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The Tragedy of the Templars

Page 39

by Michael Haag


  Berbers 29–30, 40, 64, 87, 177

  Berengaria, wife of Richard I 294

  Bérenger Frédol, cardinal 359–60

  Bernard of Clairvaux

  career 135–6

  defence of Templars (De Laude) 139, 142, 143, 321

  description of Templars 192

  disapproval of Eleanor 183–4, 185

  foundation of Templar order 135, 137

  Latin Rule for Templars 137–8

  Second Crusade 173, 174–7, 189, 190, 191, 240

  uncle 179

  Bernard the Monk, pilgrim 54–6, 58, 125

  Bernold of Constance, chronicler 90–91

  Bertrand of Blancfort, Grand Master 210

  Bethany, pilgrimage centre 239–41

  Bethgibelin, fortress and village 150, 151, 152, 154

  Bethlehem

  arrival of crusaders 111, 112, 120

  Church of the Nativity 12, 111

  pilgrimage to 11, 131

  surrender to Christians 306

  Bilbeis

  capture by Franks 213

  siege (1164) 210

  Bohemond, prince of Taranto

  capture of Antioch 109

  crusade leadership 103, 104

  prince of Antioch 110, 121

  victory over Turks 107

  Bohemond III, prince of Antioch 210

  Boniface VIII, pope 335–6, 337, 338–9, 340, 352

  Bonomel, troubadour 322

  Brindisi 229

  Bryer, Anthony 303

  Bryrdn, patrician 23

  Byzantine Empire

  appeal to West (1074) 81, 82

  appeal to West (1091) 89

  appeal to West (1095) 90–91

  Arab invasions 23–5, 29, 36–7

  Armenia 73, 75

  First Crusade 106–7, 109, 112, 256

  Fourth Crusade 227, 301–3

  Frankish alliance 212–13, 257

  Greek Church 54, 81

  Greek culture 51–2

  Jerusalem campaign 61–2

  jihad against 36, 59

  language 15

  Manzikert defeat 71, 76

  Mongol relations 336

  Myriokephalon defeat 256–7

  name 14

  Persian conflict 15, 16–17, 19, 40

  Philip IV’s ambitions 340

  pilgrims 57, 78

  religious disputes 42

  Second Crusade 177, 179–81, 189

  Seljuk invasions 71–2

  Seljuk policy 75

  Seljuk threat 93

  territory 15, 17, 29, 54, 56, 60–61, 81, 111–12

  treaty with Saladin (1181) 257

  treaty with Seljuks 180

  C

  Caesarea

  Byzantine control 62

  churches destroyed 60

  fall to Baldwin 289

  fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 322

  religion 14

  Templar presence 228

  Cairo

  Amalric’s presence 212, 213, 218

  Ayyubid rule 288, 300, 309, 313

  caliphate 333–4

  Citadel 235, 314

  conflict with Damascus 309, 310

  defeat of Atsiz 79

  defences 235

  fall to Nur al–Din (1169) 213

  Fatimid caliphate 63, 66, 209

  foundation 63

  gates 166

  Jewish community 116

  Mameluke sultans 288, 314, 315, 333–4

  Mongol ambassadors 315

  religion 66, 75, 211, 233, 237, 244, 334

  rioting against Turks (1172) 235

  Saladin’s position 237–8, 252, 261

  siege 213

  Calansue (Qalansuwa) 150, 151

  caliphate

  Abbasid 45–6, 47, 54, 58–9, 62, 64, 75, 263

  divisions 28, 237

  Fatimid 63–4, 75, 209, 210

  Seljuk Turks 119

  Shia/Sunni disagreement 44

  Umayyad 30, 37–8, 45–6

  castles 218–23

  Cathars 245–8, 313, 347, 348, 363

  Catherine of Courtenay, sister of Philip IV 342

  Celestine II, pope 140

  Charlemagne, emperor 37, 52–3, 56, 84, 94, 125

  Charles Martel 37, 52

  Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily 320–21

  Chastel Blanc (Safita), castle

  construction 219

  fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 318

  Saladin’s campaigns 292

  Templar presence 221–2, 248, 261, 307

  Chastel Pelerin (Atlit), castle 229, 319, 329

  Chastellet see Jacob’s Ford

  Château de Mer, Templar sea–castle 328

  Chevveden, Paul 95

  China 45, 230

  Chinon

  Templar leaders held at 356, 358–9

  trial of Templar leaders 359–60, 367

  Chinon Parchment 358, 359

  Chrétien de Troyes 183–4

  Christianity

  Arian 12–13, 21, 246

  Cathars 245–8, 313, 347–8, 363

  conversion from 31, 38–9, 62, 334

  conversion to 39, 62, 67, 336

  Coptic 30–31, 41, 65, 211, 239, 334

  dualism 63, 245–8

  dyophysites 40–41

  Gnostics 245

  Great Schism (1054) 81–2, 238–9

  Greek Orthodox Church 54, 241, 238, 301–2

  heresy 12–13, 21, 40–41, 246–8, 347

  heresy charge against Templars 127, 224, 248, 346–8, 352, 356–7

  Jacobites 41, 42, 239, 241

  Latin Church 54, 238, 242, 301

  Maronites 324, 335

  Mary Magdalene 240–42, 247

  monophysites 41–2

  Nestorian 40–41, 239

  official religion of Roman Empire 10–11

