216 “whipped me severely”: “People vs. Miguel Soloma,” 1850.11.29, Box 1, #74, Criminal/Seaver.
216 “He tied me”: “People vs. Martin Duerte,” 1850.08.02, Box 1, #30, Criminal/Seaver.
217 “he gave me”: “People vs. Jose Cerbelo Barilla [sic],” 1850.07.02, Box 1, #65, Criminal/Seaver.
217 “the peaceable and quiet”: “Francesca Pérez Silvas vs. Pio Pico,” 1851.01.04, Box 1, #27, DCC.
218 Women were victims: Faragher 2014.
218 “I cried out”: “People vs. Santiago Olivera, Cura Valdez, Simplicio Valdez, and Esteban Silvas,” 1852.02.03, Box 1, #94, Criminal/Seaver; Woolsey 1979:93.
219 “He shut the door”: “People vs. Thomas Foster,” 1853.07.15, Box 2, #128, Criminal/Seaver.
220 “We congratulate”: Star 1856.06.07.
220 “I am sorry to tell”: Wilson to Margaret Wilson, 1856.08.03, Box 5, Wilson 1836–1941.
220 Foster suicide: Alta California 1862.01.30.
220 “violently tore her”: “Marie Jesus Bouchet Blair vs. Nicholas Blair,” 1852.09.22, Box 2, #70, DCC.
220 “We enjoyed ourselves”: Blair to María Jesús Bouchet de Blair, 1852.09.22, Box 10, Stearns 1821–1935.
221 Blair suicide: Sacramento Daily Union 1852.10.04.
221 “The California ladies”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:91.
221 Carrillo divorce: “Francisca Sepúlveda vs. José Antonio Carrillo,” 1853.10.02, Box 4, #100, DCC; Star 1853.12.10; Chavez-García 2004:119.
221 “Felipe Rheim”: “People vs. Felipe Reim [sic],” 1850.07.01, Box 1, #15, Criminal/Seaver.
222 “While laboring”: “Rosaria Dias de Rheim vs. Felipe Rheim,” 1857.07.01, Box 13, #440, DCC.
222 “Violence, like charity”: Gilligan 1997:5.
222 “gloriously intoxicated”: Newmark 1916:58–59, 64.
222 “in a manner”: “Rosaria Dias de Rheim vs. Felipe Rheim,” 1858.09.11, Box 14, #455, DCC.
223 This time: “Rosaria Dias de Rheim vs. Felipe Rheim,” 1860.03.09, Box 20, #700, DCC.
223 Rheim suicide: Star 1860.04.21.
223 “Even though you love”: Koegel 1994 2:128.
CHAPTER 15
226 “gentle horses:” Lewis Granger to Abel Stearns, 1851,02.04, Stearns 1821–1935.
226 Sonoreños attacked: “People vs. Antonio Borcamonte and F. Perato,” 1850.09.04, Box 1, #53, Criminal/Seaver; Sacramento Transcript 1850.09.26.
226 they escaped: Alta California 1850.11.30.
227 “sons and assistants”: Alta California 1851.01.14.
227 “by the hands of “: “People vs. Francisco Lugo, et al.,” 1851.01.28, Box 1, #84, Criminal/Seaver.
228 “Old Man Lugo “: Bell 1881:174–75.
228 Agua Mansa: Vickery 1977:18–32.
229 “Chief of the Cahuilla”: Phillips 1975:47–48, 50–51, 164.
229 “pretty as Arabians”: Brent 1926:10–11.
229 thirty to forty dollars a head: Cleland 1951:106.
230 a very large retainer: Bell 1881:196.
230 “rapidly rolling”: Brent to Edward Brent, 1851.04.16, Brent 1850–1939.
231 “Let’s kill”: “People vs. Francisco Lugo, et al.,” 1851.03.06, Box 1, #84, Criminal/Seaver.
231 “The witness confessed”: Brent 1926:21.
232 “It was an impossibility”: Brent 1926:17–18.
232 married at Council Bluffs: Hyde 2000:238.
233 “I spoke to Mrs. Robinson”: “People vs. José María Lugo et al.,” 1850.08.03, Box 1, #49, Criminal/Seaver.
233 “Qué escándalo es éste”: “People vs. George W. D. Robinson,” 1850.08.14, Box 1, #62, Criminal/Seaver.
233 “His bearing”: Brent 1926:21.
234 “race feeling”: Ibid.
234 “They say that”: Alta California 1851.04.05.
234 “These bands are composed”: Alta California 1851.06.17.
234 “Our boys have been”: Brent 1926:23–26.
235 Don Antonio had simply ignored: Star 1851.06.14.
235 “the sympathy”: Brent 1926:34–36.
236 “If the men had descended”: Brent 1926:37.
236 “armed to the teeth”: Warner 1876:35–36.
