The Tragedy of the Templars

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The Tragedy of the Templars Page 38

by Michael Haag


  10 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 276.

  11 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p.163.

  12 Imad al-Din, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 301.

  13 Ibn Zaki, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 189–90.

  14 Ibid., p. 301.

  15 Al-Qadi al-Fadil, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 317.

  16 Imad al-Din, in Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 276.

  17 The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre, in J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text, Ashgate, Aldershot, 1999, p. 64.

  18 The Frankish bezant had the same value as the Syrian gold dinar. Some sources express the ransom figure set by Saladin in dinars, others in bezants, but it amounts to the same thing. Some idea of the purchasing power of the bezant is given by Adrian Boas in Domestic Settings, where he states that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries a small house could be bought for 40 bezants in Cairo, for 80 bezants in Jerusalem and for as little as 25 bezants in Acre. Therefore the charge imposed by Saladin on pilgrims wishing to visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre amounted to anything from about half to an eighth of the value of a house. This iniquity ceased only in 1192 under terms imposed upon Saladin by Richard the Lionheart at the end of the Third Crusade.

  19 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 163.

  20 Imad al-Din, in Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 277.

  Part VI: THE KINGDOM OF ACRE

  20: Recovery

  1 Theoderich, Description of the Holy Places, trans Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London, 1896, vol. 5, p. 59.

  2 Translated from the Arabic of De Goeje’s edition of Ibn Jubayr’s Travels, pp. 302–3, quoted in Makhouly, Guide to Acre, p. 24.

  3 Terricus to Henry II of England, January 1188, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 84.

  4 Al-Maqrizi, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 380.

  5 Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem, p. 238.

  6 Itinerarium, quoted in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 113.

  7 Richard I to William Longchamps, bishop of Ely and Chancellor, from Acre, 6 August 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 90.

  8 Itinerary of Richard I, In Parentheses Publications, York University, Ontario, 2001, p. 163.

  9 Richard I for general circulation, from Jaffa, 1 October 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 91.

  10 Ibn Shaddad, in Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem, p. 285.

  11 Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, ‘Between Cairo and Damascus’, in Levy, ed., The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, p. 515.

  12 Richard I for general circulation, from Jaffa, 1 October 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 91.

  13 Asbridge, The Crusades, p. 460.

  14 Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 3, p. 130.

  15 Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Spider, the Owl and the Historian’, History Today, vol. 51, issue 5, May 2001. Bryer is professor at the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham University.

  16 Runciman, ‘Greece and the Later Crusades’.

  17 Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Spider, the Owl and the Historian’, History Today, vol. 51, issue 5.

  18 Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 3, p. 190.

  19 Al-Kamil, quoted by the chronicler Ibn Wasil, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 271.

  20 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 361.

  21: The Mamelukes

  1 Al-Jahiz, Epistle Concerning the Qualities of the Turk, ninth century, in Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, p. 6.

  2 Ibn Khaldun, in Petry, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p. 242.

  3 Thomas Bérard, Flores Historiarum, in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 157.

  4 Ibn Abd al-Zahir, in Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, p. 42.

  5 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 446.

  6 Hitti, History of Syria, p. 622.

  7 Ibn al-Furat, in Barber, New Knighthood, p. 167.

  8 Gestes des Chiprois, in Barber, The New Knighthood, pp. 241–2.

  9 Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History, p. 206.

  10 Partner, The Murdered Magicians, pp. 34–5.

  22: The Fall of Acre

  1 Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, trans. Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London, 1895, XII, 54–61, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades, pp. 266–7.

  2 Ibn Abd al-Zahir, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 337.

  3 The Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois, in Riley-Smith, ed., The Atlas of the Crusades, p. 102.

  4 Abu al-Feda, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 342.

  5 Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades, p. 268.

  6 Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades, p. 271.

  7 Ibid., p. 271.

  8 Ibid.

  9 Ibid., p. 272.

  10 The Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois, in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 178.

