Domesday Book, 168
double slipway system, 113
Dover, Strait of, 197, 199
Dow Chemical, 470
drainage, 75, 76, 77, 161; malaria control and, 262, 317; reclamation and, 164, 201, 478; Venetian swamps and, 176
Drake, Francis, 198–99, 200, 207
Drake’s Leat (aqueduct), 199
Dreadnought (battleship), 233
drinking water, 16, 17, 106, 165, 357; contamination of, 18, 249, 259, 425, 428, 472; desalinization and, 458, 459; individual daily needs of, 251, 491; pricelessness of, 379; purification of, 263; qanat and, 48–49, 143, 385, 487; recycled water and, 457–58; safety precautions for, 51–52, 101, 252, 296, 428, 477; scarcity crisis and, 4, 349; ship voyages and, 195, 459; steam pump and, 2, 224; U.S. standard for, 461, 462
drip irrigation, 406–7, 471
dromedary, one-hump, 134–35, 138
drought, 14, 18, 33, 45, 55, 56, 388, 483; Australia and, 474; China and, 436; electricity effects of, 477; Ethiopia/Sudan and, 390–91; global warming and, 478; Middle East and, 406, 407, 412; U.S. West and, 322, 323, 326, 341, 342, 344, 351, 453, 456
Dulles, John Foster, 239, 240–41, 242, 389
Dunkirk, 197
Durant, Ariel and Will, 14
dust storms: China and, 435–36; United States and, 342, 344, 345, 347
Dutch East India Company, 202, 203
Dutch Republic. See Netherlands
dynamo, 243, 285–86, 294
dysentery, 251, 371
Earth, 9–13
Earth Day, 356
earthquakes, 55, 318, 438, 439
Earth Summits, 356, 372, 485
East Africa, 13, 126, 137, 183, 194; Cheng Ho voyages and, 120, 122, 190; White Nile sources and, 387, 388, 396
East China Sea, 438
Eastern Roman Empire. See Byzantine Empire
economic systems. See command economy; market economy
ecosystems, 17; legal entitlements of, 450. See also environmental headings
Eden, Anthony, 241, 242
Edinburgh, 254
Edison, Thomas, 243, 285
Egypt, ancient/medieval, 2, 20, 24, 26–37, 60, 253; Alexandria and, 36, 74–75; founding unifier of, 30–31, 44; as “Gift of the Nile,” 26, 38; Islamic rule of, 131, 134, 137, 144, 147–48; map of, 29; Mesopotamia compared with, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45; Persians and, 36, 51, 67; as prototype hydraulic civilization, 26–27; regional climate change and, 32, 45; Romans and, 36, 37, 75, 81–84, 92; sea trade and, 33, 34–35, 41, 58, 63–65, 71, 151, 183. See also Nile River
Egypt, modern, 384, 385–400; British occupation of, 231, 237–40; irrigation collapse in, 147–48; Israel and, 388, 391, 402–3; Mamluks and, 148, 193, 194, 235; Napoléon and, 206–7, 234–35, 277; Nasser regime and, 239–43, 389, 392–93; national security fears of, 387–88, 391, 416; water scarcity and, 131, 384, 385, 397–400. See also Suez Canal
Eisenhower, Dwight, 239, 241, 242, 393, 401
Elbe River, 146, 174, 261
electricity, 243–45, 264, 267, 285–87, 455, 476–77, 480; dynamo and, 294; government subsidies and, 423, 424; rural areas and, 343. See also hydroelectricity
elephants, 78
Elisha’s Spring, 20
Elizabeth I, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200; flush toilet and, 257
Elvin, Mark, 122
embargo of 1807 (U.S.), 282
endangered species, 356
energy: shortages of, 476–78, 480. See also specific sources
England. See Britain
English Channel, 11, 197, 199–200, 203–4, 208–11
English East India Company, 205, 270
Enil (deity), 45
Enki (deity), 39
