31. Ibid BkXXVIII, 1, 28.
32. Ibid BkXXVIII, 1, 57.
33. Ibid BkXXIX, 1, 1–3; Zos. BkIV, 13.
34. Ibid BkXXIX, 1, 4.
35. Ibid BkXXIX, 1, 16.
36. Amm BkXXIX, 1, 18–44; Amm BkXXIX, 2, 1–20.
37. Ibid BkXXIX, 3, 1–9.
38. Ibid BkXXIX, 4, 2.
39. Ibid BkXXIX, 4, 2–7.
40. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 1–2.
41. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 3–5.
42. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 6–8.
43. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 9.
44. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 10–12.
45. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 13–14.
46. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 15–16.
47. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 17–18.
48. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 19–24.
49. Ibid BkXXIX 5, 25–27.
50. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 28–30.
51. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 31–35.
52. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 36–40.
53. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 41.
54. Ibid BkXXIX, 5, 41–44.
55. Ibid XXIX, 5, 45–50.
56. Amm BkXXIX, 5, 51–55. Zosimus only briefly mentioned the revolt of Firmus (Zos. BkIV, 16).
57. Amm BkXVII, 12, 8–17
58. Amm BkXXIX, 6, 1–3. Zosimus called Maximinus’ son Celestius (Zos. BkIV, 16).
59. Amm BkXXIX, 6, 5.
60. Ibid BkXXIX, 6. 6–7.
61. Ibid BkXXIX, 6, 8–14.
62. Ibid BkXXIX, 6, 15–16; Zos. BkIV, 16.
63. Amm BkXXX, 1, 1–3.
64. Ibid BkXXX, 1, 4.
65. Ibid BkXXX, 1, 5–7.
66. Ibid BkXXX, 1, 8–15.
67. Ibid BkXXX, 1, 16–23.
68. Amm BkXXX, 3, 1–7, Zos. BkIV, 16 may allude to the treaty between Valentinian and Macrianus.
69. Amm BkXXX, 5, 1–2.
70. Ibid BkXXX, 5, 3–10.
71. Ibid BkXXX, 5, 11–13.
72. Ibid BkXXX, 5, 4–18.
73. Amm BkXXX, 6; 1–6; Soc. Bk IV, 31; Soz. BkVI, 36; Zos. IV, 17. Zonaras’ text is clearly wrong at this point as he claimed Valentinian died of old age! (Zon. BkXIII, 15, 133).
74. Amm BkXXX, 10, 1–6.
Chapter 7
1. Amm BkXXXI, 1, 1–5; Zos. BkIV, 18. Zonaras recorded a different version of that inscription (Zon. BkXIII, 16, 140).
2. Amm BkXXXI, 4, 1; Jord. Bk XXV; Soc. BKIV, 34; Soz. BkVI, 38; Zos. BkIV, 20.
3. Amm BkXXXI, 4, 2–4.
4. Ibid BkXXXI, 4, 5.
5. Ibid BkXXXI, 4, 6–11.
6. Ibid BkXXXI, 4, 12–13.
7. Ibid BkXXXI, 4, 13.
8. Amm BkXXXI, 5, 1–3; Zos. BkIV, 20.
9. Amm BkXXXI, 5, 4.
10. AMM BkXXXI, 5, 5–9; Jord. BkXXVI.
11. Amm BkXXXI, 6, 1–3.
12. Ibid BkXXXI, 6, 3–4.
13. Ibid BkXXXI, 6, 5–8.
Chapter 8
1. Amm BkXXXI, 7, 1.
2. Ibid BkXXXI, 7, 2–3.
3. Ibid BkXXXI, 7, 4.
4. Ibid BkXXXI, 7, 5.
5. Ibid BkXXXI, 7, 6–7.
6. Ibid BkXXXI, 8–9.
7. Amm XXXI, 7, 10–11. The Barritus may have originally been introduced into the Roman army by Germanic recruits. The sound would have been enhanced by the troops holding their shields in front of their faces, the concavity of the shields then increasing the volume of the war cry. The troops also clashed their spears against the shields, creating an even more menacing noise. See also Vegetius BkIII, 18.
