by Curt Gentry
3. WP, Sept. 10, 1972.
4. Ibid.
5. Felt, Pyramid, 183; NYT, May 5, 1972.
6. Felt interview.
7. Felt, Pyramid, 190.
8. Inquiry, 176.
9. Ibid., 53.
10. Ibid., 176.
11. Ibid., 88.
12. Louis Nichols interview.
13. JEH memo, Oct. 1, 1941; Inquiry, 154-55.
14. WP, Jan. 19, 1975; Nichols interview.
15. Lukas, Nightmare, 214.
CHAPTER 3: Thursday, May 4, 1972 (Pages 48-58)
1. Felt, Pyramid, 184.
2. WS, May 4, 1972.
3. WP, May 5, 1972.
4. Former Justice Department official.
5. NYT, May 5, 1972.
6. Inquiry, 37, 39, 45.
7. Ibid., 48.
8. C. F. Downing to I. Conrad, FBI Lab report, May 16, 1972.
9. Anonymous letter to Gray, n.d. (early May 1972).
10. Inquiry, 13-14.
11. Ibid., 178.
12. Ibid., 176.
13. WP, July 12, 1975.
14. WS, Jan. 1, 1972.
15. JEH testimony, House Subcommittee on Appropriations, March 2, 1972
16. Life, May 12, 1972.
CHAPTER 4: Inauguration Day (Pages 61-69)
1. JEH to Watson (FDR), Aug. 2 and 3, 1943.
2. George Allen interview.
3. Demaris, Director, 5-6.
4. Current Biography, May 1950; Fletcher Knebel, “J. Edgar Hoover: The Cop and the Man,” Look, May 31, 1955; Edward R. Elson, “The J. Edgar Hoover You Ought to Know, by His Pastor,” The Chaplain, 1950; CR, House, June 2, 1971.
5. Courtney Ryley Cooper, foreword to J. Edgar Hoover’s Persons in Hiding (Boston: Little, Brown, 1938), viii.
6. Ralph de Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man in His Time (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1973), 40.
7. Demaris, Director, 9.
8. NYT, Oct. 8, 1959.
9. De Toledano, Hoover, 41.
10. WP, Feb. 25, 1968.
11. De Toledano, Hoover, 41.
12. Ibid., 46.
13. New Yorker, Oct. 2, 1937.
14. John Lord O’Brian, CBS-TV interview, May 2, 1972.
CHAPTER 5: The Missing Years (Pages 70-74)
1. John Lord O’Brian, “Civil Liberties in Our Time,” CR, Senate, Jan. 17-18, 1919.
2. Church, bk. III, 381.
3. William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance: The Rise of the American Intelligence Empire (New York: Dial Press/James Wade, 1977), 55.
4. Max Lowenthal, The Federal Bureau of Investigation (New York: William Sloane, 1950), 34-35.
5. Homer Cummings and Carl McFarland, Federal Justice: Chapters in the History of Justice and the Federal Executive (New York: Macmillan, 1937), 429.
6. Stanley Coben, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1963), 201.
7. O’Brian, CBS interview.
CHAPTER 6: “Palmer—Do Not Let This Country See Red!” (Pages 75-84)
1. James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately F.D.R.: A Son’s Story of a Lonely Man (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), 60.
2. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Charges of Illegal Practices…, Jan. 1921, 580; Coben, Palmer, 206.
3. NYT, June 4, 1919.
4. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 1, The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1931 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 42.
5. Coben, Palmer, 130.
6. Louis F. Post, The Deportation Delirium of Nineteen-twenty: A Personal Narrative of an Historic Official Experience (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1923), 49-50.
7. Lowenthal, Federal, 75-76.
8. WP, July 3, 1919.
9. A. Mitchell Palmer, “The Case against the Reds,” Forum, Feb. 1920.
10. JEH memo, Oct. 5, 1920; Church, vol. 6, 552.
11. NYT, Jan. 3, 1920.
12. Flynn letter, Aug. 12, 1920; To the American People: Report upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice (also known as the Twelve Lawyers Report) (National Popular Government League, 1920), 46 (hereafter cited as Twelve Lawyers).
13. Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism (New York: Viking Press, 1957), 188-90.
14. Don Whitehead, The FBI Story: A Report to the People (New York: Random House, 1956), 41, 43.
15. NYT, March 3, 1920.
16. Whitehead, FBI Story, 331.
17. Twelve Lawyers, 46.
18. Josephus Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910-1917 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1946), 546.
19. Coben, Palmer, 219.
20. NYT, Nov. 8 and Sept. 9, 1919.
21. JEH to Creighton, Dec. 4, 1919.
22. Coben, Palmer, 223.
23. JEH to Caminetti, Nov. 19 and Dec. 17, 1919.
24. JEH testimony, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Illegal Practices, 649; Coben, Palmer, 318.
CHAPTER 7: The Soviet Ark (Pages 85-88)
1. NYT, Dec. 17, 1919.
2. JEH to Creighton, Aug. 23, 1919.
3. Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961), 217.
