Coyote America

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Coyote America Page 27

by Dan Flores


  Russell, Edmund. Evolutionary History: Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life on Earth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

  Ruxton, George Frederick. Life in the Far West, Leroy Hafen, ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950).

  Ryden, Hope. God’s Dog: Celebration of the North American Coyote (New York: Viking, 1979).

  Salt Lake Weekly Tribune, “A Journey Through Western Utah and Nevada, South of Grantsville,” September 8, 1887.

  Sandlos, John. “Savage Fields: Ideology and the War on the North American Coyote,” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 9 (June 1998): 41–51.

  Sankararaman, Sriram, et al. “The Date of Interbreeding Between Neandertals and Modern Humans,” PLoS Genetics 8 (October 2012): 1–9.

  Schimmoeller-Peiffer, Katrina. Coyote At Large: Humor in American Nature Writing (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000).

  Seton, Ernest Thompson. “Tito: The Story of the Coyote That Learned How,” Scribner’s 28 (August 1900): 1–25.

  Sheldon, Jennifer. Wild Dogs: The Natural History of the Nondomestic Canidae (Caldwell, NJ: Blackburn Press, 1992).

  Shepard, Paul. The Others: How Animals Made Us Human (Washington: Island/Shearwater, 1996).

  Shivik, John. The Predator Paradox: Ending the War with Wolves, Bears, Cougars, and Coyotes (Boston: Beacon Press, 2014).

  Smail, Daniel Lord. On Deep History and the Brain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).

  Smith, Doug. Interview with the author, September 2013, disk copy in author’s possession.

  . “Ten Years of Yellowstone Wolves, 1995–2005,” Yellowstone Science 13 (Winter 2005): 7–33.

  Snyder, Gary. “The Incredible Survival of Coyote,” in The Old Ways (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1977): 67–93.

  Spiro, Jonathan. Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Burlington: University Press of New England, 2009).

  Stroud, Patricia. Thomas Say: New World Naturalist (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992).

  Tedford, Richard, Xiaoming Wang, and Beryl Taylor. Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) (New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2009).

  Tomer, John S., and Michael J. Brodhead, eds. A Naturalist in the Indian Territory: The Journals of S. W. Woodhouse, 1849–50 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).

  Townsend, John Kirk. Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978).

  Twain, Mark. Roughing It (New York: Penguin American Library, 1982).

  Tyler, Hamilton. Pueblo Gods and Myths (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964).

  Van Nuys, Frank. Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015).

  VonHoldt, Bridgett M., et al. “A Genome-Wide Perspective on the Evolutionary History of Enigmatic Wolf-Like Canids,” Genome Research (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2011).

  Walt Disney Presents. “The Coyote’s Lament,” 1961. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnSCOcwgjKs.

  Wang, Xiaoming. Interview with the author, October 2013, notes in author’s possession.

  Way, Jonathan. Suburban Howls: Tracking the Eastern Coyote in Urban Massachusetts (Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing, 2014).

  Wayne, Robert. Interview with the author, September 2013, notes in author’s possession.

  . “Molecular Evolution of the Dog Family,” Trends in Genetics 9 (June 1993): 218–224.

  Webb, Walter Prescott. The Great Plains (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981).

  Whittlesey, Lee, and Paul Schullery. “How Many Wolves Were in the Yellowstone Area in the 1870s?” Yellowstone Science 19 (Spring 2011): 23–28.

  Wildlife Management Institute. The American Game Policy and Its Development, 1929–1930 (Washington: Wildlife Management Institute, 1930).

  Wilson, Edward O. The Meaning of Human Existence (New York: Liveright Publishing, 2014).

  Wilson, Paul, et al. “DNA Profiles of the Eastern Canadian Wolf and the Red Wolf Provide Evidence for a Common Evolutionary History Independent of the Gray Wolf.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 78 (2000): 2156–2166.

  Wise, Michael. “Killing Montana’s Wolves: Stockgrowers, Bounty Bills, and the Uncertain Distinction between Predators and Producers,” Montana, the Magazine of Western History 63 (Winter 2013): 51–66.