Enron, 380
environmental challenges, 15–16; Green GDP calculations and, 441, 442; market economy and, 260–61, 264–65, 451; New York water network and, 460–62; small-scale solutions and, 420, 445, 450, 483; water scarcity responses and, 369–70, 485, 489–90
environmental damage, 14, 367–69, 372–73, 381, 390, 434, 447, 482; China and, 357, 417, 419, 430, 433, 435–36, 439–41, 446; deforestation and, 43, 56; disasters and, 356–57; exemption of producer of, 377, 472; Gold Rush and, 299–300; greenhouse gases and, 473, 475, 476, 478; large-scale water transfer projects and, 445; Soviet Union and, 264–65, 354, 356–57, 377–78, 445; special interest lobbying and, 475. See also dams, giant; irrigation; water pollution
environmentalist movement, 352–57, 372, 451; China and, 438, 439, 446; economic incentives and, 450; India and, 429–30; industry and, 471; right-scaled solutions and, 445
Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.), 356, 462, 475
environmental regulations, 450, 451, 469, 470, 475
environmental sustainability, 356, 357, 367, 381; Asia and, 418, 429–30, 441; crisis and, 384–85, 489–90; industrial democracies and, 450–51
equator region, 11
Eratosthenes, 74
Erdogen, Recep Tayyip, 411
Erie, Lake, 286, 289, 292, 304; pollution of, 354
Erie Canal, 3, 217, 260, 289–94, 488; financing of, 290, 321, 481; impact of, 289, 292–94, 295, 296
erosion, 56, 373, 418, 435–36, 439, 440
Eshnunna, 46
Ethiopia, 130, 137, 148, 183, 236, 399–400, 415, 483; ancient civilization of, 393–94; Blue Nile source and, 28, 387, 392, 396, 495; drought/famine and, 390–91; Egypt and, 387, 392–96; population boom and, 398; poverty of, 495
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 28, 394
Etruscans, 63, 65, 76, 77
Euclid, 74
Euphrates. See Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Europe, 12, 72, 112, 117, 141, 146, 157–79, 245, 254; Africa and, 154, 238–39; agricultural innovations and, 161–63, 172, 360; bodies of water and, 158; canal network in, 82, 201, 214–17, 293; coastal trade of, 173–76, 178–79, 202; economic integration of, 173–80, 214–15, 242; emigrants from, 230; global dominance of, 154, 181; Islamic onslaughts on, 132, 137, 141, 151, 152, 153; long-range armed sailing ships and, 192–93; map of, 159; market economy and, 157–58, 172–73, 189, 200; Mechanical Revolution and, 166–71, 173; Mediterranean trade and, 60, 142; northern development of, 158–65, 189, 195, 200; northern vs. southern Mediterranean regions of, 154, 157, 162, 164; Ottoman threat to, 151, 152, 194; Protestantism and, 82, 196–97, 199, 200; Romans and, 82, 91, 174; steam railroad and, 229; steamships and, 230–31; water comparative advantage of, 149–50, 154, 158, 160–63, 172–73, 254, 375; water productivity and, 450. See also Voyages of Discovery; specific countries
European Union, 82, 242; water policy directive (2000), 450
Evans, Oliver, 225, 283
evaporation, 10, 11, 13, 43, 66, 362, 374; global warming and, 478; Nile and, 388, 390, 400
Everglades, 462
Exodus, 44
factory system, 221–22, 224, 227, 284, 476, 488
factory towns, 251, 283–84
failed states, 371, 396, 415, 483, 495
Fairmount Waterworks (Phila.), 225
famine, 32, 110, 131, 148, 166, 179, 387, 396, 430, 482, 495; Ethiopia/Sudan and, 390–91; Green Revolution as counter to, 360; India and, 231, 360
