The Color of War

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The Color of War Page 54

by James Campbell


  Farrar, Hayward. The Baltimore Afro-American: 1892–1950. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1998.

  Fisher, Perry E., and Brooks E. Gray. Blacks and Whites Together Through Hell: U.S. Marines in World War II. Turlock, CA: Millsmont Publishing, 1993.

  Flynn, George Q. “Selective Service and American Blacks During World War II.” Journal of Negro History 69 (Winter 1984): 14–25.

  Flynn, George. The Mess in Washington: Manpower Mobilization in World War II. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1979.

  Floyd, Samuel. “An Oral History: The Great Lakes Experience.” The Black Perspective in Music 11, no. 1 (Spring 1983).

  Foner, Jack D. Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: Praeger, 1974.

  Frederickson, George. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1940. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.

  Gibbs, C. R. “Blacks in the Union Navy.” All Hands 695 (December 1974).

  Great Lakes Bulletin, August 15, 1942; February 5, March 10, March 31, June 2, 1944.

  Green, Robert E. Black Defenders of America 1775–1973. Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Company, 1974.

  Greene, Lorenzo J. “The Negro in the Armed Forces of the United States, 1619–1783.” Negro History Bulletin, March 1951, 123.

  Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

  Guttridge, Leonard F. Mutiny: A History of Naval Insurrection. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

  ——. “Port Chicago Mutiny,” Readings in American Naval History, 5th edition.

  Hamann, Jack. On American Soil: How Justice Became a Casualty of World War II. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007.

  Haygood, Wil. Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson. New York: Knopf, 2009.

  Hope, Richard O. Racial Strife in the U.S. Military: Toward the Elimination of Discrimination. New York: Praeger, 1979.

  Hutchinson, Earl Ofari. “Explosion at Port Chicago.” American Legacy, Fall 1999, 59–68.

  Johnson, Jesse L. Roots of Two Black Marine Sergeants Major. Perth, Australia: Ebony Publishing, Inc., 1978.

  Keen, Sam. Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1986.

  Kelly, Mary Pat. Proudly We Served: The Men of the USS Mason. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995.

  Killens, John O. And Then We Heard the Thunder. New York: Knopf, 1963.

  Kinston, Warren, and Rachel Rosser. “Disaster: Effects on mental and physical state.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 18, no. 6 (December 1974), 437–56.

  Kirby, Jack Temple. Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987.

  Lee, Ulysses G. The Employment of Negro Troops: The United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1966.

  Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.

  Lilly, J. Robert. “Military Executions During WWII: The Case of David Cobb.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 20, no. 1 (1995).

  Lindstrom, Lamont, and Geoffrey M. White. Island Encounters: Black and White Memories of the Pacific War. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.

  Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.

  ——. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Knopf, 1998.

  MacGregor, Morris J., Jr. Defense Studies: Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1965. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center for Military History, 1981.

  MacGregor, Morris J., Jr., and Bernard C. Nalty. Blacks in the United States Armed Forces, Basic Documents, vol. 6. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1977.

  Marks, Carole. Farewell, We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

  McGuire, Phillip. He, Too, Spoke for Democracy: Judge Hastie, World War II, and the Black Soldier. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

  McGuire, Phillip. “Desegregation of the Armed Forces: Black Leadership, Protest and World War II.” The Journal of Negro History 68, no. 2 (Spring 1983), 147–58.

  McGuire, Phillip, ed. Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1983.

  McLeod, Dean L. Images of America: Bay Point. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005.

  ——. Images of America: Port Chicago. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007.

  McPhatter, Thomas H., Cpt. CHC USNR (Ret.). Caught in the Middle: The Dichotomy of an African American Man: A Historical Autobiography of Leadership. San Diego, CA: Audacity Books, 1993.

  McPherson, James M. The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

  Martin, Harvey V. “A Mushroom Cloud: What Really Happened at Port Chicago in 1944, a Nuclear Explosion?” Napa Sentinel, 1990.

  Medford, Edna Greene, and Michael Frazier. “ ‘Keep ’em Rolling’: African American Participation in the Red Ball Express.” Negro History Bulletin, December 1993.

