1 Jul. 1996 David Omand becomes Director of GCHQ, taking over from John Adye
1996 RAF Pergamos closes
1 Jan. 1997 Corporate Communications Unit created
16 Jan. 1997 GCHQ relaxes regulation on the employment of gays and lesbians
1 Apr. 1997 CESG moves to cost recovery and completes restructuring
28 Apr. 1997 XV249, the Nimrod R1 replacement for XW666, becomes operational
15 May 1997 Robin Cook announces the end of the GCHQ trade union ban
Oct. 1997 NSA station at Edzell in Scotland which focused on Soviet naval traffic is closed
Jan. 1998 Kevin Tebbit becomes Director of GCHQ, taking over from David Omand
Jun. 1998 Lead 21 management training scheme begins
Jul. 1998 Francis Richards becomes Director of GCHQ, taking over from Kevin Tebbit
4 Jan. 1999 Richard Walton becomes Director of CESG, taking over from Andrew Saunders
1999 GCHQ station at Culmhead in Somerset closed, functions transferred to Scarborough
1999 Speech Research Unit privatised
Sept. 1999 Cabinet Secretary asks Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Burton to review GCHQ
Jan. 2000 GCHQ assists NSA during its major computer failure
2000 Burton review completed, focusing on cost overruns on new accommodation
Jul. 2000 Brian Paterson from GCHQ develops Government Technical Assistance Centre (GTAC)
13 Mar. 2001 Geoffrey Prime released from Rochester Prison on parole
12 Sept. 2001 Directors of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ fly to Washington
2002 Huw Rees becomes Director of CESG, taking over from Richard Walton
2 Jun. 2002 JTAC begins operations in the MI5 headquarters at Thames House
3 Mar. 2003 Observer publishes NSA document on the monitoring of UN delegations
20 Mar. 2003 Iraq War begins with targeted strike against Saddam Hussein
Apr. 2003 Dr David Pepper becomes Director of GCHQ, taking over from Francis Richards
16 Jul. 2003 National Audit Office publishes report on new accommodation IT cost
Jul. 2003 Scarus manpack sigint equipment arrives in Afghanistan
17 Sept. 2003 Staff begin to move into ‘the Doughnut’
14 Nov. 2003 Katharine Gun charged under Official Secrets Act on UN revelations
Feb. 2004 Katharine Gun acquitted
May 2004 Move to new accommodation completed
Sept. 2005 John Widdowson becomes Director of CESG, taking over from Huw Rees
Oct. 2005 Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research set up at University of Bristol
Apr. 2006 NTAC (formerly GTAC) transferred from Home Office to GCHQ
30 Jul. 2008 Iain Lobban becomes Director of GCHQ, taking over from Dr David Pepper
Aug. 2008 Intercept Modernisation Programme announced
10 Mar. 2010 Cyber Security Operations Centre opens
Appendix 3 – GCHO Organisation in 1946
Appendix 4 – GCHO Organisation in 1970
Appendix 5 – GCHO Organisation in 1998
Notes
Abbreviations
ACAS(I)—Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence)
ACSI—Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence [American]
AFSA—Armed Forces Security Agency [American]
AWM—Australian War Memorial
BAFB—Bollings Air Force Base, Washington DC
BDEE—British Documents on End of Empire
BGS Int—Brigadier General Staff Intelligence, the senior Army intelligence officer
BJSM—British Joint Services Mission, Washington
BL—British Library
BLPES—British Library of Political and Economic Science
BNS—Briefing Notes Subseries (NSC)
BOD—Bodleian Library
BRO—Brotherton Library
BUL—Birmingham University Library
CAFH—Center for Air Force History, Bollings Air Force Base
CAS—Chief of the Air Staff
CCC—Churchill College, Cambridge
C/GSPS—Controller, Government Signals Planning Staff
CIG—Central Intelligence Group, regional function subset of the JIC
CIGS—Chief of the Imperial General Staff
CNA—Canadian National Archives
CNO—Chief of Naval Operations [American]
CNS—Chief of the Naval Staff
COS—Chiefs of Staff
CPB—Cypher Policy Board, succeeded by LCSA
CSC—Cabinet Security Committee
CTSD—Communications Technical Services Department
CWIHP—Cold War International History Project
DA—GCHQ Director of Administration – 1990s successor to PEO
DCI—Director of Central Intelligence, the head of the CIA
DDEL—Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas
DDRS—Declassified Document Reference System
D/GCHQ—Director of GCHQ
DMI—Director of Military Intelligence
DNI—Director of Naval Intelligence
D of I—USAF Director of Intelligence
DPS—GCHQ Difficult Post Supplement – where discomfort and hazard is involved
DSI—Director of Scientific Intelligence
DSSS—Defence Secure Speech System – satellite-based 1970s
DSTI—Director of Scientific and Technical Intelligence (MoD)