236 “A great deal”: Brent 1926:50–51.
237 “They had threatened”: Star 1851.05.26.
237 “determined to take”: J. Bankhead Magruder to B. D. Wilson, 1851.05.25, Hanks 2000:246–47.
238 “They made some inquiries”: Star 1851.06.14.
238 “His offer was”: Lugo 1950:213.
238 “in military order”: Star 1851.06.14.
240 “as if doomed”: Star 1851.11.20.
241 “They replied”: Star n.d., reprinted New York Spectator 1851.08.14.
241 “The Indians first”: Star 1851.11.20.
242 “I saw the bodies”: Star 1851.06.14.
242 “resented the gloating”: Brent 1926:65.
242 “The volunteers”: Alta California 1851.06.17.
242 “He can return”: Los Angeles County officials, proclamation, 1851.06.02, Alta California 1851.06.28.
242 “a beautiful sword”: Los Angeles Herald 1899.01.23.
243 coroner’s jury exonerated: Star 1851.06.14.
243 “lawless and reckless scum”: Alta California 1851.06.17.
244 “Behind these efforts”: Brent 1926:65.
244 “Other American settlers”: Ibid.
244 “the most ordinary”: Star 1852.03.06.
244 refused to settle down: Daily Evening Bulletin 1874.09.12, 1874.11.26, 1877.02.05; Alta California 1876.06.14; Los Angeles Herald 1876.06.14.
CHAPTER 16
245 “Let us remember”: Wilson 1952:23–24.
246 “Most of our”: Keller 1859:346–47.
246 vineyards: Alta California 1851.08.07.
246 “crowded from morn”: Bell 1881:47.
247 “Police Regulations”: Los Angeles Common Council 1850–74, 1850.07.27, 1:53-55, 61–62 (hereafter cited as Common Council).
247 “I wish”: Charles Henry Brinley to Abel Stearns, 1852.08.30, Stearns 1821–1935.
247 “Los Angeles had”: Bell 1881:47–48.
247 “Indians arrested”: Star 1852.10.09.
248 “unlawful”: Star 1853.12.03; Guillow 1996:137–38.
248 Juan Pelon, a Cahuilla: “Causa Criminal Contra el Yndio Juan Pelon,” 1850.01.10, ACR 6:874–91.
248 “took an axe”: Star 1852.12.03.
248 “drunken frolic”: “People vs. Juan Chapo,” 1854.06.07, Box 3, #173, Criminal/Seaver.
248 “On Monday”: Star 1852.10.09.
249 clubs and stones: Alta California 1851.04.04; Sacramento Daily Union 1851.04.10.
249 churchurki: Reid 1968:46.
249 “produced enormous excitement”: Brent 1926:7; Star 1851.05.17.
249 banned the playing of peon: Common Council 1851.05.07, 1:165.
250 “How many of the Indians”: Star 1851.11.01, reprinted New York Tribune 1851.12.20.
250 Juan Antonio arrived: Star 1851.11.08, reprinted Alta California 1851.11.13.
250 “the big men”: Star 1851.07.19, reprinted Alta California 1851.07.24.
250 “Nothing could be”: Star 1851.07.05, reprinted Alta California 1851.07.14.
251 “is regarded by all”: San Diego Herald, 1851.11.27; Hill 1927:139.
253 “On Saturday morning”: San Diego Herald 1852.01.17; Alta California 1851.12.03.
253 “were in his favor”: William Marshall, 1851.12.10, Roll 9, Binder 7, “Whaley House Papers.”
253 “The moment has arrived”: Garra to Estudillo, 1851.11.21, Roll 9, Binder 6, “Whaley House Papers;” Evans 1966:343.
254 “The tocsin of war”: Thomas Whaley to Rachel Pye Whaley, 1851.12.02, Roll 9, Binder 5, “Whaley House Papers.”
254 “The native Californians”: San Diego Herald 1851.11.27, reprinted Alta California 1851.12.04.
255 imminent danger of attack: Williams to Los Angeles Co
unty authorities, 1851.11.20, Alta California 1851.12.21.
255 “urgent necessity”: Star 1851.11.29, reprinted Alta California 1851.12.12.
255 “It would strain”: Bean to Governor John McDougal, 1851.11.30, Alta California 1851.12.12.
256 “If we lose this war”: Garra to Antonio, c1851.12.01, Star 1851.12.20; Phillips 1975:81.
256 “I have a good strong”: Garra to Duff Weaver, c1851.12.02, Star 1851.12.05.
256 “he was ready”: Antonio to Olvera, 1851.12.08, Star 1851.12.13; Alta California 1851.12.27.
256 “I am your prisoner”: Alta California 1852.01.06.
256 “catch bad men”: Star 1851.12.13, reprinted Alta California 1851.12.18.
257 “These prisoners”: Alta California 1851.12.14.