  pacifist ideal 102

  Palestine 14–15, 49

  persecution of Christians 53, 60, 334

  prophetic literature 84–6

  restrictions on Christians 49, 50, 334

  theological disputes 40–42

  tithes 140, 147, 179, 224, 243

  Waldensian 246

  Church of the Ascension 130

  Church of the Holy Sepulchre

  altar to St Nicholas 123

  Anastasis dome 32–3, 60, 68, 130

  bell tower 198

  built by Constantine 12, 197

  canons 126, 127, 137, 143, 145, 201

  chapel of Golgotha 130, 197

  coronation of Frederick 307

  crusader celebrations 117

  destruction (1009) 67–8, 69, 70, 197

  fired by mob (937) 60

  fired by mob (966) 61, 69

  fired by Persians (619) 16, 197

  keys 52–3

  new chapels 198

  pilgrim guides 346

  pilgrims 198, 201, 283–4, 346

  replacement for old basilica 198

  Rotunda rebuilt 77, 197

  site 130

  spared by Saladin 2, 283–4

  Templars’ founding vows (1119) 130

  tomb of Jesus 60, 68, 197, 198, 283–4

  Turkish behaviour 91

  Church of the Nativity 12, 111

  Cilicia, kingdom of 150–51, 230, 336

  Cistercians 135–6, 174, 204, 347

  Clement V, pope

  absolution of Templars 356, 360–61

  crusade plans 340

  meeting with Hospitallers and

  Templars 340–41, 344

  meetings with king 355

  papacy 339–40

  relationship with king 339–40, 353–4, 365

  response to arrest of Templars 353–4

  suppression of Templar order 365–6

  Templar concerns 344–5

  Templar investigation 345, 355–61, 362, 364

  Vienne council (1311) 363–4

  Cluny, abbey 93–4, 95

  coinage

  Acre 323

/>   Arabic 31

  Jewish 9

  Saladin’s 3

  Compostela, Santiago de 94

  Conrad III, king of Germany 177, 179–80, 185, 187, 188–9

  Conrad of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem 250

  Constantine (the Great), Roman emperor 10, 12, 84, 197

  Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor 29

  Constantinople

  Arab sieges 29, 36–7

  Byzantine recovery (1261) 301

  capital city 13

  destruction of Umayyad forces 37, 38

  fall to Ottoman Turks (1453) 14

  First Crusade 106–7

  Fourth Crusade 301, 302–303

  Latin emperors 301

  massacre of Latins (1182) 257–8, 302, 320

  Persian assault 17

  pilgrims 57

  sack (1204) 301, 302–303

  Turkish threat (1091) 89–90

  Copts 30–31, 41, 65, 211, 239, 334

  Cordoba

  emirate of 44

  Great Mosque 94

  Council of Chalcedon (451) 40, 41

  Council of Clermont (1095) 71, 91, 92, 95–101, 102, 106, 145, 174

  Council of Nicaea 13

  Council of Piacenza (1095) 90–91

  Council of Troyes 137, 139, 142

  Cressing Temple, Essex 225–6

  Crete 56, 60

  crusades

  against Sicilian rebels 320–21

  Albigensian 247–8

  Fifth Crusade 303–4, 305, 306

  First Crusade 71, 87, 92, 99–101, 102–17, 153, 154, 220, 256

  Fourth Crusade 227, 301–3

  mythology 153

  People’s Crusade 106

  preaching 104–5

  Second Crusade 135, 149, 172, 175–8, 179–81, 187–90

  Seventh Crusade 313–14

  Sixth Crusade 306–7

  taking the cross 102–4

  term ‘crusade’ 103–4

  Third Crusade 276, 287–8, 293, 299

  Curcuas, John, general 60

  Curia 353, 354

  Cyprus

  Acre supplies 328

  Arab attacks 29

  attacks from 336

  captured by Richard 294–5, 329

  crusade plan 341

  Mameluke invasion plans 334

  Maronite community 335

  Muslims driven out (965) 61

  refugees from Acre 326, 327

  refugees from Jerusalem 49

  Templar archives 127, 223

  Templar presence 329, 333, 335, 344, 354

  D

  Damascus

  attacked by Nur al-Din 207–8

  Ayyubid rule 300, 309

  Baldwin’s assault plan 133–5

  Byzantine capture 62

  conflict with Cairo 309, 310

  fall to Mongols (1260) 315

  fall to Nur al-Din (1154) 188, 208, 219, 233

  fall to al-Salih (1245) 313

  revolt (744) 43

  sacked by Persians (613) 16

  Saladin’s position (1174) 5, 236, 237

  Second Crusade strategy 186–7

  siege (1129) 149

  siege (1148) 187–8

  siege and fall (635) 23–4

  temple rebuilt as church 10

  Turkish capture and recapture 79, 80

  walls demolished 45

  Damietta

  capture (1219) 304

  Seventh Crusade 313

  Dandolo, doge of Venice 302

  Daniel, Russian abbot 124

  Dante 353

  De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum (anonymous author) 2, 268–9, 271

  De Laude Novae Militae (In Praise of the New Knighthood) (Bernard of Clairvaux) 139, 321

  dhimmis (non-Muslim population)