  Worster, Donald. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, second edition, 1994).

  Young, Julie. Interview with the author, November 2014, disk copy in author’s possession.

  Young, Stanley, and Harley Jackson. The Clever Coyote (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978).

  Index

  Abbey, Edward, 179

  Absaroka National Forest, 140

  Acme Corporation, 240–242

  Adams, Charles C., 117, 122–123

  adaptation, study of, 117

  adaptive success, of coyotes, 5, 35–36, 104–107, 148

  aerial gunning, 174–176

  agriculture, invention of, 218

  Albright, Horace, 138

  Algonquin Provincial Park, 224

  Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, 224

  altitude-based life zones, 122

  American Bison Society, 118

  American Game Conference, 125

  American Great Plains, 25–26, 53–54

  animal extinctions on, 84, 94

  Little Ice Age and, 219

  American Museum of Natural History, 125

  American Society of Mammalogists, 122, 145

  on predators, 109, 122–125, 134–135

  American West explorers, 54–57, 59–68, 76

  de Angulo, Jaime, 235

  Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 170

  Animal Communities in Temperate America (Shelford), 117

  Animal Damage Control Act (1931), 114, 116, 121, 136

  origin of, 109, 134

  proposed length of, 145

  repeal of, 166

  signing of, 135

  wake of, 140

  Animal Damage Control Act (1972), 166

  passage of, 167

  Animal Damage Control Bill

  opposition to, 134

  passage of, 135

  Animals I Have Known (Seton), 103

  animism, 27, 29

  APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

  archpredator, coyote as, 114, 116, 134, 141, 144

  Artemis, 27

  Audubon, John James

  Canis rufus, 215

  paintings of, 74–75

  on prairie wolf, 74

  Audubon Society, 118

  Aztecs

  animal fascination of, 10

  coyotes and, 9–10, 48

  deities of, 10

  Bailey, Vernon, 95, 122, 125

  on Canis rufus, 215

  on coyotes, 96

  mass-extermination techniques of, 100

  Baird, Spencer, 64

  balance of nature, 117–118

  Goldman on, 124

  Muir on, 108

  niches and, 119

  predators and, 120

  white Americans and, 139

  See also nature

  Barton, Benjamin Smith, 60

  Bartram, William, 214

  behavioral reproductive barriers, 225

  behavioral trait evolution

  in animals, 91

  in coyotes, 107–108, 128

  in humans, 39

  Bekoff, Marc, 19, 93

  Bering land bridge migration, 32–33

  Beuys, Joseph, 234, 246

  Big Bend National Park, 148

  Bigfoot (gray wolf), 113

  biocentrism, 154–155, 161

  “A Biotic View of Land” (Leopold), 154

  Bird, Isabella, 78

  biso
n

  in deep South, 219

  slaughter, 84, 86

  Bison Peak Pack, 132

  See also coyotes

  Blackfeet, 25

  Blanc, Mel, 240

  Blue Mars (Robinson), 245

  Bodmer, Karl, 68

  fame of, 66

  paintings of, 63, 65

  Boone and Crockett Club, 118

  bovine evolution, 6

  Brautigan, Richard, 236

  Breck, Stewart, 193, 202

  on urban coyotes, 203–204

  Brooks Range, 5

  Bryce National Park, 148

  Buchanan, James, 109

  Buck, Marcus, 206

  Bureau of Biological Survey, 113, 133

  bait stations, 98–99

  coyote characterization by, 144

  extermination policy of, 135

  funding for, 95–97, 109

  Grinnell, J., and, 123–125

  hunters employed by, 97–98

  justification for, 96–97

  mission statement of, 95

  Murie, O., on, 147

  policies of, 118

  predator control through, 95

  scientist relations with, 144

  success of, 103

  See also Fish and Wildlife Service

  Bureau of Ethnology, 234

