25 Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 30.
26 Ibid.
27 Kiyozawa Kiyoshi, Gaiseika to shite no Okubo Toshimichi (Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha, 1942), 55–56, as cited in Masakazu Iwata, Okubo Toshimichi: The Bismarck of Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 188–89.
28 Sandra Carol Taylor Caruthers, “Charles LeGendre, American Diplomacy, and Expansionism in Meiji Japan” (PhD thesis, University of Colorado, 1963), 59.
29 New York Times, September 3, 1873.
30 Charles E. Delong to Hamilton Fish, November 6, 1872, in Foreign Relations of the United States, Col. 1, 1873–1874 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1873–1874), 553–54.
31 Samuel Stephenson, “Charles William Legendre,” http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/legendrebio.htm, accessed October 6, 2009.
32 Caruthers, “Charles LeGendre, American Diplomacy, and Expansionism in Meiji Japan,” 62.
33 Ibid.
34 Sophia Su-fei Yen, Taiwan in China’s Foreign Relations, 1836–1874 (Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1965), 196.
35 Ibid., 196.
36 Robert Eskildsen, ed., Foreign Adventurers and the Aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867–1874 (Nankang, Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History, Academic Sinica, 2005), 209.
37 Ibid.
38 Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 228.
39 Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment: A Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 124–36.
40 F. Hilary Conroy, The Japanese Seizure of Korea, 1868–1910: A Study of Realism and Idealism in International Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960), 18.
41 Akira Iriye, ed., The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), 45.
42 Lee and Patterson, Korean-American Relations, 12.
43 Ibid., 17.
44 Ibid., 13.
45 Alexis Dudden, Japan’s Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005), 84.
46 Jongsuk Chay, Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korean American Relations to 1910 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), 105.
47 Ibid.
48 James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002), 299.
49 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 510.
CHAPTER 7: PLAYING ROOSEVELT’S GAME
1 TR to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., February 10, 1904, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 4:724.
2 Kengi Hamada, Prince Ito (Tokyo: Sanseido Co., 1936), 116.
3 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 386.
4 TR, “A Nation of Pioneers, September 2, 1901,” in May Williamson Hazeltine, Masterpieces of Eloquence: Famous Orations of Great World Leaders from Early Greece to the Present Time (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1905), 25: 10889–92.
5 Kenneth C. Davis, Don’t Know Much About History (New York: Avon Books, 1990), 224–27.
6 Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1867–1907 (Baltimore: Baltimore Press, 1937), 333.
7 TR to White, September 13, 1906, Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress.
8 TR Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1904, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1904 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904), 41.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as “the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis.” TR, Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan Press Company, 1913), 516.Elihu Root served TR as his personal attorney and as both secretary of war and secretary of state. Root wrote that Roosevelt’s approach to foreign relations was to view “each international question against the background of those tendencies through which civilization develops and along which particular civilizations advance or decline.” Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 196.
12 Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 312.
13 Morison, Letters, 4:1327.
14 Albert J. Beveridge, The Russian Advance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903), 109.
15 Ibid., 122.
16 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 28, 1900, Morison, Letters, 2:1394.
17 TR to David Bowman Schneder, June 19, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1240–41.
18 George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912 (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 183.
19 John Hay to TR, April 25, 1903, Papers of John Hay, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Box 5.
20 Hay to TR, April 23, 1903, Hay Papers.
21 TR to Hay, May 22, 1903, Morison, Letters, 3:478.
22 Shumph Okamoto, The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 87.
23 Lloyd Griscom to John Hay, January 21, 1904, Despatches from U.S. States Ministers to Japan, 78, National Archives, RG 59.
24 Frederick F. Travis, George Kennan and the American-Russian Relationship, 1865–1924 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1990), 252.
25 Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 276.
26 Sophia Su-fei Yen, Taiwan in China’s Foreign Relations, 1836–1874 (Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1965), 196.
27 TR to Sternberg, February 6, 1904, in Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 291.
28 Horace N. Allen to Hay, August 31, 1900, Despatches from U.S. Ministers to Korea, 1883–1905, National Archives, RG 59, M134, No. 275.
29 Frederick A. McKenzie, Korea’s Fight for Freedom (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1920), 77–78.
30 Oscar Straus to TR, February 11, 1904, Morison, Letters, 4:24.
31 Elihu Root to TR, February 15, 1904, ibid., 4:73
32 TR to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., February 10, 1904, ibid., 4:724.
33 Bei Ch Bei Kenkysho Senshi-shitsu [National Defense Agency, National Defense Institute, War History Office], Hawai sakusen [The Hawaii Operation], Senshi Ssho [War History Series] [Tokyo: Asagumo Shinbunsha, 1967], 84, quoted in Aizawa Kiyoshi, “Differences Regarding Togo’s Surprise Attack on Port Arthur,” in The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspectives, 2:8.
