53. Guardian, 3 Nov 1998; Wilson, Jacky, pp 181–2; Christine Keeler, The Truth at Last (2001), pp 14–15; Delmar, ‘Recording’, pp 307–8; Angela Phillips, ‘A Small Space around a Bed’, Guardian, 24 Sep 2005.
54. Margaret Williamson, ‘“He Was Good with the Bairns”: Fatherhood in an Ironstone Mining Community, 1918–1960’, Northern History (1998), p 95; Higgins, ‘Changing’, pp 260–61; Roberts, Women, p 236; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, pp 188–9; Gorer, Exploring, p 191; Higgins, ‘Changing’, pp 261–2; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, p 189; Haines, 30 May 1951; Mays, Growing Up, pp 83–4.
55. Faith, Acts, p 29; John Sergeant, Give Me Ten Seconds (2001), p 32; David Lister, In the Best Possible Taste (1996), p 5; Blakemore, Sunnyside, pp 51–2, 77–80 (edited extracts).
10 Less Donnie Lonegan
1. Independent, 26 Mar 1990; Aurelia Schober Plath (ed), Sylvia Plath, Letters Home, (1976), p 217; Martin Roach, Top Hundred Singles (2002), p 108; Christine Geraghty, British Cinema in the Fifties (2000), p 9; Tony Jasper, The Top Twenty Book (1994 edn), pp 11–12, 16–19; John Peel and Sheila Ravenscroft, Margrave of the Marshes (Corgi edn, 2006), pp 67, 65; ‘Lonnie Donegan’, The Times, 5 Nov 2002; Philip Norman, John Lennon (2008), p 93; Guardian, 11 Dec 2002 (John Peel); Peel and Ravenscroft, Margrave, p 126. For a full account of skiffle, see Mike Dewe, The Skiffle Craze (Aberystwyth, 1998).
2. Fowles, EUL MS 102/1/8, fol 262, 10 Jan 1956; News Chronicle, 20 Dec 1955; Charles Reid, John Barbirolli (1971), p 342; Bernard Sendall, Independent Television in Britain: Volume 1 (1982), pp 328, 348; Sunday Mercury, 12 Feb 1956.
3. Radio Times, 11 Nov 1955; BBC WA, R9/2/5, 16 Dec 1955; David Oswell, Television, Childhood and the Home (Oxford, 2002), p 66; New Statesman, 24 Dec 1955; The Times, 22 Dec 1955; News Chronicle, 30 Dec 1955; Sunday Times, 25 Dec 1955; Steve Humphries et al, A Century of Childhood (1988), p 81; Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (1959), p 118; Mike Seabrook, Max (1994), pp 41–2; Guardian, 27 Jan 2006 (Will Hodgkinson), 13 Jun 2008 (Simon Hoggart); Picture Post, 25 Feb 1956; Elaine Feinstein, Ted Hughes (2001), pp 52–5; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Mar 1956.
4. Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 44; David Cesarani, Arthur Koestler (1998), p 437; Spectator, 2 Dec 1955; Wybrow, Britain, p 44; News Chronicle, 17 Feb 1956; Crossman, MS 154/8/19, fol 804, 22 Feb 1956; Heap, 17 Feb 1956; Picture Post, 21 Jul 1956; M-O A, TC 72/2/A–B.
5. Randall Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain (Oxford, 2000), pp 70–71; D. W. Dean, ‘Conservative Governments and the Restriction of Commonwealth Immigration in the 1950s: The Problems of Constraint’, Historical Journal (Mar 1992), pp 180–81; Mike Phillips, London Crossings (2001), pp 10–15; Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush (1998), pp 145–6; Colin MacInnes, England, Half English (Hogarth Press edn, 1986), pp 19–20, 29; Steve Humphries and John Taylor, The Making of Modern London, 1945–1985 (1986), p 117; New Society, 25 Apr 1963; Peter Collison, The Cutteslowe Walls (1963), pp 136–41.
