by Anna Reid
9 Berggolts, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’, Zvezda, 4, April 1991, p. 131 (12 September 1941).
10 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 24.
11 Vera Inber, The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 23–4, 27 (20 and 26 September 1941).
12 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1; pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’, Neva, 1, 1994, pp. 227–31.
13 Harrison Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 304, 336.
14 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 27, pp. 2–4.
15 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 282.
16 Stanislav Bernev and Nikita Lomagin, eds, Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma: Plan ‘D’. The book contains facsimiles of relevant documents from the FSB archive.
17 Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 99.
18 For the dismissal of A. P. Rovinsky of the Red Chemist plant, see RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 22, delo 1643, p. 97. For that of A. I. Volkov, director of the ‘Forward’ plant, see ibid., p. 101. Notes to Pages 150–160
19 RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1137, p. 68.
20 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 26, delo 5760.
21 Inber, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 19 (16 September 1941).
22 Nikita Lomagin, Soldiers at War: German Propaganda and Soviet Army Morale during the Battle of Leningrad 1941–44, Carl Beck Papers, 1306, p. 14.
23 Irina Reznikova (Flige), ‘Repressii v period blokady Leningrada’, Vestnik ‘Memoriala’ 4/5 (10/11), 1995, p. 102.
24 Richard Bidlack, ‘The Political Mood in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, The Russian Review, 59 (January 2000), pp. 102–3.
25 For a vivid description of Moscow’s bolshoi drap, see Rodric Braithwaite, Moscow 1941: A City and its People at War, pp. 244–55.
26 Salisbury, 900 Days, p. 352, and Michael Jones, Leningrad: State of Siege, p. 135.
27 Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 183; RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 55.
28 RGASPI: Fond 558, op.11, yed. khr. 492, p. 60.
29 N. Voronov, ‘V trudnye vremena’, Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal no. 9, 1961, pp. 71–2.
30 RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 64.
31 RGASPI: Fond 77, op. 3, delo 126, p. 9. Also TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 2011, delo 5, pp. 138–40.
32 TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 2011, delo 5, pp. 138–40.
33 RGASPI: Fond 77, op. 4, delo 48, p. 51.
34 See for example a letter from Kuznetsov to Stalin of 8 November 1941. RGASPI: Fond 77, op. 4, delo 48, pp. 51, 54.
35 RGASPI: Fond 77, op. 3, delo 126, p. 24. Also TsAMO: Fond 113a, op. 3272, delo 3, pp. 166–71.
Chapter 8: 125 Grams
1 Marina Starodubtseva (née Yerukhmanova), Krugovorot vremeni i sudby: vospominaniya. The manuscript was written in the late 1970s and is held by the Starodubtsev family. Chapter 7, pp. 506–17, covers the author’s siege experiences.
2 See Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 7, p. 34, and Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941: The Blockade, p. 48.
3 Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, p. 191.
4 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 49. Notes to Pages 161–171
5 Ibid., p. 31.
6 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 348.
7 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, pp. 51–3.
8 Starodubtseva, Krugovorot vremena i sudby: vospominaniya, p. 510.
9 Leningrad oblast ispolkom order of 3 November 1941. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1137, p. 8.
10 Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 20, pp. 188–90.
11 Ibid., pp. 111–12.
12 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 64.
13 Quoted in ibid., p. 66.
14 See the fascinating chapters on the Solovetsky camps in Anne Applebaum’s Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps, pp. 40–72.
15 Vasili Grossman, Life and Fate, p. 465.
16 Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945, p. 188.
17 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 55.
18 Pär Sparén et al., ‘Long Term Mortality after Severe Starvation during the Siege of Leningrad: Prospective Cohort Study’, British Medical Journal 328 (3 January 2004), pp. 11–14.
19 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 120.
20 Ibid., pp. 79–80.
21 Aleksandr Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, p. 78 (29 March 1942).
22 Valentina Gorokhova, in Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, p. 88.
23 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 123. Also see an order of 26 December 1941, signed by Andreyenko, that Academicians be given a special delivery of butter, potted meat or fish, eggs, sugar, grain, chocolate, flour and wine. Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 98, p. 209.
24 Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade p. 274 (20 January 1942).
25 Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege of Leningrad, p. 32.
26 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, pp. 69, 80–81.
27 Protocol 50 of the Leningrad City Party Committee, 9 January 1942. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1149, p. 9.
28 Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 1, pp. 151–2. For more such examples see Protocol 53 of the Leningrad City Party Committee, 25 February 1942. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1149, p. 121.
29 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 73. Notes to Pages 172–189
30 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, pp. 81–2.
31 Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’, Voprosy istorii, 5–6, 1996, p. 24 (4 January 1942).
32 Ibid., p. 3 (30 January 1942). The same ploy was widespread at the institutional level. The Stalin Metal Works, inspectors discovered, had 729 registered workers, but of these 107 had in fact been evacuated, 70 were serving in the army, 21 had been arrested and 124 were dead.