4. JEH to Cox, Dec. 19, 1919.
5. Whitehead, FBI Story, 48.
6. Robert J. Donovan, The Assassins (New York: Popular Library, 1962), 69.
7. Drinnon, Rebel, 69.
8. Ibid., 72.
9. Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice: Letter from the Attorney General [Palmer], Nov. 17, 1919, 42; Drinnon, Rebel, 70, 213-14.
CHAPTER 8: The Facts Are a Matter of Record (Pages 89-105)
1. JEH to Burke, Feb. 21, 1920.
2. Whitehead, FBI Story, 331.
3. Burke to U.S. attorneys, Dec. 27, 1919; Twelve Lawyers, 37-41.
4. Burke to DJ agents, Dec. 31, 1919.
5. Coben, Palmer, 223.
6. Burke to DJ agents, Dec. 31, 1919.
7. Wilson to Palmer, Dec. 30, 1919.
8. Jacob Spolansky, The Communist Trail in America (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 16.
9. NYT, Jan. 2, 1920; Robert W. Dunn, ed., The Palmer Raids (New York: International, 1948), 32.
10. Senate Judiciary Committee, Illegal Practices, 58; Coben, Palmer, 228.
11. JEH to Caminetti, Jan. 22 and March 16, 1920; William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), 219.
12. Twelve Lawyers, 64-67.
13. NYT, Jan. 22, 1920.
14. NYT, Jan. 27, 1920.
15. Look, May 31, 1955.
16. JEH to Palmer, Jan. 28, 1920.
17. JEH to Caminetti, Feb. 2 and April 6, 1920.
18. JEH to Burke, Feb. 21, 1920; Preston, Aliens, 210.
19. Ibid.
20. Post, Deportation, 16.
21. NYT, April 25, 1920.
22. JEH to Palmer, May 25, 1920.
23. Twelve Lawyers, 1.
24. Coben, Palmer, 230.
25. JEH to Churchill, Jan. 23 and May 13, 1920; Donald Oscar Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedom: World War I and the Rise of the American Civil Liberties Union. Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1963), 159.
26. NYT, June 2, 1920.
27. Palmer testimony, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Illegal Practices, 73-75.
28. Palmer statement, House Rules Committee, June 1-2, 1920, 1-209.
29. Judge George W. Anderson, in Colyer et al. v. Skeffington, District Court, Mass., June 23, 1920.
30. JEH memo re General Intelligence Division, Oct. 5, 1920; Church, vol. 6, 551-53; Church, bk. III, 386-87.
31. Palmer testimony, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Illegal Practices, 582.
32. Francis Russell, The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding in His Times (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), jacket.
33. Draper, Roots, 205.
34. Spolansky, Communist, 16.
35. Fred J. Cook, The FBI N
obody Knows (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 113.
36. Ibid., 115.
CHAPTER 9: The Department of Easy Virtue (Pages 109-23)
1. NYT, Sept. 5, 1971.
2. Harry and Bonaro Overstreet, The FBI in Our Open Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 24.
3. Ibid., 25.
4. Lowenthal, Federal, 6.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 7.
7. Ibid., 11.
8. Ibid., 8.
9. Russell, Shadow, 516.
10. William J. Burns testimony, House Appropriations Subcommittee, Nov. 16, 1922.
11. Demaris, Director, 6.
12. Ibid., 7.
13. Russell, Shadow, 518.
14. Cook, FBI, 131-32.
15. Whitehead, FBI Story, 57.
16. Lowenthal, Federal, 365.
17. Burton K. Wheeler and Paul F. Healy, Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-Born U.S. Senator from Montana (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), 234.
18. Samuel Hopkins Adams, The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Harding (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939), 330.
19. Wheeler, Yankee, 228.
20. Ibid., 234-35.
21. Ibid., 241.
22. Ibid., 239.
23. Ibid., 230.
CHAPTER 10: The Director (Pages 124-44)
1. Alpheus Thomas Mason, Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law (New York: Viking Press, 1956), 147-49.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 150.
4. Stone to Dean Young B. Smith, Columbia Univ.; Whitehead, FBI Story, 71.
5. Ibid., 66-67.
6. Michael Medved, The Shadow Presidents: The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides (New York: Times Books, 1979), 185.