  Meuller, William R. “The Negro in the Navy.” Social Forces, October 1945, 110–15.

  Miller, Richard E. The Messman Chronicles: African Americans in the U.S. Navy, 1932–1943. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2004.

  Modell, John. “World War II in the Lives of Black Americans: Some Findings and an Interpretation.” Journal of American History 76 (December 1989), 838–48.

  Moore, Christopher. Fighting for America: Black Soldiers: The Unsung Heroes of World War II. New York: Presidio Press, 2005.

  Moore, H. E. “Toward a Theory of Disaster.” American Sociological Review 21, no. 6 (December 1956).

  Motely, Mary Penwick. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier: World War II. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1975.

  Murray, Florence, ed. The Negro Handbook 1946–1947. New York: Current Books, 1947.

  Nalty, Bernard C. Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: Free Press, 1986.

  ——. The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II. Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1995.

  “Navy Charter on Race Relations and Equal Opportunity.” AII Hands 651 (April 1971), 46.

  Nelson, Dennis D. The Integration of the Negro into the U.S. Navy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951.

  “Nonpersistent Gas Bombs: Handling, Shipping, and Storage.” War Department Technical Bulletin, April 6, 1945. Washington, DC: U.S. War Department.

  Osur, Alan M. Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II: The Problem of Race Relations. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1977.

  Parks, Robert J. “The Development of Segregation in U.S. Army Hospitals, 1940–1942.” Military Affairs 37 (December 1973), 145–50.

  Packard, Jerrold M. American Nightmare: History of Jim Crow. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003.

  Pearson, Robert E. No Share of Glory. Pacific Palisades, CA: Challenge Inc., 1964.

  Pittsburgh Courier. Articles regarding the mutiny trial, July 29, 1944–December 2, 1944.

  Proceedings—United States Naval Institute. Vol. 38. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, The Lord Baltimore Press, 1912.

  Quarles, Benjamin A. The Negro in the Making of America. 3d edition. New York: Collier, 1996.

  ——. The Negro in the Civil War. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1953.

  Rand, Ken. Port Chicago Isn’t There Anymore But We Still Call It Home. West Jordan, UT: Media Man! Productions, 2008.

  Reddick, L. D. “The Negro in the United States Navy During World War II.” Journal of Negro History 32, no. 2 (April 1947), 201–19.

  ——. “The Relative Status of the Negro in the American Armed Forces.�
�� Journal of Negro Education 22, no. 3 (Summer 1953).

  Rowan, Carl. “The Navy’s Search for Blacks.” Washington Star, October 16, 1970.

  Rowland, Buford, and William Boyd. U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance in World War II. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1953.

  Sandburg, Carl. The Chicago Race Riots, July 1919. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1919.

  Sandler, Stanley. “Homefront Battlefront: Military Racial Disturbances in the Zone of the Interior, 1941–1945.” War & Society 11 (October 1993), 101–15.

  Saunders, Kay, and Helen Taylor. “The Reception of Black American Servicemen in Australia During World War II: The Resilience of ‘White Australia.’ ” Journal of Black Studies 25 (January 1995).

  San Francisco Chronicle. Articles regarding the mutiny trial, July 19–October 23, 1944.

  San Francisco Examiner. Articles regarding the mutiny trial, September 15–November 11, 1944.

  Schneider, James G. “Negroes Will Be Tested! FDR.” Naval History 7, no. 1 (Spring 1993).

  Schneller, Robert J., Jr. Breaking the Color Barrier: The U.S. Naval Academy’s First Black Midshipmen and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: New York University Press, 2005.

  Seligson, Tom. “Isn’t It Time to Right the Wrong.” Parade.com, February 26, 2005.

  Shaw, Henry I., Jr., and Ralph W. Donnelly. Blacks in the Marine Corps. Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1988.

  Sherwood, John Darrell. Black Sailor, White Navy: Racial Unrest in the Fleet During the Vietnam War Era. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

  Shibutani, Tamotsu. The Derelicts of Company K: A Sociological Study of Demoralization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

  Silberman, Charles E. Crisis in Black and White. New York: Random House, 1966.