FAOHP—Foreign Affairs Oral History Programme
FECOM—Far Eastern Command [American]
FOIA—Document obtained by Freedom of Information Act
FRUS—Foreign Relations of the United States
GCHQ-UR—GCHQ union records at WMRC
GCSF—Government Communications Staff Federation, which replaced unions in 1984
GSPS—Government Signals Planning Staff
HL—Hartley Library, University of Southampton
HoC—House of Commons
HQSBAA—HQ Sovereign Base Area Administration, Episkopi, Cyprus
HSTL—Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri
IC—Cabinet Office Intelligence Coordinator
IJICI—International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence
I∂NS—Intelligence and National Security
INSCOM—Intelligence and Security Command [American]
IOLR—India Office Library and Records, Blackfriars, London, now held at the British Library
IWM—Imperial War Museum
J.—Journal
JCS—Joint Chiefs of Staff [American]
JFKL—John F. Kennedy Library, Boston
JIB—Joint Intelligence Bureau
JTLS—Joint Technical Language Service
LBJL—Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas
LC—Library of Congress
LHCMA—Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College London
LL—Lauinger Library, Georgetown University
LSIB—London Signals Intelligence Board
LSIC—London Signals Intelligence Committee
MI8—Military Intelligence section dealing with signals intelligence
MoS—Ministry of Supply files
NAA—National Archives of Australia
NARA—National Archives and Record Administration, Washington DC
NMLH—National Museum of Labour History, Manchester
NPM—Nixon Presidential Materials at College Park, now moved to the Nixon Library
NSG—Naval Security Group [American]
NY—New York
OAB, WNY—Operational Archives Branch, Washington Navy Yard
OR—Office of Intelligence and Research in the State Department
OSANSA—Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs
OTHR—Over the horizon radar or ionospheric reflection radar
PFIAB—President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board [American]
POF—President’s Official File
PS/SAS�
�Presidential Subseries, Special Assistant Series, DDEL
PSF—President’s Secretaries Files
PUSD—Permanent Under-Secretary’s Department
RG—Record Group of the US National Archives and Canadian National Archives
RNSM—Royal Naval Submarine Museum, Gosport
RSI (CWP)—Review of Service Intelligence (Civilianisation Working Party)
RSM—Royal Signals Museum, Blandford Forum
SAC—US Air Force Strategic Air Command
SACMED—Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean
SAM—Surface to Air Missile
SCARL—Signals Command Air Radio Laboratory, RAF Watton
SD—State Department [American]
SPDR—Strategic Plans Division Records
TC/LSIC—Technical Committee of London Signals Intelligence Committee
USCIB—US Communications Intelligence Board
USMHI—US Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks
USNOA—US Navy Operational Archive, Navy Yard, Washington DC
WHO—White House Office
WMRC—Warwick Modern Records Centre
W/T—Wireless Telegraphy
Introduction: GCHQ – The Last Secret?
1 HC Deb 55, 107, 27.02.84, pp.37-8.
2 There are no books devoted to GCHQ’s post-war history, although in 1986 Nigel West provided an excellent overview of British code-breaking in the twentieth century in his book GCHQ.
3 MacEachin, The Final Months of War with Japan; www.cia.gov/library/publications/index.html.
4 Andrew, ‘Intelligence and International Relations’, pp.321-3.
5 Important writings about GCHQ are submerged within wider accounts. See in particular: Aid, Secret Sentry; Bamford, The Puzzle Palace; Richelson and Ball, Ties that Bind; Campbell, Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier; Smith, The Ultra-Magic Deals and Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia. Important episodes have also been recounted by Stafford in Beneath Berlin and Urban, UK Eyes Alpha. Seminal articles include Andrew, ‘The Growth of the Australian Intelligence Community’ and ‘The Making of the Anglo-American SIGINT Alliance’, together with Easter, ‘GCHQ’ and Rudner, ‘Betwixt and Between’.
6 HC Deb, 11.10.04, Col 51W.
7 Nicholas Henderson interview, British Diplomatic Oral History project, CCC.
8 Entries for 1.04.74, 5.02.76 and 18.02.76, Donoughue, Downing Street Diaries, pp.85, 656, 670.
9 Young, The Labour Governments, 1964-70, p.15.
10 S.I. Khrushchev, ‘My Father Nikita’s Downfall’, 14.11.88, Time.
11 RFE Background Report, ‘Vukmanovic Describes His Last Meeting with Khrushchev: How Rankovic “Bugged” Tito’s Bedroom’, by Slovan Stankovic, 25.01.71, 79-4-239, Open Society Archives.