  Burroughs, John, 108

  Cain, Stanley, 164

  Canidae, 26, 214

  evolution of, 30–31

  canids, 120

  ancestral, 3

  evolution of, 29–31, 211, 221

  mating strategies of, 105

  North American lineage of, 225–226

  purity of, 222–224

  canines

  morality and, 93

  See also wild canines

  Canis anthus, 60

  Canis armbrusteri, 33

  Canis aureus, 32, 60

  Canis chihliensis, 33

  Canis dirus, 33

  Canis edwardii, 31

  coyotes coexistence with, 32

  fossil evidence of, 32

  Canis frustror, 67–68

  Canis latrans, 32, 75

  Say on, 58–60

  See also prairie wolf

  Canis latrans frustror, 68

  Canis latrans orcutti, 34

  Canis lepophagus, 30–32

  Canis lupus, 26, 33

  Canis lycaon (Northeastern wolf), 6, 216, 226

  Canis niger, 214

  Canis rufus (red wolf), 6, 214, 226

  Audubon rendering of, 215

  Bailey on, 215

  as hybrid, 215–216, 219

  See also red wolf

  Canyonlands National Park, 148

  Carhart, Arthur, 156

  on poisons, 157–158

  Carley, Curtis, 222–223

  carrying capacity, 105, 133, 148

  Carson, Kit, 50

  Carson, Rachel, 156–157

  on poison, 158–159

  Carson National Forest, 94

  Carter, Jimmy, 170

  Carter, Robert, 83

  Central America, coyotes in, 4

  Chaco City, 10

  Chauvet Cave, 33

  Chico, the Misunderstood Coyote (Disney), 186

  Chihuahuan desert, 4

  Chisholm, Jesse, 85

  Christianity, 27

  Chuck Amuck (Jones), 239

  cities, as ecosystems, 193, 204–205

  Civilian Conservation Corps, 95

  Clark, William, 95, 109

  animals observed by, 54–55

  explorations of, 54

  journals of, 191

  Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 58

  Clements, Frederick, 117

  The Clever Coyote (Young, S.), 147

  Climax conditions, 117

  Clovis hunting culture, 115

  Clovis people, 25

  Colville, 25

  Commerce of the Prairies (Gregg), 69–70, 73

  competition, evolution and, 34

  Compound 1080. See sodium fluoroacetate

  Connolly, Guy, 148

  Continental Divide, 119

  Control Methods Lab, 124

  Corbin, Ben, 92

  cosmopolitan species, coyotes as, 5–6

  Coues, Elliott, on coyotes, 117, 179

  A Country Coyote Goes Hollywood (Disney), 187

  Coyoacan (religious coyote cult), 9

  Coyote (Native American god), 28

  appeal of, 236

  consciousness, 234, 243–245, 247

  creation myth, 21–22

  death rationale, 45–48

  early mythologies of, 37

  emergence of, 25

  genre, 235

  as human avatar, 37, 237, 248

  human nature myth, 22–24, 42–44

  Jung on, 27

  Kitchell on, 245

  as literary character, 38

  selfishness parable, 44–45

  Snyder on, 236

  story functionality, 41–42

  universality of, 41–42

  See also Old Man America

  Coyote, Peter, 184, 236

  Coyote, Wile E., 237–240

  identification with, 241–242

  plight of, 241

  “Coyote and His Knee” (Wichita), 22–24

  “Coyote and the Frog People” (Kalapuya), 44–45

  “Coyote and the Shadow People” (Nez Perce), 46–48

  coyote control, 141, 169

  end of in national parks, 139–140

  evolutionary colonizing mechanisms and, 108, 148

  in Glacier National Park, 100–101

  kill count, 147

  livestock industry and, 142–143

  methods of, 88, 145–147

  nonlethal, 175–177

  population effects of, 143

  program results, 223

  sentiment favoring, 138–139

  sheepmen on, 102, 142–143

  sterilization, 175–177

  in Texas Hill Country, 147–148

  during WWII, 145

  Young, J., on, 174–175

  See also predator control

  Coyote Extermination Act, 109

  Coyote Nation (Mitchell, P.), 243

  coyote pelts