6. New Yorker, 31 Dec 1955; Daily Telegraph, 3 Jan 1956; Picture Post, 28 Jan 1956; Turtle, 1 Feb 1956; Rose Uttin Diary (Imperial War Museum), 88/50/1, Feb 1956; Anthony Sampson, Macmillan (Pelican edn, 1968), p 113; The Times, 27 Feb 1956, 2 Mar 1956; New Statesman, 11 Feb 1956; Spectator, 6 Apr 1956; The Times, 25 Apr 1956.
7. Nigel Nicolson (ed), Harold Nicholson, The Later Years, 1945–1962: Diaries and Letters, Volume III, (1968), p 292; Spectator, 16 Dec 1955; Lord Jenkins of Hillhead, ‘Hugh Gaitskell (1906–63)’, Contemporary Record (Autumn 1993), pp 306–11; The Times, 15 Dec 1955; Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (1992), p 194; New Statesman, 1 Oct 1955; Gaitskell, p 410; Pimlott, Wilson, p 198.
8. Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940–1990 (1991), pp 198–9; P. J. Kemeny, ‘Dualism in Secondary Technical Education’, British Journal of Sociology (Mar 1970), p 86; Picture Post, 20 Aug 1955, 26 Nov 1955; Times Literary Supplement, 16 Dec 1955; Financial Times, 21 Feb 1956; Aidan Crawley, Leap Before You Look (1988), pp 316–17; BBC WA, R9/10/3–VR/56/1, 9 Jan 1956; J. S. Wagstaff, The London ‘Routemaster’ Bus (1975), p 7; Travis Elborough, The Bus We Loved (2005), p 64.
9. Sir Eric St Johnston, One Policeman’s Story (Chichester, 1978), p 217; Reg Green, National Heroes (Edinburgh, 1997), p 159; Manchester Guardian, 26 Mar 1956; The Times, 5 Apr 2006 (Lydia Hislop); Guardian, 8 Apr 2006 (Stuart Jeffries); Nicolson, Later Years, p 299.
10. Macmillan, p 544; Glyn Powell, ‘Turning off the Power: The Electrical Trades Union and the Anti-communist Crusade, 1957–61’, Contemporary British History (Summer 2004), pp 3–4; John Saville, Memoirs from the Left (2003), p 105; Terry Pattinson, ‘Lawrence Daly’, Independent, 30 May 2009; Daily Worker, 26 Apr 1955; Daly, MS 302/3/2, Gollan to Daly, 16 May 1956.
11. Crossman, p 483; Richard Ingrams, Muggeridge (1995), p 178; John Sutherland, Stephen Spender (2004), p 307; News Chronicle, 19 Apr 1956; Evening Citizen, 23 Apr 1956; Turtle, 23 Apr 1956; Nicolson, Later Years, p 300; Crossman, p 624; Joe Haines, Glimmers of Twilight (Politico’s edn, 2004), pp 13–14.
12. News Chronicle, 3 May 1956; Independent, 29 Mar 1993 (Michael Leapman); Guardian, 2 Nov 2004 (Luke Harding); Fowles, pp 373–4; Turtle, 8 May 1956; Heap, 8 May 1956.
13. The Times, 9 May 1956; John Heilpern, John Osborne (2006), p 169; Geoffrey Wheatcroft, ‘Milton Shulman’, Independent, 24 May 2004; ‘Cecil Wilson’, Daily Telegraph, 19 Mar 1997; Michael Billington, ‘John Barber’, Guardian, 10 Dec 2005; Financial Times, 10 May 1956.
14. ‘John Osborne’, The Times, 27 Dec 1994; Guardian, 21 May 2003 (Samantha Ellis); New Statesman, 12 May 1956; Sunday Times, 13 May 1956; Observer, 13 May 1956; Brian Thompson, Clever Girl (2007), pp 191–2.
11 No Choice
1. The Times, 26 Jan 1956; Howard Glennerster, British Social Policy Since 1945 (Oxford, 1995), p 87; ‘Professor Brian Abel-Smith’, The Times, 9 Apr 1996; Peter Townsend, ‘Professor Brian Abel-Smith’, Independent, 9 Apr 1006; Spectator, 3 Feb 1956; News Chronicle, 6 Jul 1956.
