50. Peter Drucker, Post-capitalist Society (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993), pp. 17ff.
51. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 298.
52. Ibid., p. 299.
53. Michael Friedman and Richard Creath, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Carnap (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 65–80.
54. A. W. Carus, Carnap and Twentieth-century Thought: Explication and Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 139ff.
55. Friedman and Creath, eds., Cambridge Companion to Carnap, pp. 176–199.
56. Carus, Carnap, pp. 209ff.
57. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 304.
58. Ash and Söllner, eds., Forced Migration, p. 285.
59. Raymond Bulman, A Blueprint for Humanity: Paul Tillich’s Theology of Culture (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1981), pp. 112ff. for ontological versus technological reason.
60. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 318. See Jürgen Haffer, Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy: The Life and Science of Ernst Mayr 1904–2005 (Berlin: Springer, 2008), for the life and work of Ernst Mayr. Born in Kempten and educated at Greifswald and Berlin, Mayr became an influential biological philosopher, especially on the implications of evolution, and a professor at Harvard. Among his students was Jared Diamond.
61. Ash and Söllner, eds., Forced Migration, p. 155.
62. Lehmann and Sheehan, eds., Interrupted Past, for all these figures; see also Ash and Söllner, eds., Forced Migration, pp. 75 and 87.
63. Hann Schissler, “Explaining History: Hans Rosenberg,” pp. 180ff., and Robert E. Lerner, “Ernst Kantorowicz and Theodor E. Mommsen,” pp. 188ff., in Ash and Söllner, eds., Forced Migration.
64. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 279.
65. Lehman and Sheehan, eds., Interrupted Past, p. 176.
66. For the German historians who worked in the OSS, see Barry M. Katz, “German Historians in the Office of Strategic Services,” in Ash and Söllner, eds., Forced Migration, pp. 136ff.
67. His students included Leonard Krieger. Gerhard A. Ritter has looked at “German Émigré Historians between Two Worlds: Hajo Holborn, Dietrich Gerhard, Hans Rosenberg,” German Historical Institute Bulletin 39 (Fall 2006): 23ff. See also Otto P. Pflanze, “The Americanisation of Hajo Holborn,” in Ash and Söllern, eds., Forced Migration, pp. 170ff.
68. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 279.
69. Fritz Stern, Dreams and Delusions (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1987), p. 327.
70. Coser, Refugee Scholars, p. 269.
71. Ibid., p. 255.
72. Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts (New York: Overlook Press, 1974), p. 332.
73. Michael Ann Holly, Panofsky and the Foundations of Art History (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1984), pp. 21ff.
74. Ibid., pp. 158ff.
75. Hans Hofmann (introduction by Sam Hunter), Hans Hofmann, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1979, p. 10fn.
76. Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, p. 137.
77. Ibid., p. 141.
78. Ibid., p. 222.
79. Joseph Horowitz, Wagner Nights: An American History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), quoted in Joseph Horowitz, Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. xvi.
80. C. D. Innes, Erwin Piscator’s Political Theatre: The Development of Modern German Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. 69. And see George Buehler, Berthold Brecht, Erwin Piscator: Ein Vergleich ihrer theoretischen Schriften (Bonn: Bouvier, 1978), pp. 126–131 for a comparison of Brecht and Piscator.
81. John Fuegi, Brecht & Co.: Biographie (Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1997), pp. 636–643.
82. Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, p. 176. See also Ronald Speirs, ed., Brecht’s Poetry of Political Exile (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
83. Fuegi, Brecht & Co., pp. 610–611.
84. Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, p. 299.
85. All the quotes are from Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, p. 321.
86. Pe
ter Goodchild, Edward Teller: The Real Dr. Strangelove (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), p. 26. The Ian Jacobs quote about the relative merits of German scientists is given in Andrew Roberts, The Storm of War (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 573.
87. See Edward Teller, A Twentieth-century Journey in Science and Politics, with Judith L. Shoolery (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Publishing, 2001), pp. 177–178, for the initial falling-out. And see Edward Teller, Better a Shield than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology (New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, 1987), pp. 115f., for the beginnings of secrecy in physics.
