Locke, John (1632 – 1704): English empiricist philosopher; wrote Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690), 232, 334, 838
Lodge Reservation: proposed amendment to Charter of the League of Nations that required Congressional approval before complying with a League request for military action, 410
Lombardy: province of Italy, 158 – 9, 182 – 3, 470, 561, 750, 777
Long War (1914 – 1990): epochal war fought to determine whether the nineteenth century imperial constitutional order would be replaced by nation-states governed by communism, fascism, or parliamentarianism, 7, 15, 19, 24 – 5, 27, 31 – 3, 36 – 7, 41, 43, 45, 47 – 51, 53 – 6, 58 – 64, 110, 120, 202, 208, 211, 213, 215 – 20, 223 – 4, 227 – 8, 235, 238, 243, 245 – 6, 249, 254, 257, 274 – 7, 280 – 1, 288, 292 – 4, 304, 307, 310, 318, 329, 331, 333, 35 – 7, 346, 354 – 7, 361, 385, 387, 395, 400, 404, 467 – 8, 471, 476, 584, 609 – 11, 614, 629, 631 – 2, 635 – 6, 638 – 42, 652 – 53, 655, 660 – 1, 663, 665, 675 – 9, 681 – 2, 686 – 7, 695, 698, 701, 704 – 5, 713,719 – 20, 741, 773, 776, 778, 781, 793, 796, 802, 804 – 5, 811, 813, 815, 820, 826
Louis XIV (1638 – 1715): king of France (1643 – 1715), 117, 121 – 2, 124, 134, 141, 142, 155, 334, 346, 502, 508, 520, 523, 541, 838 – 9
Luttwak, Edward, 318, 851
Lynn, John, 69, 152, 172, 204, 836 – 7, 842, 852
Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469 – 1527): Italian diplomat and political philosopher; wrote Discourses on Livy (1518), The Art of War (1521), The Prince (1532), 80, 85 – 8, 90 – 1, 94, 102, 116, 142, 278, 334, 486, 499, 511, 594, 829, 832, 836 – 8, 852 – 3, 893, 896, 898
Madison, James (1751 – 1836): U.S. president (1809 – 1817); a principal author (with Hamilton) of the Federalist Papers, 151, 177, 229, 855
managerial market-state: seeks power through its hegemony within a regional economic zone, 283 – 4, 287, 289, 309, 336 – 7
Mancias, Peter, 335, 837, 845, 852, 896
Mao Tse-tung (also Mao Zedong) (1893 – 1976): Chinese Communist revolutionary; Chinese head of state (1949 – 1959); de facto head of government of China (1949 – 1976), 51, 332, 834
Maria Theresa (1717 – 1780): Austrian-Bohemian-Hungarian-Polish queen, 122, 135
market-state: the emerging constitutional order that promises to maximize the opportunity of its people, tending to privatize many state activities and making representative government more responsive to the market, 17, 211, 213, 217, 222, 224, 228 – 42, 283 –94, 296, 302 – 9, 311, 313, 315 – 6, 318, 320 – 1, 323 – 8, 330 – 1, 336 – 41, 344, 346 – 7, 362 – 3, 366, 368, 370, 484, 571, 638 – 9, 661, 665, 668 – 76, 688 – 91, 694, 696 – 7, 701 – 2, 704, 706, 709, 712, 714 – 6, 720 – 2, 740, 744, 749 – 51, 753, 766, 768, 770 – 1, 776 – 7, 779, 781 – 2, 784 – 7, 792 –3, 796 – 7, 799 – 802, 806 – 7, 813 – 15, 820, 821, 827 – 7, 846, 853, 863, 868, 883
Marlowe, Chri stopher (1564 – 1593): English dramatist and poet, 94, 837, 896
Marshall Plan: U.S. program of reconstruction for Britain, France, Germany, and other Western European states following World War II, 50, 282, 631, 653, 655
Maurice of Nassau (Maurice of Orange) (1567 – 1625): Dutch military and political leader, 98 – 100, 114 – 15, 188, 510 – 12, 829, 837
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules (1602 – 1661): French (Italian-born) Catholic clergyman, diplomat, and politician; chief minister of France (1642 – 1661); negotiated Peace of Pyrenees (1659), 121 – 3, 125, 503, 866
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1927– ): Polish prime minister (1989 – 1990); sent to Yugoslavia as U.N. observer (1993), 434 – 6, 438, 451, 859
McCaffrey, Barry, 457
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): foundation case for doctrinal argument in American constitutional law, 536
McDougal, Myres, 649 – 52, 656 – 7, 661, 878 – 80, 896
McNeill, William, 101, 709, 835, 837, 884, 896
Mearsheimer, John, 264, 847, 897
Media, 46, 58, 225, 230, 236, 239, 255, 289, 315, 325, 416, 418, 427 – 30, 436, 438, 446, 450, 466, 619, 628, 639, 645, 670 – 1, 696, 711 – 12, 720, 729, 765, 783 – 5, 806, 845