Faraday, Michael, 250, 285
farming. See agriculture; irrigation
Fashoda Incident (1898), 238–39
Fatah guerrillas, 402
Fatimids, 37, 144, 148
Federalists (U.S.), 274
Ferdinand, King, 148, 187, 188
Fertile Crescent, 37, 47, 384, 401, 487; Agricultural Revolution and, 19; map of, 40. See also Mesopotamia
fertilizers, 257, 343, 347, 350, 352, 442; Green Revolution and, 360; water pollution from, 353, 354, 398, 472, 473, 476
feudalism, 160, 163, 172
Field, Cyrus W., 230
filtration plants, 254, 263
financial markets, 166, 196, 202, 203, 204, 217, 295
firearms, 116, 119. See also artillery; cannon; gunpowder
fires, 296, 297, 356
First Crusade, 141, 160
>
fisheries, 179, 280, 457; water pollution and, 352–53, 354, 362, 372, 398, 472
Fitch, John, 230, 288
Flanders Fleet, 173–76, 179, 182
floating water mills, 84–85, 93, 144, 165, 168, 169, 224, 283, 284
flood control, 31, 51, 100, 105; giant dams and, 287, 323, 338, 343, 488
flooding, 13, 14, 18, 20, 24–28, 52, 114–15, 483; Colorado River and, 332; dam collapse and, 327; global warming and, 478; Grand Canal and, 444; Indus unpredictability of, 55; levee collapse and, 464; Mississippi River and, 275–76; New Orleans and, 18, 464, 479; Nile predictable cycle of, 26–27, 32, 47; Tennessee River and, 343; Tigris and Euphrates and, 38, 42; Yangtze and, 125, 436, 437, 439; Yellow River and, 98, 100, 110, 118, 125. See also monsoons
flood stories, 42
Florence, 164, 165
Florida, 276–77, 278, 279, 458, 462–63
flour mills. See gristmills
flush toilet, 257–58
food: global shortage of, 471, 476, 480; from New World, 188, 360; preservation of, 179; price of, 398, 482; water content of, 373
food imports (as virtual water), 373, 384–85, 397, 406, 415, 423–24, 476, 483
Forbidden City, 124
forced labor, 31–32, 41, 105; China and, 111, 112, 432; Suez Canal and, 236. See also slave labor
Ford, Henry, 343
foreign policy. See diplomacy, water
forests, 11, 19, 56, 65, 161, 267, 280, 329; New York watersheds and, 460, 461; reforestation of, 450, 470. See also deforestation
Fort Peck Dam, 338
fossil water. See aquifers
foundling water-motif myth, 44, 76
Fourth Crusade, 141, 177, 178
France, 124, 160, 165, 173, 196, 203–10, 252; American Revolution and, 206, 270, 272–73; canal engineering and, 214–15, 216, 289, 488; Fashoda Incident and, 238–39; Louisiana Purchase and, 277–79, 291; Panama Canal project and, 309–14, 316, 317; steamboats and, 288; Suez Canal and, 216, 234–36, 237; Suez Crisis and, 241, 242, 243; U.S. Quasi-War with, 277, 303; water power and, 168, 224–25. See also Napoleonic Wars; Paris
Francis, James B., 285
Francis turbines, 285, 286, 287
frankincense, 34, 35, 58, 129, 393
Franklin, Benjamin, 272, 274, 276, 293, 379
Franks, 91, 94, 141, 160
freedom of shipping, 482
free market. See market economy
French and Indian War, 205
French Revolution, 273
