19. Ibid., 2 July 1921.
20. Ibid., 30 June 1921.
21. V. I. Lenin to G. V. Chicherin, in V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 53, pp. 34–5.
22. New York Times, 31 July 1921.
23. Ibid., 4 August 1921.
24. Ibid., 5 November 1921.
25. Ibid., 6 November 1921.
26. E. J. Epstein, Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer, pp. 62–73.
27. L. B. Krasin, Vneshtorg i vneshnyaya ekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo pravitel’stva, pp. 33–4.
28. The Times, 7 July 1921.
29. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 45, p. 220.
30. H. Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1923, p. 23.
31. L. Trotskii, Petlya vmesto khleba (Penza Gubkom RKP: Penza, 1921), pp. 15–32.
32. Ibid., pp. 11–12.
33. Ibid., p. 11.
34. V. I. Lenin to V. M. Molotov, 11 August 1921, in V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 53, pp. 110–11.
35. A. Gumberg to K. Durant, 21 June 1922: Ronald Hilton Papers (HIA).
36. 8 September 1921: Herbert Hoover Collection (HIA), box 17, folder 6.
37. New York Times, 18 February 1922.
38. B. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921, pp. 28–48.
39. Extract from Trotsky’s interview with L. Bryant-Reed (1922): American Relief Administration Russian Unit (HIA), box 353, folder 19.
40. Report of the VCheka, May–June 1921: 30 June 1921: Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov, pp. 593–612.
41. B. Savinkov to S. Reilly, 12 June 1921: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 6, folder 24.
42. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, p. 6.
43. Report of the VCheka, May–June 1921: 30 June 1921: Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov, pp. 593–612.
44. P. Dukes, diary for 1921: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.
45. Association Financière, Industrielle et Commerciale Russe (Paris) to V. N. Bashkirov (New York), 23 June 1921: Vladimir N. Bashkirov Papers (HIA), box 1.
46. Unsigned, undated military intelligence report on Anglo-Soviet relations in London (May or June 1921?): P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 110, folder 22, p. 7.
47. A. A. Ioffe (V. Krymskii), Mirnoe nastuplenie, p. 17.
48. Ibid., pp. 9, 17 and 36–8.
49. William J. Kelley to an unknown addressee, 8 December 1921: William J. Kelley Papers (HIA).
50. New York Times, 8 June 1921.
51. Ibid., 11 January 1922.
52. Theses on the NEP: RGASPI, f. 325, op. 1, d. 88, pp. 1–5. See also R. Service, Trotsky: A Biography, p. 290.
32. The Unextinguished Fire
1. A. Poliakoff, The Silver Samovar: Reminiscences of the Russian Revolution, p. 40.
2. A. L. Strong, The First Time in History: Two Years of Russia’s New Life (August 1921 to December 1923), p. 15.
3. Ibid.
4. I. Litvinov, typed transcription of taped conversation in 1960 about settling in Russia, p. 10: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3.
5. Ibid., p. 11.
6. Frank E. Mason, dispatch of 31 May 1921: Frank E. Mason Papers (HIA), box 2, pp. 68–9.
7. Dayton Journal, 4 July 1920. Mason’s articles were widely syndicated in the US.
8. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment, p. 5: St Antony’s RESC Archive.
9. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment, ‘Moscow 1921’, pp. 5 and 7: St Antony’s RESC Archive.
10. I. Litvinov, ‘Oral History’, p. 1: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 1.
11. Ibid.
12. I. Litvinov, transcription of taped conversation in 1960 about settling in Russia, p. 5: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3.
13. Ibid., pp. 8–9.
14. Ibid., p. 10.
15. Ibid., p. 3.
16. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia, p. 247.
17. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, pp. 247–8.
18. I. Litvinov, ‘Mysli o nevozrashchenii iz Ameriki, 1942’: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3, p. 1.