  Silvera, John D. The Negro in World War II. New York: Arno, 1969.

  Smith, Larry. The Few and the Proud: Marine Corps Drill Instructors in Their Own Words. New York: Norton, 2006.

  Smith, Graham. When Jim Crow Met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in World War II Britain. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.

  Sterling, Dorothy. Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls. New York: Doubleday, 1958.

  Stillwell, Paul, ed. The Golden Thirteen: Recollections of the First Black Naval Officers. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993.

  Sutherland, Jonathan D. African Americans at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2004.

  Taylor, Porcher L., Jr. Damn the Alligators: Full Speed Ahead: The Autobiography of Porcher L. Taylor, Jr., Ph.D., Colonel U.S. Army (retired), self-published, 2004.

  Terkel, Studs. The Good War: An Oral History of World War Two. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

  Terry, Wallace. Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans. New York: Ballantine, 1984.

  “The Port Chicago Mutiny.” Revolutionary Worker no. 1092, February 25, 2001.

  Theill, Coral Anika. “World War II Montford Point Marines: Honoring and Preserving Their Legacy.” Leatherneck, January 2011.

  This Is Our War: Selected Stories of Six War Correspondents Who Were Sent Overseas by Afro-American Newspapers. Baltimore: The Afro-American Company, 1945.

  Uniform Code of Military Justice.

  “United States Bombs and Fuzes.” U.S. Navy (Confidential), June 1, 1944.

  “United States Navy Explosives.” Instructional Pamphlet 1 (Confidential). Hingham, MA: Naval Training School (Ammunition Handling), United States Naval Ammunition Depot, August 15, 1945.

  “United States Navy Gun Ammunition.” Instructional Pamphlet 2 (Confidential). Hingham, MA: Naval Training School (Ammunition Handling), USNAD, April 15, 1945.

  “United States Navy Gun Ammunition.” Instructional Pamphlet 2 (Confidential). Hingham, MA: Naval Training School (Ammunition Handling), USNAD, April 15, 1945.

  “United States Navy Rocket Ammunition.” Instructional Pamphlet 4 (Confidential). Hingham, MA: Naval Training School (Ammunition Handling), USNAD, August 1, 1945.

  “United States Navy Underwater Ordnance and Impulse Ammunition.” Instructional Pamphlet 4 (Confidential). Hingham, MA: Naval Training School (Ammunition Handling), USNAD, July 30, 1945.

  U.S. Army Service Forces. “Leadership and the Negro Soldier.” Army Service Manual, Washington, DC, 1944.

  U.S. Army War College, History Section. “The Colored Soldier in the United States Army.” Report, 1942.

  U.S. Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II: History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps, 1940–1946. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947.

  Valle, James. Rocks and Shoals: Naval Discipline in the Age of Fighting Sail. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980.

  Veronico, Nicholas A. Images of America: World War II Shipyards by the Bay. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007.

  Vogel, Peter. The Last Wave from Port Chicago, 2001–2009, self-published on the Web.

  Ware, Gilbert. William Hastie. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

  Wesley, Charles H. “World War II: Reaching Toward Desegregation.” National Guard 43 (February 1989), 30–33.

  White, George, Jr. “African Americans, World War II.” In vol. 3 of Americans at War, edited by John Resch. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005.

  Williams, Juan. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: Times Books, 1998.

  Wilson, Ruth Danenhower. Jim Crow Joins Up. New York: Clark, 1945.

  Wolfenstein, Martha. Disaster: A Psychological Essay. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957.

  Wollenberg, Charles. “Black vs. Navy Blue: The Mare Island Mutiny Court Martial.” California History 58, no. 1 (Spring 1979).

  Woodford, Frank B. and Arthur M. All Our Yesterdays: A Brief History of Detroit. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1969.

  Wynn, Neil. The Afro-American and the Second World War. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1976.

  Documents, Letters, and Papers

  “Abstract of Report of Explosion, No. 1.” Washington, DC: Joint Army Navy Ammunition Storage Board, October 12, 1944.