34 TR to Cecil Spring-Rice, July 24, 1905, in Morison, Letters, 4:1283.
CHAPTER 8: THE JAPANESE MONROE DOCTRINE FOR ASIA
Caption:
Taft Group: Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, July 25, 1905.
1 Viscount Kentaro Kaneko, LL.D., “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” Contemporary Japan 1, no. 1, June 1932.
2 Robert B. Valliant, “The Selling of Japan: Japanese Manipulation of Western Opinion, 1900–1905,” Monumenta Nipponica 29, no. 4 (Winter 1974). Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2383894.
3 Lloyd Griscom to John Hay, February 23, 1904, Papers of John Hay, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
4 Valliant, “Selling.”
5 The American Review of Reviews, An International Magazine, ed. Albert Shaw (July–December 1904).
6 New York Times, April 29, 1904.
7 Valliant, “Selling.”
8 TR to Kaneko, September 11, 1905, as cited in Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 36. Roosevelt wrote: “You have rendered me invaluable assistance by the way in which you have enabled me to know, and also by the way in which you have enabled me to convey to your ow
n government certain things which I thought it desirable to have known and which I hardly cared to forward through official channels.”
9 Kentaro Kaneko, “The Yellow Peril Is the Golden Opportunity for Japan,” The North American Review 179, no. 626 (November 1904).
10 Kentaro Kaneko, “Japan’s Position in the Far East,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Sage Publications, 1905), vol. 26, 77–82.
11 Kentaro Kaneko, “The Russo Japanese War: Its Causes and Its Results,” The International Quarterly 10, no. 1 (October 1904), 51.
12 Kaneko, “Japan’s Position in the Far East.”
13 Kaneko, “The Russo Japanese War,” 53.
14 Hay diary, March 26, 1904, Hay Papers.
15 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 40.
16 Ibid., 41.
17 Allen to Hay, April 14, 1904, U.S. Department of State.
18 TR to Taft, April 20, 1905, Roosevelt Papers (LC).
19 TR to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice, June 13, 1904, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 4:833.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 44.
27 Ibid.
28 Hay diary, June 23, 1904, Hay Papers.
29 TR to Hay, July 26, 1904, Morison, Letters, 4:865.
30 Carol Christ, “Japan’s Seven Acres: Politics and Aesthetics at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition,” Gateway Heritage 71:2 (1996), 10.
31 Ibid., 11.
32 Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War, 40, 168.
33 Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 612.
34 Allen to Hay, December 24, 1904, Hay Papers.
35 TR to Hay, September 2, 1904, Morison, Letters, 4:917.
36 TR to Spring Rice, December 27, 1904, ibid., 4:1082.
37 Hay diary, December 24, 1904, Hay Papers.
38 Hay diary, December 6, 1904, Hay Papers.
39 TR to Edward VII, March 9, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1136.
40 Robert T. Oliver, Syngman Rhee: The Man Behind the Myth (New York: Dodd Mead, 1955), 73–87.
41 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 62.
42 Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War, 110.
43 Rockhill to Allen, February 29, 1904, Rockhill Papers.
44 www.dartmouth.edu/~upne/1-928825-001.html.
45 Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-hating and Empire-building (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 120.
46 Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 283.
47 TR to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., March 5, 1904, TRP (PL), Box 147, Bk. No. 15, pp. 335–36.
48 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 611.
49 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 65.
50 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 612.
51 New York Times, April 3, 1905.
52 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 612.
53 Shumpei Okamoto, The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 119.
54 New York Times, June 5, 1905.
55 TR to William Howard Taft, May 31, 1905, as cited in Morison, Letters, 4:1198.
56 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 71.
57 Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 334.
58 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 453.
59 TR to Henry Cabot Lodge, June 5, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1202–05.
60 TR to Whitelaw Reid, June 5, 1905, ibid., 4:1206.
61 TR to Kermit Roosevelt, June 11, 1905, ibid., 4:1210, 1229, 1232.
62 TR to Benjamin Ide Wheeler, June 17, 1905, TR Papers, Library of Congress, series 2, reel 3.
63 TR to Lodge, June 16, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1221–33.
64 Raymond Esthus, Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905 (Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 1988), 50, 223.
