Mayor, M., and D. A. Queloz. “Jupiter-Mass Companion to a Solar-Type Star.” Nature 378 (1995): 355–59.
McCormmach, Russell. “John Michell and Henry Cavendish: Weighing the Stars.” British Journal for the History of Science 4 (1968): 126–55.
McCrea, W. “Personal Recollections.” In Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, ed. B. Bertotti et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
“Meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society, Friday, 1935 January 11.” The Observatory 58 (1935): 33–41.
Michell, John. “An Inquiry into the Probable Parallax, and Magnitude of the Fixed Stars, from the Quantity of Light Which They Afford us, and the Particular Circumstances of Their Situation.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 57 (1767): 234–64.
Michell, John. “On the Means of discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of their Light, in case such a Diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other Data should be procured from Observations, as would be farther necessary for that Purpose.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 74 (1784): 35–57.
Millikan, Robert. “Available Energy.” Science 68 (1928): 279–84.
“Millikan Rays.” New York Times, November 12, 1925, p. 24.
Minkowski, H. “Space and Time.” In Lorentz et al. (1923), pp. 75–91.
Montgomery, Colin, Wayne Orchiston, and Ian Whittingham. “Michell, Laplace and the Origin of the Black Hole Concept.” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 12 (2009): 90–96.
Morgan, William W., Stewart Sharpless, and Donald Osterbrock. “Some Features of Galactic Structure in the Neighborhood of the Sun.” Astronomical Journal 57 (1952): 3.
Ne’eman, Yuval, and Yoram Kirsh. The Particle Hunters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
“New Radio Waves Traced to Centre of the Milky Way.” New York Times, May 5, 1933, p. 1.
Newton, Isaac. The Principia. Trans. I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Oates, Whitney Jennings, ed. The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers: The Complete Extant Writings of Epicurus, Epictetus, Lucretius, Marcus Aurelius. New York: Random House, 1940.
Oppenheimer, J. R., and Robert Serber. “On the Stability of Stellar Neutron Cores.” Physical Review 54 (1938): 540.
Oppenheimer, J. R., and H. Snyder. “On Continued Gravitational Contraction.” Physical Review 56 (1939): 455–59.
Oppenheimer, J. R., and G. M. Volkoff. “On Massive Neutron Cores.” Physical Review 55 (1939): 374–81.
Osterbrock, Donald E. Walter Baade: A Life in Astrophysics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Osterbrock, Donald. James E. Keeler: Pioneer American Astrophysicist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Ostriker, J. P., and P. J. E. Peebles. “A Numerical Study of the Stability of Flattened Galaxies.” Astrophysical Journal 186 (1973): 467–80.
Otis, Russell M., and R. A. Millikan. “Minutes of the Washington Meeting: The Source of the Penetrating Radiation Found in the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Physical Review 23 (1924): 778–79.
Overbye, Dennis. “And Now There Are Eight.” New York Times, August 25, 2006, p. 20.
Overbye, Dennis. “Universe as an Infant: Fatter Than Expected and Kind of Lumpy.” New York Times, March 22, 2013, p. A10.
Pannekoek, A. A History of Astronomy. New York: Dover, 1989.
Payne, Cecilia H. Stellar Atmospheres: A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperatures in the Reversing Layers of Stars. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Observatory Monographs, 1925.
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia. The Dyer’s Hand. In Haramundanis (1984).
Penrose, Roger. The Emperor’s New Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Penzias, A. A., and R. W. Wilson. “A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.” Astrophysical Journal 142 (1965): 419–21.
Perlmutter, S., et al. “Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae.” Astrophysical Journal 517 (1999): 565–86.
Philip, A. G. Davis, and D. H. DeVorkin, eds. “In Memory of Henry Norris Russell.” Dudley Observatory Report 13 (1977): 107.
Piazzi, G. Risultati delle Osservazioni della Nuova Stella (Observations of the new star). Palermo: 1801. Translated by Antonio Parachinatti for Nevil Maskelyne of the Royal Greenwich Observatory. RGO Manuscript 4/221 in Cambridge University Library.
Pickering, E. C. Harvard College Observatory Annual Report 52 (1898): 1–14.
Pollack, James B. “The Rings of Saturn.” Space Science Reviews 18 (1975): 3–93.
“A Prize for Lemaître.” Literary Digest, March 31, 1934, p. 16.
“Radio Waves Heard from Remote Space.” New York Times, May 13, 1933, p. 19.
