80 Oshry, Responsa, op. cit., pages 34–5.
81 Donat, The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit., page 50.
82 Kaplan diary, 18 April 1942: Katsch, op. cit., page 314.
83 Mary Berg diary, 28 April 1942: Shneiderman, op. cit., pages 142–3.
84 Testimony of Moshe Shklarek: Miriam Novitch, Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, op. cit., pages 150–5.
85 Transport Ap’, 18 April 1942: Lederer, op. cit., pages 211–12.
86 ‘Transport An’, 25 April 1942: ibid., page 212.
87 The train was number BA-49. The telegram, dated 25 April 1942, was cited in the Eichmann Trial, 17 May 1961, session 43.
88 ‘Transport Aq’, 27 April 1942: Lederer, op. cit., page 213.
89 Mary Berg diary, 28 April 1942: Shneiderman, op. cit., page 144.
90 Lodz Chronicle, 29 and 30 April 1942: Dobroszycki, op. cit., pages 155–6.
91 Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, London.
19. ‘ANOTHER JOURNEY INTO THE UNKNOWN’
1 Maja Abramovicz (Zarch), typescript, op. cit., page 34.
2 Ibid., page 39.
3 Trunk, Judenrat, op. cit., page 440.
4 Ibid., page 441.
5 Dov Levin, ‘The Small Communities’, Patterns of Jewish leadership, op. cit., page 136.
6 Trunk, op. cit., page 444–5.
7 Ibid., page 442.
8 Testimony of Adolf Berman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.
9 Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit., page 64.
10 Adolf Berman, ‘The Fate of the Children in the Warsaw Ghetto’: Yisrael Gutman and Livia Rothkirchen (editors), The Catastrophe of European Jewry, Antecedents, History, Reflections, Jerusalem 1976, pages 406–7.
11 Ringelblum notes, 8 May 1942: Sloan, op. cit., pages 260–1.
12 Testimony of Avraham Aviel: Eichmann Trial, 5 May 1961, session 29.
13 Shalom Ben-Shemesh Sonenson, the Last Days of Ejszyszki (in Hebrew) in the Eishyshok memorial book, Jerusalem 1950.
14 ‘Supplementary Record—Face Sheet’, 16 May 1946: Yad Vashem archive, PC 9170/344.
15 Falstein, The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit., p. 391
16 Shmuel Krakowski, ‘Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942–1944’, typescript. See also his The War of the Doomed: Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942–1944, New York 1984, page 230.
17 Levin, ‘The Small Communities’, op. cit., pages 142–4.
18 Ringelblum notes, 12 May 1942: Sloan, op. cit., pages 266.
19 ‘The Diary of S. Sheinkinder’: Yad Vashem Studies, V, Jerusalem 1963. pages 255–69.
20 Ringelblum notes, 12 May 1942: Sloan, op. cit., pages 273–4.
21 Information from Shmuel Krakowski: letter to the author, 6 August 1984.
22 Kazimierz Smolen, Director, Auschwitz Museum: letter to the author, 16 March 1982.
23 Testimony of Frieda Mazia: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.
24 Erich Kulka, ‘Jewish Revolt in Auschwitz’: The Voice of Auschwitz survivors in Israel, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, number 28, September 1984.
25 T. Berenstein, ‘Martyrologia, Opor i Zaglada Ludnosci Zydowskiej w Dystrykcie Lubelskim’, Biuletyn, op. cit., Warsaw 1957, number 21.
26 Testimony of Dov Frieberg: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.
27 ‘Transport Ax’ and ‘Transport Ay’ of 17 May 1942: Lederer, Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit., page 215.
28 Testimony of Dov Freiberg: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.
29 Testimony of Itzhak Lichtman: Novitch, Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, op. cit., pages 80–5.
30 Lodz Chronicle, 4 May 1942: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 160.
31 Lodz Chronicle, 5 May 1942: ibid., page 161.
32 Lodz Chronicle, 6 May 1942: ibid., pages 161–2.
33 Lodz Chronicle, second entry for 6 May 1942: ibid., page 163.
34 Lodz Chronicle, 7 May 1942: ibid., pages 166–7.
35 Lodz Chronicle, 9–11 May 1942: ibid., page 168.
36 Lodz Chronicle, 17 May 1942: ibid., page 176.
37 Lodz Chronicle, 12 May 1942: ibid., page 171.
38 Lodz Chronicle: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 83, note 97.
39 Lodz Chronicle, 17 May 1942: ibid., pages 174–6.
40 Pabianice memorial book, Tel Aviv 1956, page 252. I am grateful to Mordecai Chmura’s daughter, Helen Aronson, for drawing my attention to this reference to her late father (letter to the author, 12 February 1982).
