Holmes, Richard. Coleridge: Early Visions (London, 1989).
Khevenhüller, Franz Christoph. Conterfet Kupfertisch derenjenigen vornehmen Ministren und Hohen Officiern (Leipzig, 1722).
Langer, Herbert. The Thirty Years’ War, translated by C. S. V. Salt (Poole, 1980).
Limm, Peter. The Thirty Years War (London, 1984).
Lockyer, Roger. Buckingham (London, 1981).
Mann, Golo. Wallenstein, translated by Charles Kessler (London, 1976).
Menzel, Wolfgang. The History of Germany, vol. 2, translated by Mrs. George Horrocks (London, 1849).
Milton, John. Collected Works (Oxford, 1969).
Mitchell, J. The Life of Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland (London, 1853).
Mousnier, R. “The Exponents and Critics of Absolutism,” in The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge, 1970).
Negus, Kenneth. Grimmelshausen (New York, 1974).
Parker, Geoffrey. The Thirty Years’ War (London, 1984).
Polisensky, J. V. The Thirty Years’ War (London 1974).
Schiller, Friedrich. Dramatic Works: Wallenstein’s Camp, translated by James Churchill; The Piccolomini and Wallenstein’s Death, translated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (London, 1894)
Schiller, Friedrich. The History of the Thirty Years’ War, translated by A. J. W. Morrison (London, 1901).
Schultz, Hans. Wallenstein (Leipzig, 1912).
Spengler, Oswald. The Decline of the West, translated by C. A. Atkinson (London, 1980).
Srbik, Heinrich Ritter von. Wallenstein’s Ende (Vienna, 1920).
Watson, Francis. Wallenstein: Soldier Under Saturn (London, 1938).
Wedgwood, C. V. The Thirty Years War (London, 1938).
GARIBALDI
Abba, Giuseppe Cesare. The Diary of One of Garibaldi’s Thousand, translated by E. R. Vincent (London, 1962).
Corneille, Pierre. Le Cid, in Oeuvres (Paris, 1862).
Dumas, Alexandre. Memoires de Garibaldi (Brussels, 1860–1862).
Dumas, Alexandre (ed.). Garibaldi: An Autobiography, translated by William Robson (London, 1860).
Foot, Michael. The Trial of Mussolini by “Cassius” (London, 1943).
Garibaldi, Giuseppe. Autobiography, translated by A. Werner, 3 volumes with a supplement by Jessie White Mario (London, 1889).
Herzen, Alexander. My Past and Thoughts, translated by Constance Garnett (Oxford, 1968).
Hibbert, Christopher. Garibaldi and His Enemies (Harmondsworth, 1966).
Mack Smith, Denis. Modern Italy (London, 1997).
Parris, John. The Lion of Caprera (London, 1962).
Ridley, Jasper. Garibaldi (London, 1974).
Robb, Graham. Victor Hugo (London, 1997).
Simón, Fray Pedro. The Expedition of Pedro de Ursua and Lope de Aguirre, translated by William Bollaert (London, 1861).
Trevelyan, George Macaulay. Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic (London, 1907).
———. Garibaldi and the Making of Italy (London, 1948).
———. Garibaldi and the Thousand (London, 1949).
Vecchi, Augusto. Garibaldi at Caprera, with an introduction by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862).
Zamoyski, Adam. Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots, and Revolutionaries, 1776–1871 (London, 1999).
ODYSSEUS
Berghaus, Günter. Futurism and Politics (Oxford, 1996).
Bourke, Joanna. An Intimate History of Killing (London, 1999).
Brendon, Piers. The Dark Valley (London, 2000).
Churchill, Winston. Marlborough: His Life and Times (London, 1933).
Clark, Martin. Modern Italy (London, 1996).
Coles, S. F. A. Franco of Spain (London, 1955).
D’Annunzio, Gabriele. Prose di Ricerca, di Lotta e di Commando (Milan, 1947–50).
Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by Joyce Crick (Oxford, 1999).
Huch, Ricarda. Defeat (London, 1928).
Joyce, James. Ulysses (London, 1997).
Ledeen, Michael A. The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume (London, 1977).
Marinetti, Federico Tomaso. Selected Writings, edited by R. W. Flint (London, 1972).
Mussolini, Benito. Napoleon: The Hundred Days, adapted by John Drinkwater (London, 1932).
Newby, Eric (ed.). A Book of Travellers Tales (London, 1985).
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil, translated by R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth, 1990).