257 makeshift gallows: Alta California 1851.12.13.
257 “It was not my intention”: Statement of William Marshall, 1851.12.10, Roll 9, Binder 7, “Whaley House Papers;” Bibb 1976.
257 “We shall soon number”: Whaley to Anne E. Launay, 1851.12.17, Roll 9, Binder 5, “Whaley House Papers.”
258 “To have done less”: O. M. Wozencraft to Luke Lea, n.d., Phillips 1975:102.
258 “join with us”: Alta California 1852.01.03.
258 “owed no allegiance”: San Diego Herald 1852.01.17.
259 “His whole deportment”: San Diego Herald 1852.01.17.
259 “What’s the use?”: Smythe 1908:192.
259 Treaty of Temecula: Kappler 1928:1124–26.
259 “They came to collect”: Star 1852.01.24, reprinted Alta California 1852.01.28.
260 “To place upon”: Star 1852.03.13.
260 “Where will you”: Journal of the Third Session of the Legislature of the State of California (San Francisco: G. K. Fitch and V. E. Geiger, State Printers, 1852):602–4.
261 “We have been”: Cahuillas to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1856.05.15, Phillips 1975:135.
261 “You must remain quiet”: Beattie and Beattie 1939:236-37, 251.
261 Cahuilla legend: Bean 1965:5.
CHAPTER 17
263 two hundred homicides: Faragher 2014; an average of 20 homicides per year (1850-59) in a population of 7,341 (the mean of the population for Los Angeles County in 1850 and 1860) is a homicide rate of 272/100,000; cf. Ciudad Juarez, 240/100,000 in 2010, Washington Post 2012.08.20.
263 “Who today”: Star 1851.09.27, clipping Hayes 1877b 47:136.
264 “We are told”: Star 1851.06.27, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:92.
264 “to watch over”: Common Council 1851.07.12, 1:178–79.
265 a total of eighty-three men: Star 1851.07.12, clipping Hayes 1877b 49:18.
265 “might be called”: Bancroft 1882–90 36:486.
265 “admirably calculated”: Star 1851.07.12, clipping Hayes 1877b 49:18.
265 “Our views”: Star 1851.10.11.
265 when two men: Star 1852.07.24.
266 “In accordance with”: Star 1852.07.31.
267 “Young men”: Ibid.
267 “everyone could see”: Los Angeles Herald 1899.01.23.
267 “Justice was the goal”: Star 1852.08.07.
267 “Rico! Rico! Rico!”: Star 1852.12.04.
268 “His death”: Star 1852.11.13.
268 “the deceased, Gen.”: Star 1852.11.20, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:121.
268 “even applied torture”: Coronel 1994:70–71.
269 “a gang of desperadoes”: Star 1852.11.27.
269 “father one night”: Los Angeles Herald 1899.01.23.
269 “I belonged to”: Star 1852.12.04, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:133.
269 Harry Love: Star 1852.06.19 [misidentified as “Lull”], 1852.06.26 [corrected to “Love”].
270 “a people’s court”: Bell 1881:41–43.
270 “launched into eternity”: Star 1852.12.04, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:133.
270 she implicated yet another: Ibid.
271 “I have just shot”: Bell 1881:24–26.
271 “Dr. Hope was determined”: Coronel 1994:70–71.
271 “The proof in the case”: Star 1852.12.11, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:131.
272 “bad women”: Ibid.
272 “We made a mistake”: William A. Wallace, n.d., Moore 1886:549.
272 “inhuman execution”: Star 1853.10.08.
272 “none of the Californians”: Hayes 1877b 43:146.
272 Hayes later learned: El Clamor Público 1857.02.21.
273 “Heavy clouds over-spread”: Bell 1881:47.
273 “white man’s rendezvous”: Packman 1944:75.
273 “peculiar obstacles”: Star 1853.08.06.
274 a gang of Californios: Star 1853.10.08.
274 “one of the most exciting”: Bell 1881:151–54.
275 “choked off”: Star 1853.10.08.
275 “The bad feeling”: Ibid.
276 “Are we a people”: Ibid.
276 “Should we not”: Star 1853.10.22.
276 “No me pude aclimatar”: El Vigia [Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico] 2011.08.27, http://www.elvigia.net/noticia/manuel-clemente-rojo-primera-parte, accessed 2011.11.19.
CHAPTER 18
277 “So as you see”: Hayes to David Atchison, 1853.01.12, Hayes 1929:96–97.
277 “to better order”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:92.
277 “His health”: Emily Hayes to “M. E.,” 1852.08.26, Hayes 1875a:52.
277 “I consider myself”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:93.
278 “I do not think”: Emily Hayes to sister, 1852.02.08, Hayes 1929:88.
278 sankey: Harper 1888:21.