Medici, Lorenzo de (Lorenzo the Magnificent) (1449 – 1492): de facto ruler of Florence (1469 – 1492), 90
Meiji Restoration (1868): restored Japanese Meiji emperor to power and led to the period of national consolidation and assertiveness coinciding with his reign (1868 – 1912), 42
mercantile market-state: seeks market share in order to gain relative dominance in international affairs, 289, 292 – 3, 309, 722, 766 – 8
mercenary forces, 91, 97, 106, 114, 118, 303, 331, 803
meritocracy: society that advances the talented on the basis of their achievements, 231 – 2, 290, 539, 796
Metternich, Klemens, Prince von (1773 – 1859): Austrian diplomat, politician; foreign minister (1809 – 1848); represented Austria at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160 – 2, 164 – 72, 385, 541, 546 – 8, 551, 555 – 6, 559 – 62, 869 – 70, 897
Mezes, Sidney, 371, 399
Mihailovic, Draza (1893 – 1946): Yugoslav partisan leader during World War II, 417 – 18
Milosevic, Slobodan (1941-): president of Serbia (1989 – 1997); president of Yugoslavia (1997 – 2000); indicted by Hague tribunal for crimes against humanity (1999), 13, 319, 326, 416, 418, 419 – 20, 422 – 3, 429 – 30, 432 – 3, 440, 444, 446, 449 – 50, 463, 639, 697, 859, 861
Milton, John (1608 – 1674): English poet, 3, 116, 838
missile defense, 252, 278, 313, 318, 328, 329, 619, 685, 687, 689 – 90, 720, 732, 814 – 15, 821, 852, 882, 891
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), 312, 688, 760
Mitchell, William (Billy) (1879 – 1936): U.S. (French-born) general; outspoken advocate for air power, 325
Mladic, General Ratko (1943– ): Yugoslav general; leader of Serbian forces in Bosnia (1992 – 1995), 450
Mogadishu Line (“crossing the”): a phrase alluding to the U.N. experience in Somalia when a mission that began as neutral peacekeeping led to involvement in a factional war, 445, 862
molecular biology, 232, 709
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf von (1800 – 1891): Prussian field-marshal; victorious in Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars, 185 – 7, 189 – 90, 192 – 3, 195 – 7, 200, 202, 382
Mondale, Walter (1928– ): U.S. vice president (1977 – 1981), 10
Monroe Doctrine (1823): U.S. call for end to European intervention in the Americas, 355
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689 – 1755): French lawyer and political philosopher; wrote The Spirit of the Laws (1748), 357, 839, 853, 897
Montevideo Convention: multilateral treaty that provides test for state recognition, 202, 339
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1927- ): U.S. diplomat, politician, and political scientist, 379, 476, 854, 877, 897
multipolarity: condition of global political environment with more than two superpower nuclear arsenals, 15, 680 – 1, 683–4, 687 – 8
Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea (Il Duce) (1883 – 1945): Italian dictator and Fascist politician, 37 – 8,40, 361, 471, 601
Nagy, Imre (1896 – 1958): Hungarian prime minister (1953 – 1955, 1956); attempted to liberalize Hungarian communist state, 53, 834
Napoleon I (also Bonaparte, Napoleon) (1769 – 1821): French (Corsican-born) general and dictator; first consul (1799 – 1804); emperor (1804 – 1815), 482, 538, 541, 544, 546 – 8, 552, 554 – 7, 559 – 64, 577, 613, 676, 783, 839 – 40, 852, 869, 877, 896
Napoleon, Louis (Napoleon III) (1808 – 1873): French president (1848 – 1852); emperor (1852 – 1870), 179 – 83, 198 – 200
Napoleonic Wars, 146, 174, 319, 334, 842, 893
nation-state: dominant constitutional order of twentieth century; promised to improve material welfare of its people, 144 – 204, 468 – 77
Nesselrode, Karl Robert Vasilyevich, Graf (1780 –1862): German-Russian (Portugese-born) diplomat; Russian foreign minister (1822 – 1856); Russian imperial chancellor (1845 – 186
2), 166, 561, 841, 869
Neumann, John von (1903 – 1957): U.S. (Hungarian-born) mathematician; developed game theory, 243, 848