Randall, Lisa. Warped Passages. New York: Ecco, 2005.
Rao, Joe. “The 9 Most Brilliant Comets Ever Seen.” Space.com, October 5, 2012, http://www.space.com/17918–9-most-brilliant-great-comets.html. Accessed May 3, 2017.
“Red Shift of Nebulae a Puzzle, Says Einstein.” New York Times, February 12, 1931, p. 15.
Reich, W., and R. Wielebinski. “The Development of Radio Astronomy.” Astronomische Nachrichten 323 (2002): 530–33.
Renn, Jürgen, Tilman Sauer, and John Stachel. “The Origin of Gravitational Lensing: A Postscript to Einstein’s 1936 Science Paper.” Science 275 (1997): 184–86.
Riess, Adam G., et al. “Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant.” Astronomical Journal 116 (1998): 1009–38.
Rosenfeld, Albert. “What Are Quasi-Stellars? Heavens’ New Enigma.” Life, January 24, 1964, pp. 11–12.
Rovelli, Carlo. “What Does Present Days Physics Tell Us about Time and Space?” Annual Lecture at the Center for the Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, September 17, 1993.
Rubin, Vera C., W. Kent Ford Jr., and Norbert Thonnard. “Rotational Properties of 21 Sc Galaxies.” Astrophysical Journal 238 (1980): 471–87.
Ryle, M. “The Nature of the Cosmic Radio Sources.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 248 (1958): 289–308.
Sagan, Carl. Cosmos. New York: Ballantine Books, 1980.
Sandage, A. Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, vol. 1: The Mount Wilson Observatory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Schilpp, Paul A., ed. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1959.
Schmidt, Maarten. “3C 273: A Star-Like Object with Large Red-Shift.” Nature 197 (1963): 1040.
Schwinger, Julian. Einstein’s Legacy. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.
Secundus, C. Plinius. Pliny’s Natural History in Thirty-Seven Books, Book II. London: George Barclay, 1847–48.
Shapley, Harlow. “Luminosity Distribution and Average Density of Matter in Twenty-Five Groups of Galaxies.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19 (1933): 591–96.
Sheehan, William. The Planet Mars. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996.
Shu, Frank H. The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy. Mill Valley, Calif.: University Science Books, 1982.
Siegel, Lee J. “A Hotspot for Powerful Cosmic Rays.” July 8, 2014, https://archive.unews.utah.edu/news_releases/a-hotspot-for-powerful-cosmic-rays.
Slipher, V. M. “The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula.” Lowell Observatory Bulletin 58, no. 2 (1913): 56–57.
Slipher, V. M. “Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae.” Popular Astronomy 23 (1915): 21–24.
Slipher, V. M. “The Spectrum and Velocity of the Nebula N.G.C. 1069 (M77).” Lowell Observatory Bulletin 80, no. 3 (1917a): 59–62.
Slipher, V. M. “Nebulae.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 56 (1917b): 403–9.
Slipher, V. M. “Dreyer Nebula No. 584 Inconceivably Distant.” New York Times, January 19, 1921,
p. 6.
Smith, Bradford A., and Richard J. Terrile. “A Circumstellar Disk Around ß Pictoris.” Science 226 (1984): 1421–24.
Smith, R. W. The Expanding Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Smith, R. W. “Edwin P. Hubble and the Transformation of Cosmology.” Physics Today 43 (1990): 52–58.
Smith, R. W. “Red Shifts and Gold Medals.” In his The Explorers of Mars Hill, 43–65. West Kennebunk, ME: Phoenix Publishing, 1994.
“Some Scientific Centres—The Heidelberg Physical Laboratory.” Nature 65 (1902): 587–90.
“Spiral Arms of the Galaxy.” Sky & Telescope, April 1952, pp. 138–39.
Strauss, D. “Percival Lowell, W. H. Pickering and the Founding of the Lowell Observatory.” Annals of Science 51 (1994): 37–58.
Strauss, D. Percival Lowell. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Struve, Otto. “New Light on the Structure of the Galaxy Gained in 1952.” Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, no. 285, January 1953, pp. 275–82.
Sullivan, Walter. “Pulsations from Space.” New York Times, April 14, 1968, p. E18.
Sutton, Christine. Spaceship Neutrino. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Swidey, Neil. “Before the Beginning.” Boston Globe, May 4, 2014, pp. 20–29.
Thorne, Kip S. Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994.