freshwater: city sites and, 20, 139; conservation of, 456, 463–67; contamination of (see water pollution); contemporary demand for, 368, 381–82; daily individual amount needed of, 370–71; ecosystem depletion and, 368–69, 372; farms as greatest users of, 471; giant dam distribution of, 357–58, 361; giant pipelines and, 409; global warming effect on, 426–27, 446; growth in use of (1700–2000), 228; as human right, 412, 491, 495; as new oil, 367, 372, 383, 411–16, 447, 449; public health and, 3, 251–52, 254, 263; rating of, 371; renewable sources of, 10, 13, 374, 375, 449; sanitary revolution and, 262–64; Silk Roads route and, 108; sources of, 12–13, 20, 224–25; steam pumping of, 2, 224, 225, 228; sustainable equilibrium and, 357; U.S. supply of, 344; wasteful practices and, 418–19, 448, 463; water cycle and, 13. See also drinking water; Haves and Have-Nots paradigm; water scarcity
Friant Dam, 342
frontier thesis (Turner), 325
Frontinus, Julius, 88
frozen water. See ice forms
fuel cells, 480
Fulton, Robert, 229–30, 288, 289–90
Gabriel, Archangel, 129
Galilee, Sea of, 401, 402, 403, 405, 407
galleass, 152
galleon, 188
galley, 36, 77, 152, 192
Gama, Vasco da, 120, 150–51, 180, 181, 185, 186, 189–94; drinking water casks and, 195; route of, 190–91
Gambia River, 153, 185, 292
Gandhi, Indira, 419
Ganges delta, 57, 73, 259
Ganges River, 292, 422, 425; dam effects on, 361; glacier shrinkage and, 426
Ganges Valley, 54, 56, 57, 275
Gangotri glacier, 426
Garden of Eden, 39, 410
gas (as water form), 10, 66, 218. See also steam engine
Gaugamela, Battle of (331 BC), 72
Gaul, 63, 78
Gaza Strip, 402, 404, 406
gears, 107, 117, 168
General Electric, 357
genetically modified crops, 373, 381, 480
Genghis Khan, 109, 117, 118, 146; memorial tomb of, 435
Genoa, 59, 118, 142, 164, 173–78
genocides, 371, 396, 495
George III, 211, 272, 273
Georgia (U.S. state), 467–68
geothermal field, 455
Germany, 160, 163; sea power of, 233, 305, 319
germ theory, 251, 262, 316–17
Ghana, 137
Ghent, 164
Gibraltar, 60, 80, 208
Gibraltar, Strait of, 205; European control of, 174–75, 178; Islamic control of, 79, 132, 303. See also Pillars of Hercules
Gihon Spring, 49, 50
glaciers, 11, 12, 19; global warming and, 426–27, 446
Gladstone, William, 237
Glasgow, 251, 254
Gleick, Peter, 361
global economy, 3, 110, 180, 228, 230, 234, 319, 360–61; dam-building boom and, 357; freedom of shipping and, 482; U.S. primacy and, 267; water productivity advantage in, 469
global warming, 356, 457, 468, 474–76; early signs of, 12; effects of, 426–27, 446, 478–80; feedback loops of, 478; water-use footprints and, 451
Glorious Revolution (1688), 204
Goa, 193–94
Golan Heights, 402, 403, 405, 406, 411–12
gold: Africa and, 183, 186; California and, 85, 299–300; free markets and, 202; New World and, 188, 196, 198
Golden Hinde (ship), 198, 199
Golden Horn, 139, 140, 151, 177
Gold Rush, 85, 299–300
Gomes, Fernäo, 186–87
Goths, 91, 92, 93–94, 95
grain, 10, 17, 20, 21, 24, 30, 39, 41, 43, 44, 66; China and, 419, 430–31, 434, 435, 436; Crimea and, 66; European three-field crop rotation and, 162; food chain and, 373; high-yielding hybrid, 360; India and, 231, 424; major world producers of, 417–18; Mediterranean trade and, 70, 71, 80; Roman imports of, 37, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84, 92; Saudi cultivation of, 413; United States and, 267, 269; water mills and, 84–85; water-poor nations’ import of, 373, 397
Granada, 144, 187
granaries, 20, 21, 25, 45; centralized control of, 31, 42, 52, 112. See also gristmills