19. V. A. Maklakov to B. A. Bakhmetev, 7 December 1920: ‘Sovershenno lichno i doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska, vol. 1, p. 300.
20. B. A. Bakhmetev to V. A. Maklakov, 20 January 1920: ibid., p. 152.
21. See the revelation of the leadership’s assumptions in Zinoviev’s speech (confidential printed version) to the joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of 29 July–9 August 1927: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 317 (V-iii), p. 22.
Postscript
1. I. Litvinov, ‘Oral History: Ivy Litvinov’, pp. 6–10: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 1; ‘Being English in Moscow’, pp. 7–8: box 9, folder 9.
2. J. Carswell, The Exile: A Life of Ivy Litvinov, pp. 190 and 203.
3. M. Philips Price, My Three Revolutions.
4. J. Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World (Boni & Liveright: New York, 1922).
5. Dzh. Rid, 10 dnei, kotorye potryasli mir (2nd corrected edn; Krasnaya nov’: Moscow, 1924).
6. B. D. Wolfe, ‘Mr K’s Favorite Reporter’, New York Times, 5 June 1960.
7. RGASPI, f. 89, op. 28, d. 5, p. 8: meeting with Komsomol delegation, 13 January 1961.
8. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia, pp. 193–4.
9. A. Dunois, unpublished typescript introduction (May 1941) to an edition of Sadoul’s letters, p. 4: Jacques Sadoul Papers (HIA).
10. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow, pp. 194–5.
11. V. Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941, p. 145.
12. PFR.301/D.S.10: National Archives, KV/2/1904.
13. R. Chambers, The Last Englishman: The Double Life of Arthur Ransome, p. 363.
14. S. G. Reilly to P. Dukes, 23 October 1922: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 6, folder 22.
15. P. Dukes, Come Hammer, Come Sickle! (Cassell: London, 1947).
16. Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), boxes 1 and 2. On the accident, see the letter from Mrs Tina Forbes to Mr Lacy, 16 October 1969, in box 1.
17. G. A. Hill, ‘Reminiscences of Four Years with the N.K.V.D.’, p. 121: draft typescript, George A. Hill Papers (HIA).
18. Ibid., p. 2.
19. Ibid., p. 158.
20. Ibid., pp. 137–43.
21. Ibid., pp. 156–7.
22. Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder ‘George Hill Legal Documents’.
23. A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1, pp. 96–7.
24. Robin Bruce Lockhart’s notes taken from George Hill’s account to him, pp. 2–3: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers, box 11, folder 1.
25. S. G. Reilly and Pepita Bobadilla, The Adventures of Sidney Reilly, Britain’s Master Spy (E. Mathews & Marrot: London, 1931); R. N. Bruce Lockhart, Ace of Spies.
26. Reilly — Ace of Spies (Thames TV, 1983).
27. British Agent (dir. M. Curtiz: Warner Brothers, 1934).
28. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notebooks (apparently 1938–1945): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 3.
29. Cablegram (n.d.) to R. H. Bruce Lockhart at the Daily Express: ibid., box 10.
30. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners, p. 274.
31. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Baroness Budberg’ (n.d. but after 1956), pp. 5–6: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 6, folder 14.
32. T. Alexander, An Estonian Childhood, pp. 69–71 and 74.
33. Ibid., p. 122.
34. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Baroness Budberg’, pp. 1–13: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 6, folder 14.
35. D. Collingridge, ‘Aunt Moura’, The Times, 2 May 2010. Dmitri Collingridge i
s a great-great-nephew of Moura Budberg.
36. Merian C. Cooper Papers (HIA).
37. R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano: America’s Man in Moscow’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, no. 3 (1999), pp. 356–63.
38. Robin Bruce Lockhart to G. A. Hill (n.d.), recounting what Paul Dukes had told him: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder G. A. Hill Correspondence with Robin Bruce Lockhart.
39. B. V. Savinkov to S. G. Reilly, 7 October 1924: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 6, folder 24.
40. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, pp. 4–6.
41. Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov, p. 592.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Archives
Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow [APRF]
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Papers of Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner, 1824–1955
Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow [GARF]
Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, CA [HIA]
American Relief Administration Russian Unit
Vladimir N. Bashkirov Papers
Communist International Instructions
Merian C. Cooper Papers
Theodore Draper Papers
Paul Dukes Papers
Arthur M. Free Papers
T. T. C. Gregory Papers
George Halonen Papers
George A. Hill Papers
Ronald Hilton Papers
Herbert Hoover Collection
Hungarian Subject Collection
N. A. Ioffe Papers
Henry James Papers
William J. Kelley Papers
Nicolai Koestner Papers
Aleksandr Vasil’evich Kolchak Papers
General A. A. von Lampe Papers
Robert Lansing Papers
M. J. Larsons Papers
Ivy Litvinov Papers
Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers
Jay Lovestone Papers
Gibbes Lykes Papers
L. K. Martens Papers
Frank E. Mason Papers
Russia. Posol’stvo
Russian Subject Collection
Jacques Sadoul Papers
Boris Savinkov Papers
US Consulate — Leningrad [sic]
US Department of State: Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations between Russia (and the Soviet Union) and Other States, 1910–29
Pëtr Vasil’evich Vologodskii Papers
P. N. Vrangel Papers
Nikolai Yudenich Papers
National Archives, Kew
HO = Home Office
FO = Foreign Office
KV = Security Service
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii, Moscow [RSGASPI]
fond 2 fond 17 fond 46 fond 325
fond 5 fond 44 fond 89 fond 515
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Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
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Byulleten’ Narodnogo Komissariata Inostrannykh Del
Daily Express
Izvestiya Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS
Daily Herald
Labour Leader
Daily Mail
Manchester Guardian
Daily News and Leader
New York Times
Le Figaro
Pravda
L’Humanité
The Times
Izvestiya
Washington Post
Books and Articles
A. Agar, Baltic Episode: A Classic of Secret Service in Russian Waters (Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1963)
R. Albertson, Fighting without a War: An Account of Military Intervention in North Russia — Exposing British Atrocities in Murmansk and Archangel (Harcourt, Brace & Howe: New York, 1920)
V. V. Aldoshin, Yu. V. Ivanov, V. M. Semënov and V. A. Tarasov (eds), Sovetsko–amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926 (Mezhdunarodnyi fond ‘Demokratiya’: Moscow, 2002)
T. Alexander, An Estonian Childhood (Heinemann: London, 1987)
C. Alston, Russia’s Greatest Enemy?: Harold Williams and the Russian Revolutions (I. B. Tauris: London, 2007)
C. Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (Allen Lane: London, 2009)
C. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (HarperCollins: New York, 1995)
C. Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (Heinemann: London, 1985)
C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (Allen Lane: London, 1999)
N. Andreyev, A Moth on a Fence: Memoirs of Russia, Estonia, Czechoslovakia and Western Europe (Hodgson: London, 2009)
C. Anet, La Révolution russe: la terreur maximaliste; l’armistice — les pour-parlers de paix (Novembre 1917–Janvier 1918) (Payot: Paris, 1919)
Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov, ed. V. Vinogradov, A. Litvin and V. Khristoforov (Kuchkovo Pole: Moscow, 2007)
Army: The Evacuation of North Russia, 1919 (War Office: London, 1920)
J. Aves, Workers against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship (I. B. Tauris: London, 1996)
K. Baedeker, Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking: Handbook for Travellers (T. Fisher Unwin: London, 1914)
V. Barnett, A History of Russian Economic Thought (Routledge: London, 2005)
B. F. Bears, Vain Endeavor: Robert Lansing’s Attempts to End the American–Japanese Rivalry (Duke University Press: Durham, NC, 1962)