———. On the Genealogy of Morality, translated by Carol Diethe (Cambridge, 1994).
———. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, translated and with an introduction by R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth, 1969).
Parker, Peter. The Old Lie (London, 1987).
Picker, H. (ed.). Hitlers Tisch Gespräche (Stuttgart, 1976).
Preston, Paul. Franco (London, 1993).
Ridley, Jasper. Mussolini (London, 1997).
Sophocles. Philoctetes, translated by E. F. Watling (Harmondsworth, 1969).
Stanford, W. B. The Ulysses Theme, introduction by Charles Boer (Dallas, 1992).
Strachan, Hew. The First World War, vol. 1 (Oxford, 2001).
Weil, Simone. An Anthology, edited by Sian Miles (London, 1986).
West, Rebecca. Survivors in Mexico (London, 2003).
Woodhouse, John. Gabriele D’Annunzio: Defiant Archangel (Oxford, 1998).
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
FIRST PLATE SECTION
“The Education of Achilles” from Les Images et Tableaux de Platte Peinture des deux Philostrates (1629) by Blaise de Vignère
Courtesy of the Warburg Institute
Strategeme d’Ulysse pour Recoinnaître Achille parmi les Nonnes by Christine de Pisan (No. 9392, planche 71, folio 74v)
Courtesy of Bibliothèque Royale de Beligique, Brussels
Achilles and Memnon
© Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
Achilles Defeating Hector, 1630–32 (oil on panel) by Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) Musée des Beaux-Arts, Pau, France / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library
Alexander the Great visiting the Tomb of Achilles (T’28516), 1755–60 (pair of 75237) by
Hubert Robert (1733–1808)
Phillips, The International Fine Art Auctioneers, UK / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Amphora with Achilles, by the Achilles Painter
Gregorian Museum of Etruscan Art, Vatican
Scala Group Archives
Detail from Alcibiades with Socrates by François André Vincent
Courtesy of Musée Tavet Delacour
“School of Athens,” from the Stanza della Segnatura, 1510–11 (fresco) by Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio of Urbino) (1483–1520)
Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy / www.bridgeman.co.uk Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library
Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Cato Unwilling to Survive the Freedom of his Fatherland by Bernhard Rode
Albertina, Vienna
Cato the Younger, bronze portrait bust from Volubilis, Morocco Photo akg-images / Erich Lessing
The Leave-Taking of Cato Uticensis by Ercole Gennari (i 597–1658)
Galleria e Museo Estense, Modena, Italy / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Death of Cato by Giambattista Langetti (1625/35–1676)
Ca’ Rezzonico, Museo del Settecento, Venice / www.bridgeman.co.uk
The Mocking of Christ with the Virgin and St Dominic, 1442 (fresco), by Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) (c. 1387–1455)
San Marco, Florence, Italy / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Ms 282/491 fol.214, Dialogue between Cato, Atticus, Lelius and Scipio (vellum) by French School (15th century)
Musée Condé, Chantilly, France / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library
Ms Royal 16 G viii fol. 1476, “Julius Caesar at the Head of his Army” from Les Commentaires de César, translated by Jean de Choiseul, by French School (15th century)
By permiss
ion of the British Library
El Cid in an image based on his monument in Burgos, from In Search of the Cid by Stephen Clissold (1965)
We have been unable to trace the copyright holder of this image and would be grateful to receive any information.