88. Silvan S. Schweber, In the Shadow of the Bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist (Princeton, N.J., and Chichester: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 107–114. See also Kati Marton, The Great Escape: Nine Jews Who Fled Hitler and Changed the World (New York and London: Simon & Schuster, 2007), pp. 184–187.
89. Goodchild, Edward Teller. Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern were experts on game theory, considered important for a grounding in strategy. See John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behaviours (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1953), pp. 46ff. and 587ff. Neumann also helped develop computers.
90. John W. Dawson, Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel (Wellesley, Mass.: A. K. Peters, 1997), pp. 176–178.
91. Palle Yourgrau, A World without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 94–95.
92. Ibid., p. 6.
93. Ibid., p. 115.
94. David Ketter and Herbert Lauer, eds., Exile, Science, and Bildung (New York: Palgrave, 2005), pp. 2–3.
CHAPTER 40: “HIS MAJESTY’s MOST LOYAL ENEMY ALIENS”
1. General references on German exiles of note are given in Chapter 38, note 2, and Chapter 39, note 4. In addition, sources for Great Britain include Gerhard Hirschfeld, ed., Exile in Great Britain: Refugees from Hitler’s Germany (Leamington Spa: Bergs for the German Historical Institute, London, 1984), which is mainly concerned with the political and industrial effects. William Abbey, et al., eds., Between Two Languages: German-speaking Exiles in Great Britain, 1933–1945 (Stuttgart: Hans-Dieter Heinz, 1995), includes an interesting section on Germans who tried to warn Britain about the Nazis, and a section on German writers and dramatists writing in English. Panikos Panayi, ed., Germans in Britain since 1500 (London: Hambledon Press, 1996), gives a longer-term perspective.
2. Daniel Snowman, The Hitler Emigrés (London: Chatto & Windus, 2002), pp. 12–13.
3. Rudolf Bing, 5,000 Nights at the Opera (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), p. 86.
4. For Dartington, see William Glock, Notes in Advance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 57–77. See also John Hodgson, Mastering Movement: The Life and Work of Rudolf Laban (London: Methuen, 2001).
5. Rudolf Ernst Peierls, Atomic Histories (Woodbury, N.Y.: AIP Press, 1997), pp. 187ff, for his own role.
6. Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, p. 104.
7. Georgina Ferry, Max Perutz and the Secret of Life (London: Chatto & Windus, 2007), pp. 63–65.
8. Helen Fry, The King’s Most Loyal Enemy Aliens: Germans Who Fought for Britain in the Second World War (Stroud: Sutton, 2007).
9. Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, p. 135.
10. Charles Drazin, Korda: Britain’s Only Movie Mogul (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2002), pp. 221–229.
11. Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, p. 135.
12. Ibid., pp. 169–170.
13. Richard Woodfield, ed., Reflections on the History of Art: Views and Reviews (Oxford: Phaidon, 1987), p. 231. Gombrich somewhat overshadowed Norbert Lynton (born Loewenstein in Berlin in 1927), who became director of exhibitions at the Arts Council, and in his many books did so much to promote contemporatry British art, with studies of Kenneth Armitage, Victor Pasmore, and William Scott.
14. Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, p. 276. For the Neuraths, see Times (London), April 18, 2009, pp. 44–45.
15. E. J. Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-century Life (London: Allen Lane, 2002), p. 335.
16. Ben Barkow, Alfred Wiener and the Making of the Holocaust Library (London: Valentine Mitchell, 1997). See pp. 51 and 104 for the conception of the idea.
17. Christhard Hoffmann, ed., Preserving the Legacy of German Jewry: A History of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1955–2005 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005).
18. Glock, Notes in Advance, pp. 78–86.
19. Alison Garnham, Hans Keller and the BBC: The Musical Conscience of British Broadcasting, 1959–1979 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 63ff.
20. See, for example, Martin Esslin, The Field of Drama: How the Signs of Drama Create Meaning on Stage and Screen (London: Methuen, 1987), which concentrates on Shakespeare, Ibsen, Goethe, Schiller, and Beckett.
21. Snowman, Hitler Emigrés, pp. 404, 408.
22. Muriel Nissel, Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet (London: Giles de la Mare, 1998), p. 7.
23. Ronald Grierson, A Truant Disposition (Faversham, Kent: Westgate, 1992).
24. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Anna Freud: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 246–257. Uwe Henrik Peters, Anna Freud: Ein Leben für das Kind (Munich: Verlegt bei Kindler, 1979), pp. 238–251.