41 Lodz Chronicle, 18 May 1942: Dobroszycki, op. cit., pages 178–9.
42 Lodz Chronicle, 18 May 1942 and 20 May 1942: ibid., pages 180 and 183.
43 Poland: The Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit., entry for Brzeziny.
44 Lodz Chronicle, 20 and 21 May 1942: Dobroszycki, op. cit., pages 181–2. Bernard Ostrowski was the only one of the fifteen Lodz chroniclers and archivists to survive the war.
45 Lodz Chronicle, 20–21 May 1942: ibid., page 181.
46 Lodz Chronicle, 1 June 1942: ibid., page 194.
47 Testimony of Leo Laufer.
48 Wiener Library photographic archive; Lucien Steinberg, Not as a Lamb: the Jews against Hitler, Glasgow 1974, pages 26–43 (‘The Herbert Baum Campaign’).
49 Jacques Ravine, La Resistance organisée des Juifs en France, Paris 1973; Professor Yehuda Bauer, letter to the author, 1 October 1978.
50 Trunk, op. cit., page 443.
51 Testimony of Eda Lichtmann: Eichmann Trial, 28 April 1961, session 20.
52 Testimony of Dora Rosenboim: Yad Vashem archive.
53 Ringelblum archives: YIVO, New York.
54 Ringelblum notes, 23 May 1942: Sloan, op. cit., page 275.
55 Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit., page 64.
56 Ringelblum notes, 25 May 1942: Sloan, op. cit., pages 282–3.
57 Yad Vashem photographic archive.
58 Information from Yigal Zafoni, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 23 August 1985.
20. ‘IF THEY HAVE ENOUGH TIME, WE ARE LOST’
1 Ringelblum notes: Sloan, op. cit., pages 283–4.
2 Information provided by Dr Shmuel Spector, from his doctoral thesis on the Jews of the Volhynia during the Holocaust; see also Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia’, op. cit.
3 The Kherson Region during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945: documents and materials (in Russian), Odessa 1968. I am grateful to Yigal Zafoni for this reference.
4 Richard Lichtheim, letter: Central Zionist Archives.
5 Ringelblum notes, end of June 1942: Sloan, op. cit., page 301.
6 Jozef Garlinski, Fighting Auschwitz: the Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, London 1975, page 14.
7 Rubinowicz diary, 1 June 1942: Bowman, op. cit., pages 86–7.
8 Shmuel Krakowski, ‘Holocaust in the Polish Underground Press’: Yad Vashem Studies, XVI, Jerusalem 1984, pages 147–8.
9 Jack Young (Jona Jakob Speigel), typescript, ‘Lost and Waiting to be Found’, and conversation with the author, London, 30 May 1984.
10 Testimony of Tadeusz Pankiewicz: first published in book form in Cracow in 1947, reprinted in translation in Eisenberg, Witness to the Holocaust, op. cit., pages 194–203.
11 Rubin, Voice of a People, op. cit., pages 429–30 and page 458, note 15.
12 Pankiewicz, op. cit.
13 Franciszek Zabecki, Wspomnienia dawne i nowe o tragedii Zydow w Treblince (‘Old and New Memories of the Tragedy of the Jews at Treblinka’), Warsaw 1977.
14 Hava Follman, ‘The Liquidation of Hrubieszow Jewry’: Baruch Kaplinsky (editor), Pinkas Hrubieshov, Memorial to a Jewish Community in Poland, Tel Aviv, 1962.
15 Testimony of Yaakov Biskowitz: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 61.
16 Mary Berg diary, 3 June 1942: Shneiderman, op. cit., page 154.
17 Ringelblum notes, 6 June 1942: Ringelblum archive, YIVO, New York. I am grateful to Lucjan Dobroszycki for this reference.
18 Abraham Levin diary, 6 June
1942: Joseph Kermish (editor), ‘Extract from the Diary of Abraham Levin’, Yad Vashem Studies, volume 6, Jerusalem 1967, pages 316–18.
19 Levin diary, 7 June 1942: Kermish, op. cit., pages 318–19.
20 Günther Deschner, Heydrich: the Pursuit of Total Power, London 1981, pages 273–6.
21 Lederer, Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit., page 32.
22 Deschner, op. cit., page 276.
23 Documents submitted to the Eichmann Trial, 12 June 1961, session 74.
24 ‘Transport AAh’, 10 June 1942: Lederer, op. cit., pages 215–16.
25 ‘Transport AAk’, 12 June 1942: ibid., page 216.
26 ‘Transport AAi’, 13 June 1942: ibid., pages 216–17.
27 ‘Transport AAh’, 10 June 1942: ibid., pages 215–16.