  Abbasid policy 45, 49, 50

  Fatimid policy 66

  legal and social position 39, 79, 156, 161, 280, 334

  Umayyad policy 42, 43–4

  Zoroastrians 46–7

  Dome of the Rock

  altar to St Nicholas 123

  construction 27, 31–5, 50

  cross on 122, 281–2

  Frederick’s visit 307

  height of Dome 53

  Muslim worship 148

  Night Journey 34, 36

  purified by Saladin 2, 3, 201, 282

  rock beneath 33

  site 122, 129

  Templar reconversion 310

  Temple of the Lord 122, 130, 201

  Dominicans 301, 345

  Dorylaeum, battle (1147) 179–80

  Drogo, Templar knight 178

  Druze 244–5, 333

  E

  Edessa

  county of 119, 122

  crusader state 98, 109, 119

  fall to Turks (1146) 169–71, 172, 177

  Khorezmian Turks 311

  liberation by crusaders 109, 112

  siege and fall (1144) 166–9, 170, 171, 187

  Edward I, king of England 227, 319, 335, 340

  Egeria, pilgrim 239

  Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne 52

  Egypt

  administration by Copts 30–31

  Amalric’s expeditions 209–10, 215, 218

  Arab invasion 23, 30, 209

  Ayyubid rule 300, 301, 309

  Baldwin I’s expedition 128

  blockade strategy 320

  capture by Nur al-Din’s forces 213–14

  Christian population 30–31, 42, 50, 56, 67, 211, 237–8

  churches 11, 334

  Copts 30–1, 41, 65, 239, 334

  fall to Saladin 234

  famine 64

  Fatimids 63–70, 119, 195, 207, 209–10

  Fifth Crusade 303–4

  Frankish-Byzantine expedition 212–13

  Ikhshidids 61, 64

  Jewish population 237–8

  Mamelukes 230, 288, 314, 320

  Muslim religion 211, 237

  Persian invasion 16

  pilgrims 55–7, 68

  revolt (831) 49–50

  Saladin’s rule 235–8, 250, 256

  Templar policy 309–10

  Tulunids 58, 61

  Turks defeated 79

  Eleanor of Aquitaine 173, 175, 181–5, 294

  Ellenblum, Ronnie 151–2, 154, 260

  England, Templar sites 136

  Ernoul, Frankish chronicler 258–9, 267

  Eschenbach, Wolfram von 183, 185

  Eschiva, countess of Tripoli 268

  Etienne of Suisy, cardinal 358–60

  Eugenius III, pope 140, 172, 173–4, 177, 178

  Everard des Barres, Grand

  Master 175, 179, 180, 182, 193, 194

  F

  Al-Fadil, Al-Qadi 3, 256, 307–8

  Fatima, daughter of Mohammed 28, 63

  Fatimids

  architecture 166

  Ascalon base 128, 150, 152, 186, 289

  Ascalon loss 194, 207, 209, 221

  campaign against Abbasids 64

  campaigns against Atsiz 81

  conquest of Egypt 63–4, 77

  death of last caliph 233, 235, 237

  Egyptian regime 65, 209, 211, 212

  Jerusalem defence against crusaders 112–13

  Jerusalem loss and recovery 112

  Jerusalem policies 67–8, 88, 125–6, 197, 280, 334

  Jerusalem surrender (1099) 113–14

  origins 63

  Palestine rule 77, 79

  persecution of Christians and Jews 66–7, 125

  religion 63–4, 65, 195, 211

  Ferdinand of Léon and Castile 93

  La Fève, castle 222, 266

  fortresses 151–2

  France, nation–state 232