New Economic Policy (NEP): popular Leninist reform that ended requisitioning, legalized private trade, and abandoned the semi-militarization of labor, 29, 615, 832
New Evangelism, 246, 258, 265, 268, 274, 278
New Internationalism, 246, 253 – 5, 258, 274, 277, 847, 891
New Leadership, 246, 270 – 2, 274
New Nationalism, 246, 251, 253, 255, 258, 274, 277 – 8, 846
New Realism, 246, 258, 260, 263, 274
New World Order, 243, 279, 407, 476, 662, 847, 854, 877, 882
Nitze, Paul (1907– ): U.S. public official, the principal author of NSC-68, a secret state paper that provided the strategic plan for the defeat of communism through containment, 57, 654
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 234, 236, 264, 337, 338 – 9, 363, 437, 645, 675, 736, 739,748
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 247 – 8, 253, 264, 628, 752, 782
North Atlantic Council: NATO governing body, 310,468
North Viet Nam, 8, 9, 58 – 9
Northern Ireland, 448, 465, 598, 815
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT): multilateral treaty pledging nonnuclear-weapon powers to abstain from developing nuclear weapons and nuclear-weapon powers to assist in the development of nuclear energy (1968), 255, 312, 686, 759 – 60
nuclear proliferation, 218, 268, 289, 677, 679, 681 – 7, 689, 713, 726, 745, 759, 882, 891
nuclear weapons, 12 – 16, 48 – 50, 52, 52 – 56, 59, 196, 206, 208, 216 – 19, 235, 252 – 3, 263, 278, 294, 305 – 8, 311 – 12, 315, 329, 347, 394, 620 – 1, 629 – 30, 634, 654, 676 – 91, 694, 704, 717, 726, 728, 733, 745 – 7, 756, 760, 811, 847, 882, 900
Nunn-Lugar program: a U.S. statute providing for the peaceful dismantling of Russian nuclear weapons, 305
Nuremberg trials (1945 – 1946): proceedings against Nazi war criminals, 5, 356, 451, 594
Nussbaum, Arthur, 496, 498, 532, 853, 865, 868 – 9, 871, 897
Odom, William, 270 – 1, 848
Ogarkov, Nikolai, 294
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman, Count of (1587 – 1645): Spanish (Italian-born) political leader; chief minister (1625 – 1643) under Philip IV, 108, 111, 115, 278 – 9, 831, 892
Open Markets Committee: group with the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank devoted to interest rate deliberations, 229
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): international organization established during thecold war (1973) to promote East-West cooperation; 256, 270, 446, 468
Organization of African Unity: established (1963) to promote unity and development, 267
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele (1860 – 1952): Italian diplomat and politician; Italian prime minister (1917 – 1919), 406, 409, 578, 848
Ottoman Empire: founded in late thirteenth century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia; dissolved in 1918; included modern Turkey, Bulgaria, Rumania, and parts of Yugoslavia, Greece and the Near East, 120, 181 – 2, 184, 468, 872, 880
Owen, Lord David Anthony Llewellyn (1938- ): British diplomat and politician; British foreign secretary (1977 – 1979); as E.C. envoy to Yugoslavia, codeveloper of Vance-Owen plan, 423, 443,445, 448, 457, 462, 464, 861 – 2, 897
Oxenstierna, Axel Gustafsson, Count (1583 – 1654): Swedish diplomat and political figure, 112 – 14, 504, 512, 517, 866
Oxenstierna, Johan (1611–1654): Swedish representative at Westphalia, 503
Palestine, 78, 763, 780, 801
Palmerston, 3rd Viscount (Henry John Temple) (1784 – 1865): English political leader; prime minister (1855 – 1858, 1859 – 1865); negotiated Quadruple Alliance among Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal (1834), 172, 181, 183, 191, 251
Pan American Pact, 384
Paret, Peter, 152, 155, 832, 835 – 7, 839 – 40, 843, 869, 891, 893, 897 – 9
Parker, Geoffrey, 69 – 73, 93, 152, 336, 831, 835 – 9, 842, 852, 867, 891, 893, 897
parliamentarianism, 26 – 7, 29, 31, 35, 38 – 9, 53, 58, 201, 215, 384, 571, 593 – 5, 598 – 600, 605, 607 – 8, 611, 635, 675, 781, 811, 831
Parrott, David, 69, 71 – 3, 174
Peace of Augsburg (1555): ratified the vic-tory of the princely state and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, 106, 109, 120, 344, 486 – 93, 501, 504 – 6, 514, 864