278 “Today we walked”: Emily Hayes to “M. E.,” 1852.03.01, Hayes 1875a:44–45.
278 “Ah, no matter”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:91–92.
278 “the sweetest thing”: Hayes 1929:101.
278 “The site of Los Angeles”: Emily Hayes to sister, 1852.02.08, Hayes 1929:88.
279 “They were to have”: Emily Hayes to sister, 1852.07.11, Hayes 1929:90.
279 “Gallows Hill”: Bell 1881:100.
279 “a clever, manly”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:92.
279 February 22: “Invitation to a dance at Don Abel Stearns’ home,” 1853.02.22, item 169, Del Valle Family 1818–1920.
280 “the better class”: Brent, “Life in California”:13–17, Brent 1869–1940.
280 “game little fellow”: Bell 1881:89–91.
280 “sallied out alone”: Star 1853.02.26.
281 “Men have become”: Ibid.
281 “Always settle them cases”: Sparks 1870:148.
281 “It is my habit”: Brent, “Life in California”:13–17, Brent 1869–1940.
281 “He was the gamest”: Los Angeles Herald 1900.02.25.
282 “essentially selfish”: Burnett 1880:90–93.
282 “Colt’s Army and Navy Pistols”: Star 1852.07.24.
282 “The patrons”: Bell 1881:22–23.
283 prohibiting the carriage or discharge: Common Council 1:79, 88, 90, 118–19, 126.
283 restrictions on firearms: Winkler 2011:167.
283 “the revolver seems”: Hayes 1877b 43:5.
283 accusing Cornwall: Star 1852.08.28.
284 “Clear the way”: Alta California 1852.09.05.
284 indicted Cornwall: “People vs. William Cornwall,” 1852.12.08, Box 1, no case #, Criminal/Seaver.
284 “It was a genuine”: Alta California 1852.08.10.
284 “an out-and-out”: Bell 1881:105.
285 “one of us must die”: Star 1854.01.14.
285 “We got to drinking”: “People vs. Thomas Smith and Sterling H. Lester,” 1854.04.30, Box 2, #168, Criminal/Seaver.
286 “Each table with its”: Bell 1881:28.
289 overpowered the jailer: Star 1854.07.08.
289 “better order”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:92.
289 fourteen homicides: Faragher 2014.
289 “He was brave”: Star 1853.12.10.
290 The trial of Ygnacio Herrera: “People vs. Ygnacio Herrera,” Box 2, #149, Criminal/Seaver; Sacramento Daily Union 1853.12.29.
290 “following the will-o’-the-wisp”: Bell 1881:158–59.
291 “We surrounded”: Brent, “Life in California”:13–17, Brent 1869–1940.
291 “they each proceeded”: Star 1854.01.21; Bell 1881:159–60.
291 “vivo o muerto”: Star 1854.01.21.
291 “I remonstrated”: Hayes 1929:101.
291 “The death of these”: Star 1854.01.28, reprinted Alta California 1854.02.05.
292 attempting to sell some of the loot: Star 1854.02.11.
292 “To me it has fallen”: Star 1854.02.11.
292 thirty-ninth birthday: Hayes 1929:104.
CHAPTER 19
295 “This place will”: Southern Californian 1854.10.26.
295 “Americans profess”: Southern Californian 1854.08.31.
295 homicides: Faragher 2014.
296 “appalled at the frequent”: Star 1854.10.19.
296 “What a selfish creature”: Star 1855.11.24.
296 “What have you done”: Hayes 1877b 43:435.
297 “seems very indifferent”: Woods diary, 1854.11.12, Bynum 1941:70–71.
297 “This is a rough country”: Woods diary, 1854.11.12, Bynum 1941:70.
297 “Our roads are safe”: Star 1854.11.02.
297 “City of Demons”: Woods diary, 1854.11.29, Bynum 1941:74–76
297 John Ozias Wheeler: Newmark 1914:38; Guinn and Barrows 1889:694.
297 “We cannot but”: Southern Californian 1854.11.16.
298 “Is it not incumbent”: Southern Californian 1854.10.19.
298 “We do not agree”: Star 1854.11.02, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:416, with claim of authorship.
298 “We hold that life”: Star 1854.11.16, clipping Hayes 1877b 47:165, with claim of authorship.
298 “Lynch law will”: Star 1854.10.05.
299 “It is but”: Star 1854.10.19.
299 “Our only hope”: Star 1854.11.30.
299 “to no longer wait”: Southern Californian 1854.10.19.
299 “We are at a terrible”: Southern Californian 1854.11.23.
301 “done more toward”: Star 1854.12.07.
301 “the desired effect”: Southern Californian 1854.12.21.
301 “Peace and quietness”: Southern Californian c1854.12.28, transcription Hayes 1877b 43:444.
301 King and Johnson clans: Brackett 1920:71–73; Mahar 1989.
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