Chapter 9: Falling Down the Funnel
1 Nikolai Gorshkov’s siege diary usefully records daily temperatures. It is included in Bernev and Chemov, eds, Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma: blokadniye dnevniki i dokumenty.
2 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 326.
3 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, pp. 59–60.
4 Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader, pp. 28–9, 50 (15 and 20 September 1941, 1 January 1942).
5 Ibid., pp. 31–2, 35, 37 (8 October, 6 and 7 November 1941).
6 Ibid., pp. 41, 47 (24 November and 16 December 1941).
7 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’, Neva, 1, 1994, pp. 231–9.
8 Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 27.
9 Alexander Dymov, in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 384.
10 Ivan Korotkov, in ibid., p. 45.
11 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 52; Marina Tkacheva, interviewee no. 14, European University at St Petersburg Oral History Project, ‘Blokada v sudbakh i pamyati leningradtsev’.
12 Quoted in an NKVD report to Zhdanov of 13 December 1941. Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 56, p. 252.
13 K. V. Polzikova-Rubyets, 20 January 1942. Quoted in Andrei Dzeniskevich, ‘Banditizm (osobaya kategoriya) v blokirovannom Leningrade’, Istoriya Peterburga, 1, 2001, p. 48.
14 Sofia Pavlova, in Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 182.
15 Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.
16 Elena Kochina, Blockade Diary, pp. 31–55 (16 June, 27 September, 9 October, 26 November, 4 and 13 December 1941).
17 Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 174, p. 411. Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941: The Blockade, p. 123. Notes to Pages 190–206
18 National Archive of the USA. Reports on the situation in the USSR by the Security Police and SD, no. 136. Microfilm T-175/233, ss. 10–20. Given in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, p. 169.
19 Ibid., p. 152 (4 December 1941).
20 Sidney Monas and Jennifer Greene Kupala, eds, The Di
aries of Nikolay Punin, 1904–53, pp. 186, 190–91.
Part 3. Mass Death: Winter 1941–2
Chapter 10: The Ice Road
1 Hockenjos’s unpublished war diary, from which all the following extracts are taken, is with Freiburg’s Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, reference numbers MSG 2/4034, 4035, 4036, 4037, 4038.
2 David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–44, p. 100.
3 A. V. Karasev, Leningradtsy v gody blokady, Moscow, 1959, pp. 132–3.
4 Vasili Churkin, 8 December 1941. Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma, www.militera.lib.ru
5 Paul Carell, Hitler Moves East 1941–1943, Boston, 1963, pp. 269–70. Quoted by Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, p. 106. Pavlov puts the number at 7,000.
6 For a detailed account of the Ice Road’s functioning see Leon Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 205–11.
7 TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 2011, delo 5, pp. 191–4.
8 Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 10, pp. 38–9.
9 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942, pp. 561, 569 (22 and 29 November 1941).
10 Ibid., p. 598.
11 As Halder’s deputy Günther Blumentritt complained to the British historian Basil Liddell Hart after the war: ‘Only the admirals had a happy time in this war. Hitler knew nothing about the sea, whereas he felt he knew all about land warfare.’
12 Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke won the War in the West, p. 64.
Chapter 11: Sleds and Cocoons
1 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 38–9 (1 January 1942).
2 Vasili Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 8, p. 38 (31 December 1941).
3 Yelena Kochina, Blockade Diary, pp. 65–7, 69 (29 December 1941 and 6 January 1942). Notes to Pages 209–219
4 Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941: The Blockade, p. 123.
5 Irina Zelenskaya, ‘Dnevik’, in Kovalchuk, ed, ‘Ya ne sdamsya do poslednego . . .’, p. 10.
6 Vera Kostrovitskaya, April 1942. In Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, pp. 50–51.
7 William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II, p. 196.
8 ‘Dnevnik I. M. Chaiko’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 115.
9 Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, p. 188.
10 NKVD report to Zhdanov, 2 June 1942. Given in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, pp. 320–23. Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, p. 412.
11 For examples of orphans exploited by neighbours see Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, pp. 234, 241, and Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniya, pisma, p. 48 (5 March 1942).
12 Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 210 (January 1942).
13 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, pp. 9–10.
14 Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 40 (2 January 1942).
15 Report to Popkov from the Leningrad military prosecutor, 12 February 1942. Given in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 136, pp. 290–92.
16 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 37–8 (26 December 1941).
17 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 207 (February 1942).
18 Nadezhda Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the Scale of Famine and Death in the Besieged City’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds, Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941–44, pp. 47–8.
19 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokadye’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 207 (11 February 1942).
20 Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World War Two in the Soviet Union, p. 93.
21 Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 8, p. 50 (5 February 1942).