8. Ibid BkXXXI, 7, 12.
9. Ibid BkXXXI, 7, 13–14. Ammianus was able to draw upon his own battlefield experiences to describe the horror a Roman soldier faced during combat.
10. Amm BkXXXI, 7, 15–16, Amm BkXXXI, 8, 1.
11. Ibid BkXXXI, 8, 2–3.
Chapter 9
1. Amm BkXXXI, 8, 2–3.
2. Ibid BkXXXI, 8, 4–7.
3. Ibid BkXXXI, 8, 7–10. This incident may be where Aequitius claims to have been captured, and then made his escape from Dibaltum. If so it is surprising that Ammianus does not mention Aequitius being present or his capture there.
4. Ibid BkXXXI, 9, 1–5.
5. Ibid BkXXX, 2, 1–3.
6. Ibid BkXXX, 2, 4–6.
7. Ibid BkXXX, 2, 6. As discussed in Chapter Fifteen, a typical field army size was approximately 25,000. If Valens intended invading with three armies as was claimed by Ammianus then the invasion force would have numbered at least 75,000. Julian’s invasion army was probably at least 50–60,000 strong.
8. Amm BkXXX, 2, 6–8.
9. Ibid BkXXXI, 10, 1–4.
10. Ibid BkXXXI, 10, 5.
11. Ibid BkXXXI, 10, 6–10.
12. Ibid BkXXXI, 10, 11–22.
13. Ibid BkXXXI, 11, 1; Soc. BkIV, 38; Soz. BkVI, 39.
14. Amm BkXXXI, 11, 1, Zos. BkIV, 22–23.
15. Ibid BkXXXI, 11. 1–2.
16. Amm BkXXXI, 11, 2; Zosimus stated that 2.000 men in total were chosen by Sebastianus, this general then trained this force to battle readiness (Zos. BkIV, 23).
17. Amm BkXXXI, 11, 3–5. Zosimus exaggerated Sebastianus’ exploits, and even claimed he captured ‘walled cities’!
18. Amm BkXXXI, 11, 5.
19. Ibid BkXXXI, 11, 6.
Chapter 10
1. Amm BkXXXI, 12, 1.
2. Amm BkXXXI, 12, 1; Zos. BkIV, 23–24.
3. Amm BkXXXI, 12, 2–3.
4. Ibid BkXXXI, 12, 3.
5. Ibid BkXXXI, 12, 4.
6. Ibid BkXXXI, 12, 4–5.
7. Ibid BkXXXI, 11, 6.
8. Amm BkXXXI, 12, 5–6. Zosimus claimed that it was in fact Sebastianus who counselled Valens not to attack the Goths, urging him to instead wear down the Goths through a combination of ‘manoeuvres and ambushes until, weakened by a lack of provisions, they either surrendered or retreated from Roman territory, preferring to give themselves up to the Huns rather than suffer the pitiful destruction usually resulting from a famine’ (Zos. BkIV, 23).
9. Amm BkXXXI 12, 7.
10. Ibid BkXXXI, 12, 8–9.
Chapter 11
1. Barbero, (2008); Burns, (1973, 1994, 2003); Donnelly, (2013); Eisenberg, (2009); Lenski, (2002); McDowell, (2001).
2. The most obvious accounts of armies defeating much larger ones would be Alexander defeating Darios’ army at Gaugamela, and Julian defeating the Alamanni at Argentoratum.
3. Zos. 4, 24.
4. Heather, (2005), p. 105.
5. Amm BkXXXI, 12, 11.
6. Vegetius BkIII, 6.
7. Ammianus recorded that the Romans would show their willingness to fight by clashing their weapons against their shields and raising their famous war cry, the Barritus.
8. See above ‘notes’ for Chapter Nine, footnote 3.
9. Orosius, Socrates and Sozomen all claimed that it was the Roman cavalry on the right flank who fled the battlefield first, and their actions were the ultimate cause of the Roman defeat.