2. Marshall Marinker, ‘“What is Wrong” and “How We Know It”: Changing Concepts of Illness in General Practice’, in Irvine Loudon et al (eds), General Practice and the National Health Service, 1948–1997 (Oxford, 1998), pp 69–70; Richard Titmuss, Essays on ‘The Welfare State’ (1958), p 139; Charles Webster, The National Health Service, (Oxford, 2002 edn.), pp 39–40; Richard Gordon, Doctor in the House (1952), p 134; Picture Post, 9 Oct 1954; Labour Party Archives (People’s History Museum, Manchester), Research Department Correspondence, 2.3.1, vol 3, ‘Hospitals, 1953’ file, Memo on ‘Hospital Services’; John Prince, ‘A Consumer’s View of the National Health Service’, in James Farndale (ed), Trends in the National Health Service (Oxford, 1964), p 35; Rudolf Klein, The New Politics of the NHS, (Harlow, 1995 edn.), pp 46–7; David Widgery, The National Health (1988), pp 56–7; Titmuss, Essays, pp 201–2; Paul Vaughan, Exciting Times in the Accounts Department (1995), pp 71, 61–2.
3. Spectator, 3 Feb 1956; Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants (2001 edn.), p 210; Heap, 2 Oct 1955; Richard Bradford, First Boredom, Then Fear (2005), p 151; Times Literary Supplement, 14 Oct 2005 (Ken Worpole); Geoffrey Rivett, From Cradle to Grave (1997), p 77; Simon Goodwin, ‘Community Care for the Mentally Ill in England and Wales: Myths, Assumptions and Reality’, Journal of Social Policy (Jan 1989), pp 30, 33; John Clay, R.D. Laing (1996), pp 55–60.
4. Heap, 23 Mar 1956; Channel Four, ‘Children of the Iron Lung’, 21 Sep 2000; Rivett, Cradle, p 59; Virginia Berridge, ‘The Policy Response to the Smoking and Lung Cancer Connection in the 1950s and 1960s’, Historical Journal (Dec 2006), p 1197; Macmillan, p 556; Berridge, ‘Policy’, p 1200; Matthew Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800–2000 (Manchester, 2000), p 214; News Chronicle, 6 Jul 1956; Amis, p 496.
5. Picture Post, 9 Oct 1954; Vivienne Walters, Class Inequality and Health Care (1980), p 138; Webster, National, pp 57–8, 129–30; Charles Webster, ‘Investigating Inequalities in Health before Black’, Contemporary British History (Autumn 2002), p 91;
Klein, New Politics, p 47.
6. Rivett, Cradle, p 76; Zaida Hall, ‘Doctor John Agate’, Independent, 20 Nov 1998; Pat Thane, Old Age in Modern England (Oxford, 2000), p 449; Peter Townsend, The Family Life of Old People (Pelican edn, 1963), pp 177–9, 183.
7. Macmillan, p 486; Gilbert Harding, ‘Preface’, in W. H. Mason, The Gilbert Harding Question Book (1956), p 6; Peter Townsend, ‘The Meaning of Poverty’, British Journal of Sociology (Sep 1962), pp 211–15; Rodney Lowe, The Welfare State, (Basingstoke, 1999 edn.), p 97.
8. Berridge, ‘Policy’, p 1199; Alan Kidd, Manchester, (Edinburgh, 2002 edn.), p 196; David Jeremiah, Architecture and Design for the Family (Manchester, 2000), p 173; The Times, 30 Jan 2004 (Bob Stanley); Architectural Design (Dec 1956), pp 377–8; Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, (Oxford, 2002 edn.), p 241; New Statesman, 8 Dec 1956; A.G.V. Simmonds, ‘Conservative Governments and the Housing Question, 1951–59’, University of Leeds PhD, 1995, pp 253–4; John Winstone, Britain As It Was, 1963–1975 (Bristol, 1990), p 35; Candida Lycett Green (ed), John Betjeman, Letters, Volume Two, (1995), p 99; Pennie Denton (ed), Betjeman’s London (1988), p 53; Anthony Flowers and Derek Smith, Out of the One Eye (Newcastle, 2002), pp 9–16.