  Francis of Assisi 301

  Franciscans 301, 345–6

  Frankopan, Peter 101

  Franks, Martel’s victories 37

  Franks (Franj)

  achievements of crusades 195–6

  Acre sieges 292–3, 295–6

>   armour 297

  Arsuf victory 298

  attitude to Muslim society 120

  Baybars’ campaigns against 315–19

  building works in Jerusalem 122–3, 198–9, 307

  castles 218–23, 256, 259–60, 263, 317–18

  Damascus campaign 186–8

  driven out of Outremer 329–30

  Egyptian campaign 212–14

  fall of Acre 326–9

  fall of Edessa 170–71, 172, 188

  fall of Jerusalem 1–5, 278–80, 284

  fall of Tripoli 325

  Hattin defeat 270–74

  intermarriage 146

  isolation 257

  jihad against 164–5, 172, 195, 230, 262

  La Forbie defeat 313

  languages learned by 120, 146, 157, 242

  liberation of pilgrimage sites 129

  life in Palestine 146

  Muslim attitudes to 156–7, 159–61, 243–4

  Palestine rule 129

  population in Palestine 156

  religious tolerance 238–9

  Saladin’s campaigns against 3, 128, 256, 261–2, 263

  settlers in Outremer 154–6

  siege warfare 259–60, 263

  strategy against Saladin 256, 260, 263–4

  Temple Mount policies 148

  term 87, 120

  welcomed 120

  Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor 288, 304–8, 309

  Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler career 141, 145

  on Aqsa mosque 147

  on crusade conditions 107–8

  on language skills of Franks 157

  on Outremer settlement 145–6

  on Urban’s speech at Clermont 96–8

  on victory at Jerusalem 114, 115, 117

  Fulk V, count of Anjou, king of Jerusalem

  Bethany church 239

  campaign against Zengi 163

  death 185, 206

  diplomacy 158, 160, 162

  Hospitaller grant 152

  marriage to Melisende 132

  palace 147

  rule of Jerusalem 147, 198

  supporter of Templars 126

  Fulk of Villaret, Grand Master of Hospitallers 341

  Further Mosque 33–4, 69, 280

  Fustat 55–6, 64, 66, 210, 213

  G

  Galilee, principality of 265–7

  Gaza

  Arab civil wars 48

  La Forbie battle (1244) 312–13

  massacre of population 80

  Muslim uprisings 79

  religion 238

  surrender to Saladin 276

  Templar defences 220–21, 222

  Templar strategy 254

  truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309

  Genoa

  Acre trading community 289, 323

  arms and food supplies 113

  campaigns against Arabs 93

  Constantinople colony 257

  slave trade 229

  trade with Egypt 258, 320

  Geoffrey Bissot, Templar knight 142

  Geoffrey of Charney, preceptor of Normandy 349, 350, 359, 367–8

  Geoffrey of Flujeac 151

  Geoffrey Fulcher, Templar knight 178, 211–12, 214

  Geoffrey of Gonneville, preceptor of Poitou and Aquitaine 359, 367

  Gerard of Nazareth, bishop of Latakia 241–2

  Gerard of Ridefort, Grand Master 264–7, 269, 273, 276, 293

 

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