  11 Abu al-Feda, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 298.

  12 Henry Maundrell, A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter AD 1697, London, 1703, p. 17.

  Part VII: Aftermath

  23: Lost Souls

  1 Jacques de Molay to King James II of Aragon, from Limassol, 8 November 1301, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 168.

  2 Ghazan, Mongol Il-Khan of Persia, to Pope Boniface VIII, April 1302, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 168.

  3 Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 244.

  4 Pope Clement IV to Templar Grand Master Thomas Bérard, 1265, in Barber, The Trial of the Templars, p. 17.

  5 Barber and Bate, ed. and trans, The Templars, p. 238.

  6 Partner, The Murdered Magicians, p. 36.

  7 Barber and Bate, ed. and trans, The Templars, p. 244.

  24: The Trial

  1 Alain Demurger, The Last Templar, Profile Books, London, p. 62.

  2 Barber, Trial of the Templars, p. 62.

  3 Ibid.

  4 Itinerarium Symonis Semeonis ab Hybernia ad Terram Sanctam, ed. M. Esposito, Scriptures Latini Hiberniae, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, 1960, vol. 4, pp. 96–8; quoted in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 23.

  5 Partner, The Murdered Magicians, p. 61.

  6 Deposition of Jacques de Molay, 24 October 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 252–3.

  7 Deposition of Geoffrey of Charney, 21 October 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 251.

  8 Deposition of Hugh of Pairaud, 9 November 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 254–5.

  9 The Portable Dante, ed. Paolo Milano, Penguin, London, 1977.

  10 Frale, The Templars, p. 174.

  11 The Chinon Parchment had been mislabelled and misplaced amid the labyrinthine files of the Vatican Secret Archive until Barbara Frale, an Italian researcher at the Vatican School of Paleography, found it and recognised its significance. She deciphered its tangled and coded writing and published her findings in the Journal of Medieval History in 2004. This was followed in 2007 by a facsimile publication of the parchment by the Vatican itself.

  12 Rough translation from the Latin of the Chinon Parchment.

  13 Ibid.

  25: The Destruction of the Templars

  1 Second deposition of Jacques de Molay, 28 November 1309, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 293–4.

  2 Barber, Trial of the Templars, p. 262.

  3 Ibid., pp. 264–5.

  4 Ibid., p. 266.

  5 Ibid., pp. 267–8.

  6 Ibid., pp. 281–2.
/>   7 Ibid., p. 282.

  Index

  The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.

  A

  Abbasids

  armies 46, 59, 72

  Baghdad caliphate 3, 45–6, 54, 59, 62, 75, 158, 262–3

  decline 58–9

  Fatimid campaigns 64

  Greek knowledge 51

  Mameluke influence 59

  Mongol invasion 314

  overthrow of Umayyads 44, 45

  raids against Byzantines 59, 60

  rule 46–8

  uprisings against 49, 58

  Abd al–Malik, Umayyad caliph 30–36, 50, 51

  Abd al–Rahman, emir of Cordoba 44

  Abu al–Abbas al–Saffah, Abbasid leader 44

  Abu Bakr, caliph 22–3, 28, 30

  Abu Dhahir, governor at Ramla 67–8

  Abu al–Feda, chronicler 325, 329–30

  Abu Tammam, poet 233

  Acre

  battle (1189) 293

  bishop 268, 290, 301

  capital city 229, 300

  capture (1074) 79

  churches 301

  defences 300–301, 319

  description of 323–4

  fall to Baldwin (1104) 289

  fall to crusaders (1191) 295–6

  fall to Mamelukes (1291) 326–9, 331, 333

  fall to Saladin (1187) 276, 291

  festivities (1286) 325

  Frankish rule 290

  Hospitaller presence 289–90, 300

  mosques 244, 290

  Muslim trade 290–91

  Outremer forces 267

  pilgrim traffic 289–90, 301

  port 223, 228–9, 289

  struggle for (1189–91) 292–3

  Templar base 289–90

  Templar commander 204

  Templar headquarters 229, 300, 319

  Templar raids (1300) 336

  ten–year truce with Mamelukes 324

  trading communities 289, 290, 300, 323

  Ad Preclarus Sapientie (papal bull) 353

  Ad Providam (papal bull) 366

  Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy 102, 104–5, 106, 110, 112, 121