9. John R. Gold, The Practice of Modernism (Abingdon, 2007), p 148; John R. Gold, ‘The Making of a Megastructure: Architectural Modernism, Town Planning and Cumbernauld’s Central Area, 1955–75’, Planning Perspectives (Apr 2006), p 116; Architects’ Journal, 17 Jan 1957; Gold, Practice, p 150; Frank Worsdall, The Tenement (Edinburgh, 1979), pp 141–2; Glasgow Herald, 26 Dec 1956; Seán Damer, Glasgow (1990), p 191; Charles Johnstone, ‘The Tenants’ Movement and Housing Struggles in Glasgow, 1945–1990’, University of Glasgow PhD, 1992, pp 315, 318; Castlemilk People’s History Group, The Big Flit (Glasgow, 1990), pp 5–7, 20; Johnstone, ‘Tenants’ Movement’, p 324.
10. Ronald Smith, The Gorbals (Glasgow, 1999), pp 16–17; Town and Country Planning (Jun 1954), pp 277–80; News Chronicle, 23 Nov 1955; Glasgow Herald, 13 Apr 1956; Smith, Gorbals, pp 19–21; Glasgow Herald, 25 Jun 1956.
11. Liverpool Daily Post, 30 Jun 1956; Selina Todd, ‘Affluence, Class and Crown Street: Reinvestigating the Post-War Working Class’, Contemporary British History (Dec 2008), pp 501–3; John Barron Mays, ‘Cultural Conformity in Urban Area: An Introduction to the Crown Street Study in Liverpool’, Sociological Review (Jul 1958), p 98; J. A. Yelling, ‘Residents’ Reactions to Post-War Slum Clearance in England’, Planning History 214/3 (1999), p 7; C. H. Vereker and J. B. Mays, Urban Development and Social Change (Liverpool, 1961), p 94; Todd, ‘Affluence’, p 508; Liverpool Daily Post, 30 Jun 1956; Arthur Marwick, Britain in Our Century (1984), p 184.
12. Crown Street Survey, University of Liverpool, Special Collections, D416/1/23.
12 The Real Razzle-Dazzle
1. Tony Jasper, The Top Twenty Book, fifth edn (1991), pp 18–21; John Peel and Sheila Ravenscroft, Margrave of the Marshes (2005), pp 69–70; Bill Wyman, Stone Alone (1990), p 63; Philip Norman, John Lennon (2008), p 82; Daily Telegraph, 7 Jul 2003 (Michael Shelden); Pete Frame, The Restless Generation (2007), pp 175, 177; Michael Richardson, The Durham Miners’ Gala (Derby, 2001), pp 176–7; Thom Gunn, The Sense of Movement (1954), p 31; Dave McAleer, Hit Parade Heroes (1993), p 43; Peel and Ravenscroft, Margrave, p 71.
2. Humphrey Carpenter, The Angry Young Men (2002), pp 108–10, 135; Times Literary Supplement, 8 Jun 1956; Spectator, 15 Jun 1956; John Clay, R. D. Laing (1996), p 59; Carpenter, Angry, pp 134–44; Peter Bailey, ‘White Collars, Gray Lives? The Lower Middle Class Revisited’, Journal of British Studies (Jul 1999), p 289; Guardian, 8 Nov 1999 (Flachra Gibbons); Margaret Drabble, Angus Wilson (1995), pp 209–12; Spectator, 1 Jun 1956. The fullest account of the Angry Young Men remains Harry Ritchie, Success Stories (1988).