Time, March 11, 1966 (cover).
Tinsley, Beatrice M. “Evolution of the Stars and Gas in Galaxies.” Astrophysical Journal 151 (1968): 547–65.
Tinsley, Beatrice M. “Chemical Evolution in the Solar Neighborhood IV.” Astrophysical Journal 250 (1981): 758–68.
Tully, R. Brent, et al. “The Laniakea Supercluster of Galaxies.” Nature 513 (2014): 71–73.
Tyson, J. A. “Dark Matter Tomography.” Physica Scripta T85 (2000): 259–66.
Van de Hulst, Hendrik C., C. Alex Muller, and Jan H. Oort. “The Spiral Structure of the Outer Part of the Galactic System from the Hydrogen Emission at 21 cm Wavelength.” Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands 12 (1954): 117–49.
van de Kamp, Peter. “Astrometric Study of Barnard’s Star from Plates Taken with the 24-Inch Sproul Refractor.” Astronomical Journal 68 (1963): 515–21.
Van Helden, Albert. “Saturn and His Anses.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 5 (1974): 105–21.
Waldrop, M. Mitchell. “Inflation and the Mysteries of the Cosmos.” Science 213 (1981): 121–22.
Walsh, Dennis, Robert F. Carswell, and Ray J. Weymann. “0957+561 A, B: Twin Quasistellar Objects or Gravitational Lens?” Nature 279 (1979): 381–84.
Walter, Michael. “From the Discovery of Radioactivity to the First Accelerator Experiments.” In From Ultra Rays to Astroparticles, ed. B. Falkenburg and W. Rhode. Dordrecht: Springer Science, 2012.
Weber, J. “Evidence for Discovery of Gravitational Radiation.” Physical Review Letters 22 (1969): 1320–24.
Weinberg, Steven. The First Three Minutes. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
Weinreb, S., A. H. Barrett, M. L. Meeks, and J. C. Henry. “Radio Observations of OH in the Interstellar Medium.” Nature 200 (1963): 829–31.
Weiss, Rainer. “Gravitation Research.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics. Quarterly Progress Report 105 (1972): 54–76.
Welther, Barbara L. “The Discovery of Sirius B: A Case of Strategy or Serendipity?” Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers 16 (1987): 34.
Wheeler, John Archibald. “The Superdense Star and the Critical Nucleon Number.” In Gravitation and Relativity, ed. Hong-Yee Chiu and William F. Hoffmann, 195–230. New York: W. A. Benjamin, 1964.
Wheeler, John Archibald. “Our Universe: The Known and the Unknown.” American Scientist 56 (1968): 1–20.
Wheeler, John Archibald. A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime. New York: Scientific American Library, 1990.
Wheeler, John Archibald, and Kenneth Ford. Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.
Williams, R. M. E., et al. “Martian Fluvial Conglomerates at Gale Crater.” Science 340 (2013): 1068–72.
Wolszczan, A., and D. A. Frail. “A Planetary System Around the Millisecond Pulsar PSR1257+12.” Nature (1992): 145–47.
Young, Peter, et al. “The Double Quasar Q0957+561 A,B: A Gravitational Lens Image Formed by a Galaxy at z = 0.39.” Astrophysical Journal 241 (1980): 507–20.
Zwicky, F. “Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln [The redshift of extragalactic nebulae].” Helvetica Physica Acta 6 (1933): 110–27.
Zwicky, F. “Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses.” Physical Review 51 (1937a): 290.
Zwicky, F. “On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae.” Astrophysical Journal 86 (1937b): 217–46.
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I extend my gratitude to Natural History for providing me the perfect forum to explore my interests in both astronomy and the history of science. For this opportunity I thank the magazine’s chief executive officer, Charles Harris, along with editors Vittorio Maestro and Erin Espelie. As several chapters in this book originated in other periodicals, I am also grateful to additional editors for their thoughtful input at the time the articles were first published: Peter G. Brown at The Sciences, Steven J. Marcus and Alice Dragoon at Technology Review, Tim Appenzeller at National Geographic, Laura Helmuth at Smithsonian, John S. Rosenberg at Harvard magazine, Alan MacRobert and Robert Naeye at Sky and Telescope, and John Pomfret at the Washington Post.