  al–Adid, Fatimid caliph 233, 235, 237

  al–Adil, brother of Saladin 261

  al–Afdal, Fatimid vizier 112

  Aghlabids 54, 58

  Agnes of Courtenay, wife of Amalric 208–9, 265

  Ahamant (Amman), castle 222

  Ahmad al–Yaqubi, chronicler 32

  Ain Jalut, battle (1260) 315

  Aisha, wife of Mohammed 28, 30

  Ajnadayn, battle (634) 23

  Alamut, Assassins 249

  Alawites 244–5, 316

  Albert of Aachen 91–2, 124

  Albigensian Crusade 247–8

  Aleppo

  Byzantine vassal state 61–2

  fall to Mongols (1260) 315

  fall to Saladin (1183) 264

  Saladin’s attack 236

  Saladin’s siege 261

  Second Crusade plans 182, 186

  Shia Muslims 195

  Turks in 128, 219

  Zengi’s inscriptions 164

  Alexander II, pope 94, 105

  Alexander the Great 85, 150

  Alexandria 51, 55, 65, 211, 212, 336

  Alexius Angelus, Byzantine emperor 302

  Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor

  appeal to West 89

  arrival of crusaders 106–7

  crusaders’ oath to 107, 109, 110

  Turkish threat 89–90

  Alfonso I, king of Aragon 149

  Alfonso VII, king of Castile 177

  Ali, son–in–law of Mohammed 28, 63, 316

  Alice, princess of Antioch 147, 151

  Alice of France 294

  Almohades 263

  Almoravids 87, 93, 177

  Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan 74–6

  Amalfi

  Acre community 289, 323

  Constantinople colony 257

  Egyptian trade 65

  merchants in Jerusalem 126

  Amalric, king of Jerusalem 208–14, 218, 251–2, 257

  Amanus mountains 109, 133, 150–51, 214, 220, 316

  André (Andrew) of Montbard, seneschal of the Temple 136, 142, 179, 193–4

  Andrew, king of Hungary 303

  Andronicus Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 257

  Ani, city 72, 73–5, 151

  Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexius I 89

  Antioch

  fall to Baybars (1268) 316

  fall to crusaders (1098) 98, 109, 112, 161, 218

  fall to Persians (611) 16

  fall to Turks 81, 101

  forces from 163

  port 181, 276

  principality 110, 119, 121, 147, 194–5, 219, 287

  recovery by Byzantines (969) 61

  refugees from Jerusalem 286

  Saladin’s strategy 276

  saved by Templars 193–4

  Second Crusade 181–3

  Templar commander 204

  Templars at 178, 204

  Templars guardianship of passes 150–51, 220

  Turkish siege 109–10

  Turkish threat 128, 198, 210, 214

  Antiochus Strategos, monk 16

  Apocalypse of Pseudo–Methodius 84–5

  Aqsa mosque

  built 27, 36

  given to Templars 126–7

  massacre (1077) 80

  Muslim pilgrimage 334

  name 27, 36, 69, 281

  Night Journey inscription 68–9, 280–81

  purified by Saladin 1–2, 201, 282

  reconverted to Christian use 310

  restoration after earthquake 86

  Saladin’s siege 277–8

  Solomon’s Temple 114, 116, 122, 126–7

  Templar headquarters 201–3, 244, 307

  used as king’s palace 126, 147

  Arab, term 38

  Archambaud of Saint–Aignan, Templar knight 142

  Arculf, Gallic pilgrim 26

  Arianism 12–13, 21, 246

  al–Arimah, castle 222

  Armenia 73–4, 77, 151

  Armenian kingdom 73

  Armenians

  alliance with Outremer 109, 151, 336

  Antioch population 109

  Edessa population 109, 166, 168, 170, 186

  genocide 73

  Mamelukes 310

  Arsuf, battle (1191) 297–8