7. Edward Tamm interview.
8. Mason, Stone, 150.
9. Stone to Smith, Dec. 10, 1924; Whitehead, FBI Story, 71.
10. Mason, Stone, 150; New York World, May 10, 1924.
11. NYT, May 10, 1924.
12. Whitehead, FBI Story, 67.
13. Stone to Alexander, Sept. 21, 1937; Mason, Stone, 150.
14. Washington Herald, May 16, 1924.
15. Stone to JEH, May 13, 1924.
16. JEH to Stone, May 16, 1924.
17. Louis Nichols to Mason, Sept. 9, 1950; Mason, Stone, 152.
18. JEH to SACs, July 1, 1924; Whitehead, FBI Story, 69.
19. JEH to SACs, May 1925; Whitehead, FBI Story, 70.
20. Thomas McDade, Charles Appel, and Edward Tamm interviews.
21. Corey Ford, Donovan of the OSS (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 71.
22. Steward Alsop and Thomas Braden, Sub Rosa: The OSS and American Espionage (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1948), 17; Stanley P. Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 177.
23. Ramsey Clark interview.
24. JEH to William J. Donovan, Oct. 18, 1924.
25. Roger Baldwin interview.
26. “They Never Stopped Watching Us: A Conversation between Roger Baldwin and Alan F. Westin,” CLR Nov./Dec. 1977.
27. CLR, Nov./Dec. 1977.
28. Baldwin interview.
29. CLR, Nov./Dec. 1977.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. WP, June 19, 1977; SFX, June 19, 1977.
33. Ibid.
34. Baldwin interview.
35. CLR, Nov./Dec. 1977.
36. Stone to Alexander, Sept. 21, 1937.
37. Mason, Stone, 179.
38. OC no. 30.
39. WS, Dec. 29, 1924.
40. Literary Digest, Jan. 24, 1925.
CHAPTER 11: “This Is the Last Straw, Edgar.” (Pages 145-53)
1. Mason, Stone, 183.
2. Ralstone R. Irving, as quoted in Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982), 97.
3. Richard Dunlop, Donovan: America’s Master Spy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1982), 162.
4. De Toledano, Hoover, 94.
5. Dunlop, Donovan, 163.
6. The Lowering Clouds, vol. 3 of The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974), 88-89.
7. Dunlop, Donovan, 163.
8. Ford, OSS, 216.
9. Dunlop, Donovan, 168.
10. Former Hoover aide.
11. Edward Tamm interview.
12. Leon G. Turrou, Where My Shadow Falls: Two Decades of Crime Detection (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1949), 109.
13. Ibid., 114.
14. George Waller, Kidnap: The Story of the Lindbergh Case (New York: Dial Press, 1961), 125.
15. Hoover, Persons, 277.
16. Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 25, 1965.
17. Dunlop, Donovan, 166.
18. Jeffrey M. Dorwart, Conflict of Duty: The U.S. Navy’s Intelligence Dilemma, 1919-1945 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1983), 3.
19. NYT, March 1, 1933.
CHAPTER 12: A Stay of Execution (Pages 154-63)
1. NYT, March 3, 1933.
2. De Toledano, Hoover, 99; Whitehead, FBI Story, 90.
3. Schlesinger, Crisis, 2.
4. Joseph Kraft, Profiles in Power: A Washington Insight (New York: American Library, 1967), 131.
5. New Republic, March 11, 1940; Rep. J. J. McSwain to FDR, July 25, 1933.
6. McSwain to FDR, July 25, 1933.
7. Wheeler, Yankee, 243.
8. William Sullivan interview.
9. Mason, Stone, 152.
10. Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928-1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), 129.
11. Raymond Moley, After Seven Years (New York: Harper, 1939), 274-75.
12. NYT, July 30, 1933.
13. Newsweek, Aug. 22, 1933.
14. Collier’s, Aug. 19, 1933.
15. Washington Herald, Aug. 28, 1933; Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Free Press, 1987), 185.
16. WP, Feb. 25, 1968.
17. Former Hoover aide.
18. The First Thousand Days, vol. 1 of The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 30.
19. Medved, Shadow, 192.
20. Ickes, Days, 30.
21. Turrou, Shadow, 122.
22. Ibid., 123.
23. NYT, Sept. 20, 1934.
24. Turrou, Shadow, 124.
25. Ibid., 125.
26. Turrou memo, Sept. 21, 1934.
27. Turrou, Shadow, 127.
28. ABC/TV News, Sept. 9, 1981.
29. Ibid.
30. JEH memo, Sept. 24, 1934.
31. Hugh H. Clegg memo, Sept. 24, 1934.
32. SFX, June 6, 1982.
33. Demaris, Director, 62.
34. Ibid., 61.
CHAPTER 13: The Rise and Fall of Public Hero Number One (Pages 167-77)
1. Whitehead, FBI Story, 107.
2. John Toland, The Dillinger Days (New York: Random House, 1963), 197.
3. JEH address before International Association of Chiefs of Police, Chicago, July 31, 1933.