B. Beatty, A Political Primer for the New Voter (Whitaker and Ray-Wiggin Company: San Francisco, 1912)
B. Beatty, The Red Heart of Russia (The Century Co.: New York, 1918)
C. Bechhofer, Through Starving Russia, Being the Record of a Journey to Moscow and the Volga Provinces in August and September 1921 (Methuen: London, 1921)
D. Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 2008)
A. di Biagio, Coesistenza e isolazionismo. Mosca, il Comintern e l’Europa di Versailles (1918–1928) (Carocci: Rome, 2004)
A. di Biagio, Le origini dell’isolazionismo sovietico (Franco Angeli: Milan, 1990)
R. Blobaum, Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study of the Origins of Polish Communism (East European Monographs: Boulder, CO, 1984)
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 — February 11, 1919 to March 10, 1919 (Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1919)
R. Braithwaite, Across the Moscow River: The World Turned Upside Down (Yale University Press: London, 2002)
British Documents on Foreign Policy, part 2: The Soviet Union, 1917–1939, vol. 1: Soviet Russia and her Neighbours, Jan. 1917–Dec. 1919 (University Publications of America)
British Labour Delegation to Russia 1920: Report, ed. L. Haden Guest (Trades Union Congress and Labour Party: London, 1920)
H. Brogan, The Life of Arthur Ransome (Jonathan Cape: London, 1972)
G. Brook-Shepherd, The Iron Maze: The Western Secret Services and the Bolsheviks (Macmillan: London, 1998)
P. Broué, Révolution en Allemagne (Minuit: Paris, 1971)
K. Brüggemann, ‘Defending National Sovereignty against Two Russias: Estonia in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920’, Journal of Baltic Studies, no. 1 (2003)
K. Brüggemann, ‘ “Foreign Rule” during the Estonian War of Independence, 1918–1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the “Estonian Workers’ Commune” ’, Journal of B
altic Studies, no. 2 (2006)
L. Bryant, Mirrors of Moscow (T. Selzer: New York, 1923)
L. Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer’s Account of Russia before and during the Proletarian Dictatorship (George H. Doran: New York, 1918)
Sir George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories (Cassell: London, 1923)
M. Buchanan, The City of Trouble, Foreword by Hugh Walpole (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1919)
R. D. Buhite, Lives at Risk: Hostages and Victims in American Foreign Policy (Rowman & Littlefield: Wilmington, DE, 1995)
N. Bukharin, Vseobshchaya delëzhka ili kommunisticheskoe proizvodstvo (Izd. VTsIKR., S., K. i K. Deputatov: Moscow, 1918)
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, of William C. Bullitt (B. W. Huebsch: New York, 1919)
D. R. Buxton, In a Russian Village (The Labour Publishing Company: London, 1922)
Princess Cantacuzène, Revolutionary Days: Recollections of Romanoffs and Bolsheviki (Small, Maynard: Boston, 1919)
M. J. Carley, Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919 (McGill-Queen’s University Press: Kingston and Montreal, 1983)
D. Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester University Press: Manchester, 2000)
E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vol. 3 (Macmillan: London, 1953)
J. Carswell, The Exile: A Life of Ivy Litvinov (Faber & Faber: London, 1983)
R. Chambers, The Last Englishman: The Double Life of Arthur Ransome (Faber & Faber: London, 2009)
Chekisty: sbornik, ed. L. Korneshov (Molodaya gvardiya: Moscow, 1970)
G. V. Chicherin, Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda (Gosizdat: Moscow, 1920)
W. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 4: The Aftermath (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1929)
J. S. Clarke, Pen Portraits of Russia under the ‘Red Terror’ (National Workers’ Committees: Glasgow, 1921)
G. Clemenceau, France devant l’Allemagne (Payot: Paris, 1918)
Congress of the Peoples of the East. Baku, September 1920: Stenographic Report, trans. and annotated by B. Pearce (New Park: London, 1978)
A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 (Tempus: Stroud, 2002)
J. Cornwell, Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII (Viking: London, 1999)
Spies and Commissars Page 49