10. Amm BkXVI, 12, 38–41.
11. Vegetius BkII, 15 details the arms and armour of the infantrymen of the legion which may well be that of the troops when he wrote between AD 390 and AD 420. BkII, 17 has the troops forming ‘a wall of iron’. Ammianus describes a number of battles where the Romans locked shields and formed a wall. See also Rance, (2004).
12. Vegetius BkIII, 18.
13. Zos. BkIV, 9. Amm BkXXVII, 1, 6 may also relate to this incident.
14. Amm BkXXXI, 13, 14–16; Jord. BkXXVI; Orosius BkVII; Soc. BkIV 38; Soz. BkVI, 40; Zon. BkXII, 139; Zos. BkIV, 24.
Chapter 12
1. Amm BkXXXI, 15, 3.
2. Ibid XXXI, 15, 4–5.
3. Ibid XXXI 15, 5–6.
4. Ibid XXXI, 15, 7–9.
5. Ibid XXXI, 15, 9–15.
6. Ibid BkXXXI, 16, 1.
7. Zos. BkIV, 24.
8. Amm BkXXXI, 16, 2; Zos. BkIV, 25.
9. Amm XXXI, 16, 2.
10. Amm BkXXXI, 16, 3; Libanius Or 24, 15.
11. Amm XXXI, 16, 4.
&nb
sp; 12. Amm XXXI, 16, 5; Soc. BkV, 1; Soz. BkVII, 1. Zos. (BkIV, 22–23) differs in that he stated that the Saracens had arrived in Constantinople before Valens left that city to travel to Melanthias, and that they attacked the Goths at that time. This directly conflicts with the other accounts and it is probably the case that Zosimus was once more getting his history muddled up as I have related in other chapters.
13. Amm BkXXXI, 16, 7.
14. Amm BkXXXI, 16, 8; Zos. BkIV, 26.
15. It became difficult to recruit for the army after Adrianople and The Theodosian Code details what measures were taken by Theodosius to ensure that not only the ‘right’ kind of recruits were selected, but also ways of preventing the draft, Theodosian Code 7, 13, 8–11.
16. See Lenski, (1997).
Chapter 15
1. See Lenski, (2002).
2. Vegetius BkII, 7–14.
3. See MacMullen, Appendix A.
4. See Coello (1996). The Perge Fragments, dated from the reign of Anastasius, detail the pay rates and numbers of troops in a legion. Unfortunately the information on these numbers has to date not been released yet by Professor Fatih Onur.
5. Vegetius claimed that the legion up to the reign of Diocletian was 6,000 men strong (BkI & BkII). If Diocletion doubled the number of legions and Auxilia units by dividing each unit into two then this would make each new legion 3,000 men strong and each Auxilia unit 500 men strong. For actual unit sizes see Coello.
6. The Batavi and Heruli Auxila Palatina units were brigaded together and when they did so they appeared to have shared the same standards (Amm BkXXVII, 1, 6). Whether the Lanciarii and the Mattiarii legions also shared the same standards when they were brigaded together is not known.
7. Vegetius BkII, 15.
8. The pen & ink drawings of the Column of Theodosius are in the Musee du Louvre, Cabinet des Dessins. They can be downloaded from the internet. The drawings by Mathieu Lorichs and others of the Column of Arcadius are in Trinity College, Cambridge, Department of Drawings, Copenhagen and the Bibliotheqe Nationale, Paris. These drawings can be found in Barbarians And Bishops: Army, Church, and Stae in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom, Liebeschuetz (2004).
Bibliography
The internet has been both a curse and a godsend to the researcher the last ten years. Many journals and other academic works can be found using an internet search engine. Whole libraries of books can be sourced, some for free, others for a small sum as electronic books and many of those books and translations I have listed below can be found on the internet. Some of the translations are inferior works, written by those with a basic or imperfect grasp of the ancient language they are translating from, or they are very old works, long out of copyright that have been superseded by far superior translations. Whilst I have consulted material that can be found in electronic form, I am still a person who prefers the feel and look of a real book.
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Eagles in the Dust Page 21