  Arthur, king 183

  Artois, count of 313

  Artuqids 165, 169

  Ascalon

  destruction by Saladin 298

  fall to Saladin (1187) 276

  Fatimid base 128–9, 186, 207, 209, 221, 289

  Frankish base 209

  siege (1177) 254

  siege and fall (1153) 194, 206–7, 209, 221

  walls 299

  Ascension, church of the 33

  al–Ashraf Khalil, Mameluke sultan 325–6, 328, 333–4

  Asia Minor

  defences 36–7, 76

  pilgrim journeys 57, 86

  Seljuk advance 75, 76–7

  Assassins 64, 193, 195, 236, 248–52

  Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria 12–13

  Atsiz bin Uwaq, Turkish warlord 79–81, 86, 112

  Attalia (Antalya) 181

  Augustine of Hippo 30, 102

  Augustinian canons 122, 126, 201, 281

  Avignon, papacy 339–40, 362

  Ayas, slave trade 230

  Aybek, Mameluke husband of Shagarat al-Durr 314

  Ayyub, Kurdish general 211, 233

  Ayyubids 3, 288, 298, 300, 301

  B

  Baalbek

  captured by Nur al-Din 208

  citadel 233

  recovery 169

  siege and capture by Zengi 164

  al-Babayn, battle 212

  Badr, battle 282

  Baghdad

&nb
sp; Abbasid capital 45–6, 59, 127–8, 158

  caliphate 45–6, 58, 119, 169, 195, 233

  collapse 62, 69

  fall to Mongols (1258) 314–15, 333

  Seljuk capture (1055) 74

  Baghras, castle 150, 204, 220, 223, 316

  Baldric of Dol, chronicler 98–9, 141

  Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne) 98, 109, 122, 128, 147, 289

  Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem 125, 132–3, 135, 146, 147, 186

  Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem accession 206

  Acre council 185, 187

  Ascalon campaign 206–7, 221

  castles 153

  church buildings 198

  death 208

  successor 208

  Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem accession 209, 252, 253

  castle building 258–9

  death 264

  leprosy 209, 252, 253–4

  Montgisard victory 254–5

  truce with Saladin 260–61

  Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem 264–5

  Baldwin II, Latin emperor 227

  Baldwin of Bourcq, count of Edessa 122

  Balian of Ibelin

  ally of Raymond 265

  Hattin battle 271, 275

  Jerusalem defence 277, 278–9

  Jerusalem departure 284–5

  Montgisard victory 255

  negotiations with Saladin 278–80

  Saladin’s siege of Tiberias 268

  Springs of Cresson battle 266–7

  Tiberias meeting 265–6

  Banu Ammar, clan 162

  Banu Munqidh, clan 161

  Banu Musa brothers 51–2

  Baphomet head 347, 357–8

  Bari 54, 55, 229

  Basilius Bar Shumanna, Edessan leader 167

  Baybars, Mameluke sultan

  becomes sultan 315

  conquests 316–18, 322

  death 321

  La Forbie battle 313

  religious policy 316

  successor 321, 324

  supplies from Italy 320

  ten-year truce 319, 324

  troops 315–16

  Beaufort, castle 219, 316, 317

  Bede, Venerable 241

  Bedouins

  Acre siege 292

  arrival of Turkish nomads 80

  attacks on pilgrims 78, 123

  cavalry with Frankish forces 312

  meaning of 38

  Qarmatian sect 62

  raids 77, 317

  Saladin’s army 234, 297

  united by Mohammed 19, 22

  Beirut, fall to Saladin (1187) 276

  Bekaa valley, Lebanon 128

  Belen Pass 150–51, 220

  Benedictine order 83, 93

 

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