El Cid woodcut from In Search of the Cid by Stephen Clissold (1965)
By permission of the British Library
“Socrates (470–399 BC) and his Students,” from The Better Sentences and Most Precious Dictations by Al-Moubacchir (vellum), Turkish School (13th century)
Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Monument to El Cid (c. 1043–99) (bronze)
Avenida del Cid, Seville, Spain / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Map charting Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540–96)’s circumnavigation of the globe, engraved by Frans Hogenburg (1535–90) (colored engraving), English School (16th century)
Private Collection / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Sir Francis Drake, 1581, by Nicholas Hilliard (1547–1619)
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria / www.bridgeman.co.uk
A 16th-century chart showing Drake’s raid on St. Augustine, Florida, in 1585
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Drake in California
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
SECOND PLATE SECTION
Albrecht von Wallenstein by Anthony Van Dyck
Courtesy of Artothek, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlung, Munich
Wallenstein in a caricature dating from 1629
Getty Images / Hulton Achive
Cartoon of Wallenstein’s assassination
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Garibaldi by M. Lorusso
Courtesy of Museo Nazionale del Risorgimento, Rome
The Battle of Sant’Antonio, Uruguay, in which Garibaldi participated, in 1846 (litho) Colezzione Bertarelli, Milan, Italy / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Index / Bridgeman Art Library
Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–82) (b/w photo) by French School (19th century)
Archives Larousse, Paris, France / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Garibaldi in England
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Label for “Elixir Garibaldi” (color litho) by French School (19th century)
Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Archives Charmet
Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–82) (b/w photo) by Italian School (19th century)
Private Collection / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Bridgeman Art Library / Alinari
THIRD PLATE SECTION
Statue of Achilles by Richard Westmacott, in a photograph from 1919
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
The Poet in Exile, 1912 (oil on canvas), by Romaine Brooks (1874–1970)
Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library
Benito Mussolini with a pet lion
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
A scene from Napoleon: The Hundred Days by Benito Mussolini
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Francis Drake being knighted by Queen Elizabeth I
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Dominique Vivant Denon (1747–1825) Replacing the Bones of Le Cid in His Tomb (oil on canvas) by Alexandre Evariste Fragonard (1780–1850)
Musée Antoine Lecuyer, Saint-Quentin, France / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Still from El Cid, starring Charlton Heston
Courtesy of Carlton International
A waxwork figure of General Franco is moved into place at Madame Tussaud’s
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Adolf Hitler photographed in 1925 by Heinrich Hoffman
Getty Images / Hulton Archive
Ulysses and the Sirens, from The Odyssey by Homer, Roman mosaic (3rd century AD)
Musée du Bardo, Tunis, Tunisia / www.bridgeman.co.uk
The Return of Ulysses, 1973 (oil on canvas), by Giorgio de Chirico (1888–1978)
Private Collection / www.bridgeman.co.uk
Peter Willi
We have been unable to trace the copyright holder of this image and would be grateful to receive any information.
Albrecht von Wallenstein in a version of his portrait by Anthony Van Dyck. His “dark and sinister aspect,” wrote a 19th-century commentator, was that of a man “whose hands have been imbrued in blood.”
A caricature of 1629 shows Wallenstein riding on a peasant. His war-making was seen to impose an intolerable burden on the people of the Holy Roman Empire.
This contemporary engraving narrates the story of Wallenstein’s assassination in strip-cartoon style.
Garbaldi in 1849, at the time of the siege of Rome. “You have only to look into his face,” wrote one of his admirers, “and you feel that here is, perhaps, the one man in the world you would follow blindfold to death.”
A contemporary lithograph of the Battle of San Antonio. This is one of the numerous popular images of Garibaldi’s exploits in South America that enhanced his celebrity in Europe.
Garibaldi in his prime. With his wide-set eyes, long nose, and tawny whiskers he seemed to his admirers to resemble a lion.
Garibaldi arrives in Southampton. When he visited England in 1864 he was welcomed by enormous, ecstatic crowds.
Garibaldi’s name and image were widely used for merchandizing. There were Garibaldi shirts, Garibaldi hats, Garibaldi cigars, Garibaldi biscuits, and a Garibaldi Elixir.
Garibaldi in the poncho and fez he habitually wore in his later years. “He looked,” wrote a French minister, “like a prophet, or an old comedian.”
Westmacott’s statue of Achilles at Hyde Park Corner was erected in 1822 in honor of the Duke of Wellington. The female subscribers, embarrassed by its nudity, asked the sculptor to add a fig-leaf. Here spectators of the 1919 Trooping of the Colour use it as a viewing platform.
Gabriele D’Annunzio, would-be Superman, painted by Romaine Brooks, who was one of his numerous lovers.
El Cid proved his heroism by facing lions undaunted; Garibaldi looked like a lion; Benito Mussolini, self-appointed successor to a line of great men extending from Julius Caesar to Garibaldi, posed with a lion cub on his lap.
A scene from Napoleon: The Hundred Days by Benito Mussolini, staged in London in 1932. Mussolini, like Nietzsche, revered Napoleon.
By the middle of the 19th century, Drake, the self-serving pirate, had been reinvented as a dutiful public servant and protoimperialist. Here he kneels meekly to receive his knighthood.
The Cid’s earthly remains, like the relics of saints, were too greatly venerated to be allowed to rest in peace. Here Baron Dominique Vivant Denon, traveler, connoisseur, and curator of Napoleon’s collection, is depicted by Alexandre Fragonard Replacing the Bones of Le Cid in His Tomb. Some fragments of those bones, however, remained in Denon’s possession.
Heroes: A History of Hero Worship Page 66