My literary agent Peter Tallack at The Science Factory was eminently helpful in shepherding my manuscript to the Yale University Press. There I had the immense pleasure of working once again with Joseph Calamia, who always makes the editing process a delight. More than that, he provided the perfect title for this collection. I must also thank manuscript editor Joyce Ippolito, production editor Mary Pasti, and editorial assistant Eva Skewes for making sure that both the text and the images were polished to perfection.
Kisses to my husband Steve Lowe for his loving support. And, lastly, a big hug to my dog Hubble, who remained loyally by my side as I typed away on my computer.
Index
3C 273 (quasar), (i), (ii)(fig.)
40 Eridani and companion, (i)
47 Ursae Majoris, (i)
51 Pegasi, (i)
1992 QB1 (asteroid), (i)
Abell, George, (i)
Adams, Walter, (i)
Aldebaran, (i)
Alpher, Ralph, (i), (ii)(fig.)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, (i), (ii)
American Astronomical Society, (i), (ii)
amino acids, (i)
Andromeda galaxy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Ashtekar, Abhay, (i)
asteroids, (i), (ii)
astrochemistry, (i)
astrophysics, (i). See also spectroscopy; and specific topics, discoveries, theories, and individuals
atomic physics, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv). See also particle physics; spectroscopy; and specific particles
Augustine of Hippo, St., (i)
Augustus Caesar, (i)
B2FH paper, (i), (ii)(fig.)
Baade, Walter, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Baez, John, (i)
Barnard’s star, (i)
Bell (Burnell), Jocelyn, (i), (ii)(fig.), (iii)
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, (i)
Beta Pictoris (dwarf star), (i)
Bethe, Hans, (i)
Big Bang: Burbidge on, (i); causal theories, (i), (ii); and dark matter, (i); forces united in, (i); and galaxy distribution, (i); and inflation, (i), (ii), (iii)(fig.), (iv) (see also inflation); and primordial black holes, (i); proving the theory, (i), (ii); quantum jumble at heart of, (i); remnant microwave radiation (CMBR), (i), (ii)(fig.), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)n; remnant ripples, (i); seeing into first moments of, (i); theory’s origin, (i), (ii) (see al
so Lemaître, Georges); and time, (i). See also universe: birth and evolution
“Big Galaxy” model, (i)
Biviano, Andrea, (i)
black holes: Chandrasekhar’s work and, (i), (ii), (iii); characteristics, (i); clues to existence, (i); collision of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) (see also gravity: gravitational waves); early speculations, (i), (ii); formation, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n; and gamma rays, (i); origin of term, (i); primordial black holes posited, (i); radiation and evaporation, (i), (ii)(fig.); supermassive (galactic nuclei), (i), (ii); and time, (i), (ii)
Bode, Johann Elert, (i), (ii)
Bode’s law, (i), (ii)
Bohr, Niels, (i)
Bond, George, (i)
branes, (i), (ii). See also string theory
Brown, Michael E., (i)
Bunsen, Robert, (i), (ii)(fig.)
Burbidge, Geoffrey, (i), (ii)(fig.), (iii), (iv)
Burbidge, Margaret, (i), (ii)(fig.), (iii)
Burt, Jennifer, (i)
Butcher, Harvey, (i)
Butler, R. Paul, (i)
Calcutta, Black Hole of, (i), (ii)
Cambridge University radio telescope, (i), (ii)(fig.)
Campbell, Bruce, (i)
Campbell, William Wallace, (i)
carbon, (i), (ii), (iii)(fig.)
Cassini, Giovanni, (i)
Cavendish, Henry, (i)
Cavendish Laboratory, (i)
Cepheid variable stars, (i), (ii)
Ceres, (i), (ii)(fig.)
CERN, (i)
Chadwick, James, (i), (ii)
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, (i), (ii), (iii)
Chandra X-ray Observatory, (i)
Cheshire Cat, (i), (ii)(fig.), (iii)
Chiu, Hong-Yee, (i)
Chwolson, Orest, (i)
Clark, Alvan (father), (i), (ii)
Clark, Alvan Graham (son), (i)
Cline, David, (i), (ii)
CMBR. See cosmic microwave background radiation
Coma cluster, (i), (ii), (iii)(fig.)
comets, (i), (ii)
Compton, Arthur H., (i)
computers, female, (i)
Comrie, Leslie J., (i)
Comte, Auguste, (i)
Contact (1997 film), (i)
Copernicus, Nicolaus, (i), (ii)
cosmic matter, (i), (ii). See also dark matter
Dispatches from Planet 3 Page 23