  fur trade and, 85

  Lewis on, 85

  Ruxton on, 85

  coyote power, Navajos on, 49–50

  coyotes, 54, 230, 247

  adaptive success of, 5

  ancestor of, 26–27

  anecdotal stories of, 233–234

  as archpredator, 114, 116, 134, 141, 144

  Aztecs and, 9–10, 48

  Bailey on, 96

  behavioral trait evolution of, 107–108, 128

  biased predation evidence of, 136

  bounties on, 87–88, 96, 152, 184

  Bureau of Biological Survey on, 144

  C. edwardii coexistence with, 32

  canine competition with, 191–192

  in Central America, 4

  changing pronunciation of, 71–73

  close encounters, 1–2

  colonization behavior of, 7–8, 108

  as cosmopolitan, 5–6

  Coues on, 117

  cultural transmission among, 106–107

  dentition of, 36

  eradication of, 115–116, 141

  evolution of, 3, 26, 34–35, 105–107, 132–134, 148

  extermination war against, 7, 16, 88, 144–145, 162

  fission-fusion in, 104–106, 108

  genetic analysis of, 26–27

  Goldman on, 109, 125, 134, 137

  gray wolves and, 65–66, 125–126, 214, 217–218

  Grinnell on number slaughtered, 86

  habitat range of, 2–5, 7–8, 61, 101–102, 107, 196

  hearing in, 106

  Hernandez on, 57–58

  history of, 14

  howling melodies, 81–83

  humans and, 2–3, 6, 9, 14–15, 27, 191–194, 204–205, 209

  Hyde on, 28
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  in Indian myth, 116

  Indian observations of, 14–15

  individuality of, 115, 177–178

  introduction of, 3

  jackals and, 29, 63–64

  lack of sympathy for, 138–139

  in Lamar Valley, 132

  Leopold on, 139

  Lewis on, 55–57

  litter size, 7, 105

  in Mexico, 4

  Mills on, 117

  mimicry of, 18

  Mitchell, T., attacked by, 209–210, 227

  Muir on, 108

  in New York City, 11–12

  nineteenth-century traveler references to, 190–191

  as omnivorous generalists, 35, 137

  origin of term, 69, 71

  political ideology and, 16–17

  as political topic, 173–174

  population levels, 139–140, 248

  as predators, 114

  primary diet of, 137, 140–141

  pronghorn antelope and, 184

  pronunciation and, 16–17

  public opinion of, 15–17

  Pueblo Indian rock art, 50

  pup survival rates, 197

  resiliency of, 15, 103–105, 108, 228–229

  rodent control by, 83–84

  role of, 20

  romanticizing, 113

  Ruxton on, 73

  as scavengers, 131–132

  scorched-earth policy against, 102–103

  Seton on, 104

  sheep and, 143

  sheepmen on, 87

  Smith on, 107, 126–128

  as social, 35–36

  as source of confusion, 15

  southward movement of, 4

  speed of, 132

  sport-hunting, 182–183

  stereotype of, 75–79, 84

  survival of, 101–102

  territory extension for, 145

  Twain on, 76–78

  vision in, 106

  war on, 153

  wariness of, 106–108

  wolves and, 113–114, 126–130, 133–134, 215

  in Yellowstone National Park, 127–129, 139–140, 148

  See also Bison Peak Pack; prairie wolf; Rick Creek coyote; urban coyotes; Western coyote

  Coyote’s Journal, 235–236

  The Coyote’s Lament (Disney), 151–152, 186

  Coyotism, 27, 42

  disorder in, 49

  power available through, 49–50

  West Coast, 235

  See also religions

  coyotl, 4, 9–10, 58

  origin of term, 70–71

  See also coyotes

  Coyotlinahual (coyote sorcerer), 10

  Coyotlinauatl (coyote god), 10

  coywolf, 210–211, 224, 227

  Crabtree, Bob, 133

  Crania Americana (Morton), 222

  Crows, 25

  Crystal Creek pack, 130

  Curwood, James Oliver, 92

  Custis, Peter, 60

  Darling, Ding, 144

  Darwin, Charles, on dogs, 92

  Davis, Mike, 199

 

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