  Booth, George. Personal papers.

  Boykin, Sammie. “Reflecting” (on my years in the U.S. Navy). Personal papers.

  “Conference with Regard to Negro Personnel.” Headquarters Fifth Naval District, Naval Operating Base, Norfolk, Virginia, October 26, 1943.

  “Disaster, 17 July 1944.” Attachment to War Diary, Naval Magazine, Port Chicago, CA.

  “Executive Summary of the Petition for Pardon for Seaman Second Class Freddie Meeks, United States Navy.” Courtesy of G. Brian Busey, Morrison & Foerster, LLP, Washington, D.C.

  General Correspondence, Twelfth Naval Distict, 1942–1945.

  General Correspondence Files, 1944–47, Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal. Washington, DC: National Archives.

  General Correspondence Files, 1944, Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt. Hyde Park, NY: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.

  General Office Files, 1940–55, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Washington, DC: Manuscript Division, U.S. Library of Congress.

  General Office Files, 1943–45, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, New York.

  Historical Reports of Naval Ammunition Depot, Concord, Naval Ammunition Depot, Mare Island. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

  “History of the U.S. Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, IL, in WWII, ‘Negro Training.’ ” Washington (DC) Navy Yard: Bureau of Naval Personnel Library.

  Huff, Edgar R., Jr. Personal papers.

  Larson, Lieutenant T. A. “History of the U.S. Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Illinois, in World War II.” Prepared for the Office of Naval History, Navy Department, December 28, 1945.

  Letters from Inez White to Lieutenant Raymond Robert White’s parents. William White, personal papers.

  “Marking of Overse
as Shipments: Alphabetical List of Places, Alphabetical List of Shipping Designators.” Navy Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, February 6, 1943.

  Naval Intelligence Service, Ninth Naval District, Great Lakes, IL, confidential memorandum, July 20, 1944. “Racial tension in Ninth Naval District—Study of.” Great Lakes, IL, Naval Training Center.

  Orders and Memoranda of Captain N. H. Goss, Commanding Officer, Naval Ammunition Depot, Mare Island, CA.

  Orders and Memoranda of Captain M. T. Kinne, Officer in Charge, U.S. Naval Magazine, Port Chicago, CA, June 14, 1944.

  Parsons, William S. “Memorandum on Port Chicago Disaster, Preliminary Data, July 24, 1944.” Washington, DC: World War II Command File, Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center.

  Reddick, L. D. “The Negro in the United States Navy in World War II.” Historical Section, Bureau of Naval Personnel.

  “Regulations Governing Transportation of Military Explosives on Board Vessels During Present Emergency.” Washington, DC: U.S. Coast Guard, October 1, 1943.

  Rendleman, Lt. Richard J. Letters and first chapter of novel, from Richard J. Rendleman Jr.

  Robinson, Percy, Jr. Personal papers.

  “Safety Orders Explosives.” M. T. Kinne, Captain USNR, Officer in Charge, U.S. Naval Magazine, Port Chicago, CA, June 14, 1944.

  Small, Joseph R. Personal papers.

  “The Negro Problem in the Fourteenth Naval District.” Washington, DC: U.S. Navy Yard, September 3, 1943.

  Tracy Panek’s interviews with Port Chicago explosion survivors for the Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial, National Park Service.

  Trial Transcript, General Court-Martial, “Case of Julius J. Allen, Seaman Second Class, U.S. Naval Reserve, et al.,” September 14–October 24, 1944. Washington, DC: Navy Judge Advocate General’s Office.

  Tuggle, Carl, Personal Papers.

  Twelfth Naval District, “Record of Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry Convened at the U.S. Naval Magazine, Port Chicago, California, July 21, 1944.” U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General’s Office, Washington, DC. Also at National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Sierra Region, San Bruno, CA.

  U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance, “War Time History of U.S. Naval Magazine, Port Chicago, California.” In Bureau of Ordnance, Selected Ammunition Depots, Library, Washington (DC) Navy Yard.

 

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