65 Ibid., 50.
66 Loomis to Reid, telegram, June 15, 1905, Roosevelt Papers.
67 TR to William Howard Taft, July, 3, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1259–60.
68 Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1938), 2:4.
69 TR to Cecil Spring Rice, July 24, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1283
70 Kentaro Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” 176–84.
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid.
74 Ibid.
75 Saturday, July 15, 1905 Sagamore Hill –
Conference with Minister Takahira
Letters:
T.R. to Lloyd Griscom: “The American Government and the American people at large have not the slightest sympathy with the outrageous agitation against the Japanese in certain small sections along the Pacific slope… [Make known to the Japanese that] while I am President” there will be no discrimination. (With permission from the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY)
76 New York Times, July 24, 1905.
77 New York Times, July 23, 1905.
78 Lloyd C. Griscom, Diplomatically Speaking (New York: Literary Guild of America, 1940), 259.
79 San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1905.
80 Japan Weekly Mail, July 29, 1905.
81 Tyler Dennett, “President Roosevelt’s Secret Pact with Japan,” Current History 21, no. 1 (October 1924). See http://www.icasinc.org/history/katsura.html.
82 TR to Taft, telegram July 31, 1905, in Morison, Letters, 4:1293.
83 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 85.
84 Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, July 30, 1905.
85 New York Times, July 30, 1905.
86 Kaneko to TR, July 31, 1905, in Dennett, Russo-Japanese, 298.
87 New York Times, August 2, 1905.
CHAPTER 9: THE IMPERIAL CRUISE
1 Mrs. Campbell Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1906), 326. Actual quote reads: “I am not come to give you your Independence, but to study your welfare. You will have your Independence when you are ready for it, which will not be in this generation—no, nor in the next, nor perhaps for a hundred years or more.” Author has made capitalization changes and omitted the phrase “but to study your welfare.”
2 William Manners, TR & Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), 11.
3 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 76.
4 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 88.
5 James H. Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912 (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1913), 520.
6 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 86.
7 Manila Times, August 5, 1905.
8 Ibid., August 7, 1905.
9 Ibid., August 9, 1905.
10 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 323.
11 Manila Times, August 9, 1905.
12 “Remarks of the Secretary of War at the Chamber of Commerce Banquet in Manila at the National Theatre, August 8, 1905,” National Archives, RG 350, Entry 5, Box 659, File 12277-11.
13 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 309.
14 Blount, The American Occupation of the Philippines, 610.
15 “Speech of Secretary Taft on Friday evening August 11, 1905, at the Hotel Metropole, at a Dinner Given by Filipinos,” National Archives, RG 350, Entry 5, Box 659, File 12277-1.
16 Washington Post, Aug
ust 6, 1905, sec. 4, 6.
17 Manila Times, August 14, 1905.
18 Ibid., May 19, 1905.
19 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 320.
20 Ibid., 321.
21 Ibid., 320, 322.
22 Ibid., 324.
23 Ibid., 325.
24 Ibid., 326.
25 Ibid. Actual quote reads: “I am not come to give you your Independence, but to study your welfare. You will have your Independence when you are ready for it, which will not be in this generation—no, nor in the next, nor perhaps for a hundred years or more.” Author has made capitalization changes and omitted the phrase “but to study your welfare.”
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., 334–40.
28 “Remarks of Secretary Taft at the Filipino Banquet at Cebu on August 22, 1905,” National Archives, RG 350, Entry 5, Box 659, File 12277-1.
29 Manila Times, August 24, 1905.
30 Resil B. Mojares, The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu, 1899–1906 (Manila, Philippines: Ateneo e Manila University Press, 1999), 151–52.
31 Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 356.
32 Ibid., 357.
33 Manila Times, August 31, 1905.
CHAPTER10: ROOSEVELT’S OPEN AND CLOSED DOORS
1 Delber [sic] L. McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 1900–1906: Clashes Over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1977), 114.
2 Imperial Mandate of Emperor Qianlong to King George III, in Edmund Backhouse and J.O.P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking: From the 16th to the 20th Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 322–34.
3 Carl A. Trocki, Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750–1950 (New York: Routledge, 1999), 42.
4 Ibid., 94.
5 Ibid., 52.
6 Ibid., 98.
7 Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 136.
8 Stephen E. Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 162.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., 150.
12 Jack Chen, The Chinese of America (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980), 153.
The Imperial Cruise Page 29