25. Young-Bruehl, Anna Freud, pp. 24–29.
26. Ibid., pp. 163–184.
27. Phyllis Grosskurth, Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1986). Pearl King and Riccardo Steiner, The Freud-Klein Controversies, 1941–1945 (London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991), contains long transcripts of many meetings where the disagreements were thoroughly aired, with other well-known psychiatrists taking part—Michael Balint, Edward Glover, Susan Isaacs, and John Bowlby.
28. Julia Kristeva, Melanie Klein, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 73.
29. Richard Kilminster, Norbert Elias: Post-philosophical Sociology (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 72ff.
30. Norbert Elias, The Germans.
31. Sinis
32. He came on the Kindertransport—8,000–10,000 children were shipped out before September 1939. See Mark Harris and Deborah Oppenheimer, Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport (London: Bloomsbury, 2000) for firsthand accounts and vivid photographs.
33. Catherine Lampert, Norman Rosenthal, and Isabel Carlisle, Frank Auerbach: Paintings and Drawings, 1954–2001 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2001), p. 111. See also Robert Hughes, Frank Auerbach (London: Thames & Hudson, 1990).
CHAPTER 41: “DIVIDED HEAVEN”: FROM HEIDEGGER TO HABERMAS TO RATZINGER
1. Steve Crawshaw, An Easier Fatherland: Germany in the Twenty-first Century (London: Continuum, 2004), p. 25.
2. Ibid., p. 15.
3. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, In a Cold Crater (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1998), p. 2.
4. Eva Kolinsky and Wilfried van der Will, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Modern German Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 297.
5. J. Christoph Bürkle, Hans Scharoun und die Moderne: Ideen, Projekte, Theaterbau (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1986), pp. 141ff.
6. Kolinsky and van der Will, eds., The Cambrdige Companion to Modern German Culture, p. 299.
7. Schivelbusch, In a Cold Crater, p. 2.
8. Ibid., p. 86.
9. Ibid., pp. 143–144.
10. Gina Thomas, ed., The Unresolved Past: A Debate in German History; A Conference Sponsored by the Wheatland Foundation, Chaired and Introduced by Ralf Dahrendorf (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson in association with the Wheatland Foundation, 1990), p. 49.
11. Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1947).
12. See also Siegfried Kracauer, The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays, trans. and introduced
by Thomas Y. Levin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). Dedicated to Adorno. Besides the title essay, others include “Bestsellers and Their Audience” “The Biography as an Art Form of the New Bourgeoisie” “The Group as a Bearer of Ideas” “The Hotel Lobby.” All very prescient. For Kracauer on modernity, see David Frisby, Fragments of Modernity: Theories of Modernity in the Work of Simmel, Kracauer, and Benjamin (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
13. Blackbourn and Eley, The Peculiarities of German History, pp. 29–30.
14. Jan-Werner Müller, Another Country: German Intellectuals, Unification and National Identity (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 8.
15. Ibid., p. 33.
16. Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason, trans. Peter Palmer (London: Merlin Press, 1980), pp. 403ff. for the vitalism argument, pp. 755ff. for the “alternative path.” Ralf Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy in Germany (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967/1968).
17. Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy, p. 46.
18. Ibid., p. 64.
19. Ibid., p. 131.
20. Ibid., p. 147.
21. Ibid., pp. 157–158.
22. Ibid., p. 202.
23. Dahrendorf also found interesting the differences in psychology between Germans and Americans. In one study Americans and Germans were asked whether they were lonely and, if so, what that meant to them. Americans associated loneliness with “weak,” “sick,” “sad,” “shallow,” and “cowardly,” whereas Germans associated it with “big,” “strong,” “courageous,” “healthy,” and “deep.” Dahrendorf felt that Germans valued the private virtues for the strength of the inner life, whereas in America, and to a lesser extent in Britain, the opposite was true, that people were more involved with the public virtues, with public argument and social conflict, which is why loneliness was seen in a bad/sad light. Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy, pp. 287–288.
24. Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy, pp. 342–343.
25. Fritz K. Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969).
26. Frederic Lilge, The Abuse of Learning: The Failure of the German University (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 69.