28 Levin, ‘The Small Communities’, op. cit., page 137.
29 Messages of 9 June 1942 and 15 June 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-501.
30 Testimony of 3 January 1946: Record of Proceedings, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.
31 Letter of 5 July 1942: Eichmann Trial, document 1443. The verb ‘processed’ was rendered in the original German as ‘verarbeitet’.
32 Kaplan diary, 9 June 1942: Katsch, op. cit., page 350.
33 Testimony of Frieda Mazia: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.
34 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit.
35 Testimony of Frieda Mazia: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.
36 Lodz Chronicle: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 208, note 69.
37 Testimony of Yosef Buzhminski: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 24.
38 Testimony of B. Ajzensztajn: Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit., page 876.
39 Recollections of Maria Rubinstein: in conversation with the author, Beersheba.
40 Ringelblum notes, 17 June 1942: Joseph Kermish, ‘Emanuel Ringelblum’s Notes Hitherto Unpublished’: Yad Vashem Studies, VII, Jerusalem 1968, pages 178–80.
41 Kaplan diary, 3 July 1942: Katsch, op. cit., pages 368–9.
42 Kermish, ‘Emanuel Ringelblum’, op. cit., page 180, note 10.
43 Lodz Chronicle, 4 June 1942: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 199.
44 Lodz Chronicle, 8–10 June 1942: ibid., page 203.
45 Lodz Chronicle, 21 July 1942: ibid., page 227.
46 Lodz Chronicle, 21 October 1942: ibid., page 274.
47 Lodz Chronicle, 1 June 1942: ibid., pages 194–5.
48 Lodz Chronicle, 21 July 1942: ibid., page 226.
49 Lodz Chronicle, 1 June 1942: ibid., page 195.
50 Ephraim Barasz, speech of 21 June 1942: Trunk, Judenrat, op. cit., page 402.
51 Ringelblum notes, 25 June 1942: Sloan, op. cit., page 291.
52 Ringelblum notes, 26 June 1942: ibid., pages 297–8.
21. ‘AVENGE OUR TORMENTED PEOPLE’
1 Memorandum by Himmler’s Secretary, Rudolf Brandt, 7 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-216.
2 P. D. C. Mackay, member of the Royal College of Surgeons, to the British Medical Journal, 19 August 1945 (examined by censor, 22 August 1945): Foreign Office papers, 371/50989.
3 Announcement in the special edition of Het Joodsche Weekblad (the Jewish Weekly), Amsterdam, 14 July 1942, facsimile: Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit., page 145.
4 Presser, op. cit., page 150.
5 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 17 July 1942.
6 Louis de Jong, ‘Jews and Non-Jews in Nazi-occupied Holland’: Max Beloff (editor), On the Track of Tyranny, London 1960, page 150.
7 Note of SS First Lieutenant Heinz Rothke, 19 July 1942, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document RF-1226: Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews, op. cit., page 246.
8 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 21 July 1942.
9 ‘Convoy 7, July 19, 1942’: Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit., pages 64–71.
10 Testimony of Rudolf Vrba: The World at War, documentary film, Thames Television, 1974.
11 Recollections of Lilli Kopecky: in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.
12 Testimony of Hermann Graebe, 10 and 13 November 1945: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-2992, quoted in Whitney R. Harris, Tyranny on Trial, the Evidence at Nuremberg, Dallas 1954, pages 356–7.
13 Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit., page 258.
14 Trunk, Judenrat, op. cit., page 441.
15 Ibid., pages 464–5.
16 Cholawski, Soldiers from the Ghetto, op. cit., pages 67–8.
17 Trunk, op. cit., page 472.
18 Levin, ‘The Small Communities’, op. cit., pages 137–7.
19 Poland: the Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit., entry for Kowale Panskie.
20 Ibid: entry for Uniejow.
21 Iosif Bregman, ‘The Kletsk Ghetto’: Sovetish Geimland, number 4, Moscow 1968, pages 50–51. See also Aharon Weiss, ‘Kletsk-Kleck’: Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1971, volume 10, columns 1107–8.