Peace of Paris (1763): 133, 556, 571, 610, 612, 626, 628, 635 – 39, 663, 676, 680, 762, 776, 802, 874
Peace of Paris (1990): ratified the triumph of the parliamentary nation-state; ended the Long War of the twentieth century, includes Charter of Paris, Moscow and Copenhagen Declaration, 24, 61, 821
Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), 22, 520
Peace of Utrecht (1713): ended the War of the Spanish Succession; ratified the pre-eminence of the territorial state, 129, 131, 344, 520, 522, 526, 537, 550
Peace of Versailles (1919): ended the First World War; ratified the triumph of the nation-state, 31 – 41, 43, 200, 378, 400, 404, 406, 409 – 10, 417, 433, 449
Peace of Westphalia (1648): ended the Thirty Years' War and ratified the success of the secular, absolutist forms of the kingly state that had superseded the sectarian, dynastically plural forms of the princely state, 17, 22, 25, 54, 95, 107, 116 – 17, 119 – 20, 122, 125, 127, 134, 158, 336, 344, 495, 501 – 9, 511 – 517, 519 – 20, 523, 526, 536, 540, 571, 574 – 5, 579, 637, 777, 805, 863, 865 – 6
Peloponnesian Wars (c. 460 B.C. – 404 B.C.): between Athens and Sparta; eventually every Greek state, as well as Sicily and Persia, was drawn into the conflict, 332
Perry, William James (1927– ): U.S. secretary of defense (1994 – 1997), 298, 310, 375, 830, 849 – 51, 890
Philip Dru: Administrator, 375 – 9, 396, 855, 856, 857
Philip IV (Philip III of Portugal) (1605 – 1665): king of Spain (1621 – 1665), 108, 122, 124, 278
plebiscites, 183, 239
Powell, General Colin (1937– ): U.S. national security advisor (1986 – 1989); Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman (1989 – 1993) during Gulf War; secretary of state (2001– ), 297 – 9, 301, 461, 850 – 1
pragmatic sanction (1713): Holy Roman Emperor CharlesVI's order reserving succession to all Habsburg dominions to his daughter Maria Theresa, in order to ensure the Habsburg territories' continued integrity and prevent a struggle for the succession, 135 – 6
precision air strikes, 318, 851
Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 25, 298
Prijedor, 434, 440 – 2
Princeton University, 266, 367, 370 – 1, 413
proliferation, 15, 218, 253, 255, 262 – 3, 267 – 8, 289, 292, 306, 309, 311 – 12, 329 – 30, 338, 677, 679, 681 – 90, 713, 720, 726, 736, 745, 759, 772, 778, 802, 815, 820, 882, 891
Prospero Colonna (1452 – 1523): Italian soldier; fought in the Italian Wars and defeated the French at La Bicocca (1522), 482
proxy forces, 318
Prussia, 25, 72, 90, 119, 130, 133 – 8, 141 – 2, 147 – 51, 155, 157, 159, 165 – 7, 171, 178, 181, 184 – 6, 190 – 5, 197 – 204, 482, 505, 526, 531, 537, 539 – 40, 542, 546, 552 – 4, 556 – 7, 559 – 61, 563, 583, 602, 831, 839, 867, 869
Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632 – 1694): philosopher and theorist of international relations, 518 – 19, 529, 531 – 34, 585, 867
Punic Wars (264 B.C. – 241 B.C.): First Punic War, 218 – 202 B.C.; Second Punic War, 149 – 146 B.C.; Third Punic War, fought between Rome and Carthage, 355, 830
Quadruple Alliance (1814, renewed 1815): coalition of England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to defeat Napoleonic France and maintain postwar peace, 169, 557 – 8, 564
Quintuple Alliance (1818): formed to admit France into the society of great powers “to protect the arts of peace,” 166
Radich, Stjepan, 417
Ragione di stato, 87, 108, 135 – 6, 499
raison d‘état, 108 – 9, 135 – 6
Randle, Robert, 483, 504, 863 – 4, 866, 868, 872, 898
Reagan, Ronald Wilson
(1911 – ): U.S. president (1981 – 1989), 10, 222, 275, 322, 339, 610 – 11, 615, 619, 626 – 8, 716
reassurance, 11, 14 – 15, 175, 250, 629, 687, 689 – 90, 748
referenda, 238 – 9
Renaissance, 78 – 85, 88 – 9, 92, 107, 116, 334, 346, 358, 417, 479, 798, 825 – 6, 836, 838, 892 – 3, 899
revolution in military affairs (RMA), 153, 294 – 6, 299 – 305, 306 – 7, 318, 796, 813, 849 – 50
THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Page 134