3. Alan Strachan, ‘Joan Littlewood’, Independent, 23 Sep 2002; Michael O’Sullivan, Brendan Behan (Dublin, 1997), p 207; Spectator, 1 Jun 1956; O’Sullivan, Behan, p 207; Richard Ingrams, Muggeridge (1995), p 177; Heap, 24 Jul 1956; Charlotte Mosley (ed), The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh (1996), p 386; Peter Bull, I Know the Face, but . . . (1959), p 189; Blackpool Gazette & Herald, 2 Jun 1956; West Lancashire Evening Gazette, 5 Jun 1956; Bull, I Know, pp 186–7; West Lancashire Evening Gazette, 9 Jun 1956; Bull, I Know, p 188.
4. Alethea Hayter (ed), A Wise Woman: A Memoir of Lavinia Mynors from her Diaries and Letters (Banham, 1996), p 114; The Times, 19 Jan 1998 (Erica Wagner); Robert Conquest (ed), New Lines (1956), pp xii–xv; Heap, 29 Aug 1956; Colin Clark, The Prince, The Showgirl and Me (1995), p 68; Guardian, 27 Dec 2008 (Simon Callow); BBC WA, R9/19/2, Aug 1956; John Ramsden, The Age of Churchill and Eden, 1940–1957 (Harlow, 1995), pp 296–7; New Yorker, 7 Jul 1956; Joe Moran, On Roads (2009), pp 19–20; David Hunt, A History of Preston (Preston, 1992), p 263.
5. Roy Greenslade, Press Gang (2004), pp 125–6; Daly, Ms 302/3/2, 20 Jun 1956; Reasoner, Jul 1956, pp 2–3, 14–15; John Saville, Memoirs from the Left (2003), pp 107–8.
6. Leon Edel (ed), Edmund Wilson, The Fifties (New York, 1986), pp 369–70; Haines, 31 Jul 1956; David Rayvern Allen (ed), Another Word from Arlott (1985), p 212; Turtle, 31 Jul 1956; Alan Hill, Jim Laker (1998), p 135.
7. St John, 23 Jul 1956; Robert Shepherd, Iain Macleod (1994), p 108; Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior (1979), p 123; Sunday Times, 29 Jan–4 Mar 1956; Goodman, Awkward, p 123; New Statesman, 7 Apr 1956; Shepherd, Macleod, p 110; Mark Pottle (ed), Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, 1946–1969 (2002), p 166; Eric Silver, Victor Feather, TUC (1973), p 103; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 13 May 1956; Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm (1971), pp 55–7; Ramsden, Age, pp 298–300.
8. Goodman, Awkward, pp 68, 110, 125–6, 129–30; Macmillan, p 571; Shepherd, Macleod, p 111; Richard Etheridge Papers at Modern Records Centre (University of Warwick), Mss 202/S/J/3/3/5; Goodman, Awkward, p 130; R. A. Leeson, Strike (1973), p 1997; John Salmon, ‘Wage Strategy, Redundancy and Shop Stewards in the Coventry Motor Industry’, in Michael Terry and P. K. Edwards (eds), Shopfloor Politics and Job Controls (Oxford, 1988), p 205; Tim Claydon, ‘Tales of Disorder: The Press and the Narrative Construction of Industrial Relations in the British Motor Industry, 1950–79’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations (Spring 2000), pp 13–16; Picture Post, 4 Aug 1956; Goodman, Awkward, p 131; Leeson, Strike, p 198; Timothy R. Whisler, ‘The Outstanding Potential Market: The British Motor Industry and Europe, 1945–75’, Journal of Transport History (Mar 1994), pp 5–9.
9. David Dutton, Anthony Eden (1997), p 271; Shepherd, Macleod, p 113; Goodman, Awkward, p 134; Crossman, p 510; Macmillan, p 594; Gaitskell, p 615; George H. Gallup (ed), The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), pp 385, 351; The Voice of Fords Workers, Oct 1956, pp 4–5.