Grand Canal (China), 2, 97, 98, 112–16, 119–24, 128, 439; command economy and, 172; Erie Canal compared with, 293; Europe’s river network compared with, 164; length of, 112; locks and, 119, 122, 215; major breeches in, 125; New Grand Canal and, 122–23; pollution of, 444; precursor of, 104–5, 215; significance of, 97, 111, 113; South-to-North Diversion Project and, 431, 444, 445
Grand Canal (Venice), 165, 201
Grand Canyon, 327, 331, 332, 337, 352
Grand Coulee Dam, 338–41
Grand Pont (River Seine), 165
Grant, Ulysses S., 309
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 346
grappling hook, 152
Grasse, François de, 273
grasslands, 11, 19, 322; vanishing of, 435, 476
Great Britain. See Britain
Great Depression (1930s), 3, 329, 337, 338, 342, 381, 481
Great Lakes, 13, 230, 289, 293, 294; lowered water levels and, 468; pollution of, 354; U.S. control of, 304
Great Schism (papacy), 95
Great Stink of 1858 (London), 249, 250, 256, 260, 261, 265, 457
Great Wall of China, 25, 103, 108, 112, 121, 435
Greece, ancient, 36, 49, 52, 64–72, 158, 252; civilization of, 67, 70, 74; colonies of, 66, 76, 77; as seafaring society, 59. See also Athens; Hellenic culture
Greek fire
, 138–39, 140, 141
Greek philosophy and science, 17, 66–67, 74; Islamic revival of, 145, 184
Green GDP initiative, 441, 442
greenhouse gas emissions, 473, 475, 476, 478
Green Mountain Boys, 271
Green Revolution, 3, 267, 360–61, 373, 417, 419, 488; call for revival of, 421–22, 424, 429–30, 482
Gregory XIII, Pope, 95
gristmills, 84–85, 93, 104, 107, 144, 149, 166, 281; waterwheel invention and, 167, 488
groundwater, 10, 13, 43, 56, 449, 489; ecosystem pollution and, 353–54, 425–26, 472; overpumping of, 341, 344–48, 361–62, 382, 385, 401, 414, 418, 423, 434, 435, 480; recycling and, 457–58. See also aquifers
Guadalquiver River, 144, 174
Guinea, Gulf of, 184, 190, 194
Gujarat, 423
Gulf of. See key word
Gulf Stream, 12, 160, 186
Gulf War (1991), 410
Gulf War (2003), 410, 411
gunboats, 232, 239, 269, 305
gunpowder, 22, 116, 171; Lepanto sea battle and, 152; military significance of, 192, 206; Mongol use of, 146
Gupta dynasty, 57
Guthrie, Woody, 340
Habsburg dynasty, 188–89, 196, 200, 309
Haile Selassie, 392, 393
Hamilton, Alexander, 273, 274, 280, 282
Hammer, Armand, 416
Hammurabi, 39, 45–47, 50
Han Empire, 83, 101, 105–10, 111, 115, 442
Hanford (Wash.), 341
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 50
Hangzhou, 112, 115, 117
Hanna, Mark, 311
Hannibal, 78–79
Hanno, 184
Han River, 444
Hansa (Hanseatic League), 163, 178–79
Harappa, 52, 54
harbors, 11, 16, 41, 60, 65, 74, 113; Alexandria and, 74; Britain and, 211; Constantinople and, 139; European coastline and, 161, 164, 179; German free trade cities and, 163; Netherlands and, 164, 201–2; port restructuring and, 468; Portugal and, 181–82; Rome’s man-made, 83; U.S. Atlantic seaboard and, 280, 294–95
Harington, John, 257
Harris, Marvin, 172
Haryana, 423
Hasdrubal, 78–79
Hatshepsut, Queen, 34–35, 393
Haves and Have-Nots paradigm, 13, 352, 367–83, 417, 423, 428, 448, 472, 491–96; democracies and, 449; ecosystem damage and, 472; human indifference and, 485–86; India and, 423; Palestinians and, 403–4
Hay, John, 308, 314
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), 308
Steven Solomon Page 68