22 Report to Zhdanov and Kuznetsov by Antyufeyev, 5 February 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v. Notes to Pages 220–231
23 Vladimir Garshin, ‘Tam gde smert pomogayet zhizni’, Arkhiv Patologii, vol. 46, no. 5, 1984, p. 84.
24 Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 33 (25 November 1941).
25 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 424, 440.
26 Geraldine Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, p. 252.
27 Aleksandr Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, pp. 25–8 (9 and 10 December 1941).
28 Ibid., p. 56 (12 February 1942).
29 ‘Dnevnik I. M. Chaiko’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 117 (25 March 1943).
30 Nikolai Ribkovsky, in Nataliya Kozlova, ed., Sovetskiye lyudi: stseny iz istorii, pp. 263–4 (15 March 1942).
31 Vera Kostrovitskaya, April 1942. In Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege, pp. 47–52.
32 Nikolai Sokolov, ‘Tyoplaya vanna dlya begemota: zoosad v gody voiny’, Rodina 1, 2003. I. M. Gergilevich, Podvig tvoi bessmerten (1942–1945), unpublished paper.
33 Report by the ‘Burial Affairs’ section of the City Communal Enterprises Management, 5 April 1943. Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 153, pp. 319–43.
34 Sofia Buryakova, in Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege, pp. 100–101.
35 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokadye’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, pp. 202–4 (24 January 1942).
36 Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul, p. 250.
37 Barber and Dzeniskevich, eds, Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44, pp. 1, 63. The Burial Trust report of April 1943 gives what it admits is a ‘far from accurate’ number of 1,093,659 corpses interred in the twelve months to 1 July 1942. This is generally accepted to be a substantial overestimate, driven by the fact that cemetery and corpse collection staff were paid according to productivity.
Chapter 12: ‘We Were Like Stones’
1 Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniya, pisma, pp. 37–9 (17 February 1942).
2 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 11. Pavel Gubchevsky of the Hermitage remembered marvelling at the extravagance of energy and organisation that had gone into pre-war productions at the Philharmonia and the Mariinsky – why had he not gone to concerts and the ballet more often before? Notes to Pages 233–245
3 Aleksandr Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, pp. 41–2 (11–13 January 1942).
4 Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’, Voprosy istorii, 5–7, 1996, part 3, p. 3 (30 January 1942).
5 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, pp. 62–3.
6 Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevik, p. 83 (4 April 1942).
7 Klara Rakhman, 20 December 1941. Unpublished manuscript, in possession of the diarist’s family.
8 Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.
9 Yelena Kochina, Blockade Diary, pp. 86–8 (1, 5 and 7 February 1942).
10 Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, pp. 249–50.
11 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’, Neva, 1, 1994, pp. 242–3.
12 Solomon Volkov, St Petersburg: A Cultural History, p. 437; Leon Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 201.
13 Kochina, Blockade Diary, p. 86 (30 January 1942).
14 Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul, p. 266.
15 Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 238.
16 Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, p. 41 (18 February 1942).
18 Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.
19 Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, p. 58 (13 February 1942).
20 Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 3.
21 Georgi Knyazev, 3 February 1942, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 440.
22 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 50 (14 January 1942).
23 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 474.
24 Mikhail Steblin-Kamensky, ‘The Siege of Leningrad’, Granta 30: New Europe!, April 1990, pp. 183–9. First published in Neva, 1, 1989.
25 Geraldine Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, p. 255.
26 Elliott Mossman, ed., The Correspondence of Olga Freidenberg and Boris Pasternak, 1910–1954, p. 225. Notes to Pages 245–253
27 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 78.
28 Klara Rakhman, unpublished manuscript in possession of the author’s grandson, p. 5 (7 December 1941.)
29 Lev Uspensky, ‘Gordost i lyubov moya’, in G. S. Melnik and G. V. Zhirkov, eds, Radio, blokada, Leningrad, St Petersburg, 2002, pp. 203–4.
30 Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, pp. 54, 72.
31 Ibid., p. 66. There is confusion about when February Diary was first broadcast. In her autobiography of 1952, Berggolts recounts that a last-minute call from the censor prevented its broadcast on Red Army Day itself, and that it was not published in full until May. Other accounts, however, describe the broadcast going ahead as planned. Extracts were certainly published in ‘wall newspapers’ and widely circulated before spring.
32 Aleksandr Rubashkin, Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady, p. 136.
33 See Mikhail Shkarovsky, ‘Iskrenniy privet ot Stalina: religioznaya zhizn blokadnogo Leningrada’, Rodina, 1, 2003, pp. 146–50.
34 Report on the ‘Liquidation of the Archimandrite Klavdi Group’, 1 October 1942. In Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 192, p. 446.
35 Editor’s footnote to Olga Berggolts, Zvezda, 4, April 1991, pp. 128–41 (8 February 1942).
36 Berggolts, Zvezda, 4, April 1991, pp. 128–41 (4 September 1941).
37 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 261, 442.