22 Iosif Bregman, ‘The Nieswiez ghetto’: Sovetish Geimland, number 4, Moscow 1968, pages 49–50.
23 Cholawski, op. cit., pages 69–70.
24 Trunk, op. cit., page 472.
25 Ibid., pages 4170–1.
26 Cholawski, op. cit., page 170.
27 Trunk, op. cit., page 472.
28 Cholawski, op. cit., page 170.
29 Testimony of Shalom Cholawski: Eichmann Trial, 12 June 1961, session 73.
30 Falstein, The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit., page 309.
31 Information provided by Yigal Zafoni of Leningrad.
22. FROM WARSAW TO TREBLINKA: ‘THESE DISASTROUS AND HORRIBLE DAYS’
1 Yitzhak Katznelson, Vittel Diary 22.5.43–16.9.43, Tel Aviv 1972, pages 158–9.
2 Donat, Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit., page 53.
3 Himmler directive, 19 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-5574.
4 ‘Liquidation of Jewish Warsaw’, report prepared by Jewish underground organizations, and sent to London on 15 November 1942: Biuletyn, Warsaw, op. cit., number 1, 1951, pages 59–126.
5 Zabecki, Wspomnienia, op. cit., page 44.
6 Adam Czerniakow, diary entry for 22 July 1942: Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron and Josef Kermisz (editors), The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom, New York 1979, page 384.
7 Stanislaw Adler, In the Warsaw Ghetto 1940–1943: an Account of a Witness, Jerusalem 1982, page 270.
8 Adolf Berman testimony: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, Session 26.
9 Falstein, The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians, op. cit., page 493.
10 Ibid., page 436.
11 Ibid., page 335.
12 Adler, op. cit., page 270.
13 Czerniakow diary, 23 July 1942: Hilberg et al., op. cit.
14 Biuletyn, Warsaw, op. cit., number 3–4, 1952, page 267.
15 Donat, op. cit., pages 62–3.
16 Testimony of Samuel Rajzman: ‘Punishment of War Criminals, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Seventy-Ninth Congress, 22 March 1945’.
17 Wdowinski, And We Are Not Saved, op. cit., pages 65–6.
18 Katznelson, op. cit., page no.
19 Ibid., page 159,
20 Ruta Sakowska (editor), Archiwum Ringelbluma Getto Warszawskie, lipiec 1942-styczen 1943, Warsaw 1980, page 317, note 39.
21 Berman, ‘The Fate of the Children’, op. cit., pages 416–17.
22 Testimony of Adolf Berman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.
23 Ringelblum notes: Sloan, op. cit., page 309.
24 Vladka Meed (Feigele Peltel-Miedzyrzecki), On Both Sides of the Wall, Tel Aviv 1972, page 41 (first published in Yiddish in 1948, in New York).
25 Ibid., pages 29–30.
26 Zabecki, op. cit., pae 45.
27 Ibid., pages 45–8.
29 By the end of 1942 the Jewish Fighting Organization had established groups in eight ghettos: Warsaw, Cracow, Czestochowa, Bedzin, Bochnia, Pilica, Brody and Bialystok: information provided by Dr Shmuel Krakowski.
30 Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit., pages 217–18.
31 Ringelblum diary, October 1942: Sloan, op. cit., page 329.
32 Meed, op. cit., pages 43–5.
33 Wdowinski, op. cit., pages 67–8.
34 Meed, op. cit., pages 44–5.
35 The number of deportees from Warsaw to Treblinka was 6,250 on July 22; 7,300 on July 23; 7,400 on July 24; 7,530 on July 25; 6,400 on July 26; 6,320 on July 27; 5,020 on July 28; 5,480 on July 29; 6,430 on July 30 and 6,756 on July 31; 6,220 on August 1 and 6,276 on August 2: Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit., page 212.
36 Kaplan diary, 2 August 1942: Katsch, op. cit., page 397.
37 Testimony of Samuel Rajzman, 27 February 1946: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.
38 Zabecki, op. cit., pages 58–9.
39 Ibid., page 59.
40 Ibid., page 60.
41 Ibid., pages 99–100.
42 Code Name ‘Oyneg Shabes’: Emanuel Ringelblum’s Underground Archives in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940–1943, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York 1983, page 13.
43 Part of the Ringelblum archive was published in Polish in Poland: Ruta Sakowska (editor), Archiwum Ringelbluma, Getto Warszawskie, lipiec 1942—styczen 1943, Warsaw 1980, documents no. 1 to 234.
23. AUTUMN 1942: ‘AT A FASTER PACE’
1 SS Colonel Victor Brack to Heinrich Himmler, 23 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-205.
2 Memorandum by Martin Luther, 24 July 1942: Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922–1945, Oxford 1978, page 304.
3 Proclamation of 27 July 1942: Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous among Nations, op. cit., page 639.
4 Testimony of Yosef Buzhminski: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 24.
5 Himmler to Gottlob Berger, 28 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-626. Quoted in Dawidowicz, Holocaust Reader, op. cit., page 169.
6 Wilhelm Kube to Hinrich Lohse, 31 July 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-3428. Quoted in Arad, Gutman and Margaliot, Documents on the Holocaust, op. cit., document 187, pages 411–13.
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