10. Laurie Dennett, A Sense of Security (Cambridge, 1988), pp 316–17; Picture Post, 23 Jun 1956; Anthony Sampson, Anatomy of Britain (1962), pp 218–19; Guardian, 14 Jun 2008 (James Campbell); Mark Girouard, Big Jim (1998), p 85; Guardian, 14 Jun 2008 (James Campbell); Girouard, Big Jim, pp 85–6; Martin Harrison, Transition (2002), p 127.
11. News Chronicle, 31 Aug 1956, 6 Sep 1956, 12 Sep 1956; Frame, Restless, pp 187, 190, 192; Picture Post, 22 Sep 1956; Alan Travis, Bound and Gagged (2000), p 109; Guardian, 22 Jun 2001.
12. Jonathan Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby (1975), pp 278–9; Michael Banton, ‘The Influence of Colonial Status upon Black–White Relations in England, 1948–58, Sociology (Nov 1983), p 551; Michael Banton, White and Coloured (1959), p 210; Banton, ‘Influence’, p 552; Banton, White, p 210; Banton, ‘Influence’, p 553; Paul Foot, Immigration and Race in British Politics (Harmondsworth, 1965), p 128; Donald Hinds, Journey to an Illusion (1966), pp 118–20.
13. Saville, Memoirs, pp 108–9; Reasoner (Sep 1956), pp 12–13, 27–8.
14. C.A.R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (1956), pp 67, 98, 148, 295–332, 258–77, 333–50, 487, 522–3, 529. For fuller discussions, see Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History (199
9), chap 10; Radhika Desai, Intellectuals and Socialism (1994), chaps 4–5; Martin Francis, ‘Mr Gaitskell’s Ganymede? Re-assessing Crosland’s The Future of Socialism’, Contemporary British History (Summer 1997), pp 50–64; Jeremy Nuttall, Psychological Socialism (Manchester, 2006), pp 69–80.
15. Tribune, 5 Oct 1956; Gordon Brown, ‘Foreword’, in Dick Leonard (ed), Anthony Crosland, The Future of Socialism (2006), pp ix–x; Guardian, 27 Feb 1997.
16. Kenneth O. Morgan, ‘Royals since 1945: Political Society’, in Trevor Herbert and Gareth Elwyn Jones (eds), Post-War Wales (Cardiff, 1995), pp 14, 29–30; Daily Mirror, 26 Sep 1956; Dennis Potter, The Glittering Coffin (1960), p 76; Leo McKinstry, Jack & Bobby (2002), pp 62–3; New Statesman, 6 Oct 1956; Picture Post, 22 Oct 1956.
17. Martin, 21 Sep 1956; Langford, 1 Oct 1956; Haines, 4 Oct 1956; Lewis, 16 Oct 1956.
18. Guardian, 31 Mar 2006 (Mark Lawson); Irving Wardle, The Theatres of George Devine (1978), p 185; The Times, 13 Oct 1956; Jasper, Top Twenty, p 22; Record Collector, Aug 2006, p 67.
19. Financial Times, 17 Oct 1956; News Chronicle, 17 Oct 1956; The Times, 18 Oct 1956; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 19 Oct 1956.
20. M-O A, D5353, 1 Nov 1956; Independent, 30 Oct 2006 (David Prosser); Gallup (ed), Gallup, p 376; Guardian, 28 Oct 2006 (Jim Griffin).
13 Brisk Buying and Selling
1. New Statesman, 26 May 1956; Macmillan, p 561; Encounter, Jun 1956, p 5.
2. Star, 26 Jan 1956; Richard Coopey et al, Mail Order Retailing in Britain (Oxford, 2005), pp 64–5; Nick Tiratsoo, ‘Popular politics, affluence and the Labour party in the 1950s’ in Anthony Gorst et al (eds), Contemporary British History, 1931–1961 (1991), p 49; Elizabeth Nelson, The British Counter-Culture, 1966–73 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 14; Bill Osgerby, ‘“Well, It’s Saturday Night an’ I Just Got Paid”: Youth, Consumerism and Hegemony in Post-War Britain’, Contemporary Record, Autumn 1992, p 292.
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