12 Heath, The Course of My Life, p.493.
13 Entry for 5.11.01, Campbell, The Blair Years, p.577.
14 Lewis, Changing Direction, pp.178-241.
15 Bruce Schneier, ‘NSA and Bush’s Illegal Eavesdropping’, 20.12.05, http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/12/nsa_and_bushs_i.html.
THE 1940s: BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND
Chapter 1: Schooldays
1 Kipling, ‘Wireless’, p.238.
2 Ibid., pp.238-9.
3 Vincent, Culture of Secrecy, pp.26-31; Smith, Spying Game, pp.43-5.
4 Smith, Spying Game, pp.257-8.
5 Andrew, Secret Service, pp.108-13.
6 Ibid., pp.259-60; Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, p.54.
7 Vincent, Culture of Secrecy, p.207.
8 Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p.9.
9 Smith, Spying Game, p.261.
10 Ball and Horner, Breaking the Code, p.179; Andrew, Secret Service, pp.331-3.
11 Paterson, Voices, p.30.
12 Erskine and Freeman, ‘Brigadier John Tiltman’, pp.294-6.
13 Best, British Intelligence and the Japanese Challenge, pp.56-7.
14 Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p.5.
15 Paterson, Voices, p.31.
16 Ratcliff, Delusions of Intelligence, p.11.
17 Sebag-Montefiore, The Battle for the Code, p.10.
18 Smith, Station X, p.5.
19 Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p.13.
20 Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p.12.
21 Diary entries, 04.11.39 and 05.11.39, Cadogan diary, ACAD 1/8, 1939, Cadogan papers, CCC.
22 Bennett, Morton, pp.210-12.
23 Ibid. p.248.
24 Diary entry, 14.03.41, Cadogan diary, ACAD 1/10 1941, Cadogan papers, CCC.
25 Bennett, Morton, p.267. These matters were delegated to Peter Loxley, his private secretary.
26 Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, pp.13, 19.
27 Bennett, Morton, p.252.
28 Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, pp.188-9.
29 Grey and Sturdy, ‘A Chaos that Worked’, pp.47-50.
30 Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, pp.68-75.
31 Lewin, Ultra, pp.30-61.
32 Entry for 11.01.41, ACAD 1/10, 1941, Cadogan papers, CCC.
33 Smith, Station X, p.78.
34 Davies, ‘GC&CS and Institution-Building in Sigint’, pp.397-9.
35 Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, pp.73-5.
36 The idea came from Gordon Welchman; see Milner-Barry, ‘Action This Day’, pp.272-6.
37 Smith, Spying Game, pp.283-4.
38 Grey and Sturdy, ‘Reorganisation’, pp.311-13.
39 Davies, ‘GC&CS and Institution-Building in Sigint’, pp.397-9.
40 Loehnis to Beesly, 10.08.80, MLBE, CCC.
41 The pre-eminent account is Gannon, Colossus.
42 42 Clark, The Man Who Broke Purple, pp.119-21.
Chapter 2: Friends and Allies
1 Chapter VIII, ‘The Russian Liaison’, HW 3/101.
2 Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol.II, pp.618-19.
3 DMI memo, ‘Expansion of “Y” Service in India’, 29.10.41, L/WS/1/897, IOLR.
4 Ball and Horner, Breaking the Code, p.183.
5 Aldrich, War Against Japan, pp.164-5.
6 Loehnis to Denniston (D/GCandCS), 06.10.39, HW 14/1; Memo by MGM, ‘Russian Navy – Y Investigation’, 01.10.39, ibid.
7 GC&CS History, ‘Russian Naval’, HW 3/151.
8 GC&CS memo, 14.01.40, HW 14/3.
9 Erskine and Freeman, ‘Brigadier John Tiltman’, p.299.
10 GC&CS History, ‘Russian Naval’, HW 3/151.
11 Ibid.
12 Hinsley, British Intelligence, Vol.I, pp.438-40.
13 Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, pp.281-3.
14 Chapter VIII, ‘The Russian Liaison’, HW 3/101.
15 Scott-Farnie memo, ‘Y Liaison Visit to Russia’, 03.10.41, HW 34/23.
16 Chapter VIII, ‘The Russian Liaison’, HW 3/101.
17 Cooper (RAF Section GCC) to Blandy (DDSY), 03.10.41, HW 34/23.
18 Chapter VIII, ‘The Russian Liaison’, HW 3/101.
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