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millet, 17, 20, 24, 97, 115
Milvean Bridge, Battle of (AD 312), 140
Minamata Bay contamination, 354
Ming Dynasty, 119–25
mining, 16, 63, 79, 174, 217–18, 267; open pit, 435; steam-powered water pump and, 1–2, 218–20, 224, 245, 476; waterpower and, 85, 169–70, 188, 213, 299–300. See also specific ores
Minoan civilization, 35, 63–64, 70
Minos, King, 63
Min River, 103–4, 439, 466
mirab system, 484–85
Mississippi River, 28, 230, 267, 274–79, 305, 332, 348, 475; basin of, 204; canal links with, 289, 292, 293, 295; fertilizer runoff and, 472; length/water volume of, 274; map of, 268; steamboats and, 288–89
Mississippi Valley, 266, 267, 274–77, 292, 304, 481; fertility/size of, 274–75
Missouri River, 274, 275, 279, 338, 343
Mohawk Indians, 270, 271
Mohawk River, 227, 289
Mohenjo Daro, 52, 54, 55
Moluccas. See Spice Islands
monasteries, 165, 169, 170
Mongolia, 96
Mongols, 22, 92, 109, 121, 143, 146, 151, 435; extent of conquests, 117–19
Monongahela River, 288
Monroe Doctrine, 304
monsoons, 21, 54, 114–15, 205–6, 375, 479; damage from, 422; Gulf Stream and, 12; India and, 56–58, 422; Indus civilization and, 55; military strategy and, 73; Nile flood levels and, 28; two-way winds of, 58, 75, 109, 114, 132, 136; unpredictability of, 57; Yangtze region and, 97, 98
Monte Cassino, 169
Moody, Paul, 283
Morgan, J. P., 314
Morgan, Mike, 455
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 314
Mormons, 326
Morocco, 62, 174, 184, 303
Morse electric telegraph, 285
Moscow River, 265
Moses, 35, 44, 76, 129
mosquitoes, 54, 94, 115, 251–52, 262, 278; Panama Canal project and, 310, 316–17
Mosul, 47
Mozambique, 183
Mozambique Channel, 149, 190
Mubarak, Hosni, 394, 399
mudslides, 18, 438, 478
Muhammad, Prophet, 128, 129–30, 132, 138, 143, 393, 394
Muhammad Ali Pasha, 235, 237
Muir, John, 352
Mulholland, William, 334–35, 453
multipurpose dams. See dams, giant
Mumford, Lewis, 41, 90
Murray-Darling river system, 422, 473, 474
Muscle Shoals Dam, 343
Muslims. See Islam; Islamic civilization
Mycenaeans, 64
Mylae, Battle of (260 BC), 78
myrrh, 35, 58, 129, 393
myths, water, 17, 39, 42, 44, 67, 76
Nablus, 404
Nahrwan canal system, 143, 147
Namibia, 458
Naples, 76, 83, 93
Napoléon, 72, 95, 206–9, 234–35, 277, 278–79, 288
Napoleonic Wars, 70, 95, 206–10, 226, 234, 277–78, 282
Narmada rebellion (1989), 420, 421
Narmada River, 422
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 239–42, 243, 358, 389, 390, 392–93, 398, 402
Nasser, Lake, 389–91, 395–96
National Irrigation Congress (1893), 328
National Water Carrier Network (Israel), 402, 403
Nature Conservancy, 471
naval battles: American Revolution and, 206, 273; Byzantine Greek fire and, 138–39; as decisive turning points, 70, 200; early, 35; first major on record, 68–70; historically significant, 152–53, 205, 207–9; last with wooden sailing ships, 210; long-range artillery and, 152, 153, 192–93, 197, 200, 226, 232; Romans and, 77–78, 81–82; Spanish Armada and, 199–200; steam and iron innovations and, 232. See also specific battles
naval power. See sea power
Naval War College (U.S.), 305, 306, 307
navigation instruments, 114, 116, 145–46, 178
Navy, U.S., 267, 303, 304–5, 307, 320, 459
Nazi Germany, 210, 320
Nebraska, 265, 322, 345, 348
Nebuchadrezzar II, 50, 72, 73
Needham, Joseph, 96
Negev Desert, 402
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 358, 419
Neko II, 36, 65, 151, 183, 184, 194, 207, 234
Nelson, Horatio, 177, 207–8, 226, 234
Nestlé, 380, 469, 470
Netherlands, 59, 200–203, 208, 209, 232; commercial power of, 179, 201–3; ports of, 164, 201–2; revolt against Spain by, 196–97, 200, 202; water engineering and, 196, 478–79; water parliaments and, 484–85
Nevada, 453
New Amsterdam, 203, 295
Newcomen, Thomas, 1, 218
Newcomen steam engine, 218, 219–20, 225, 255
New Deal, 338, 339, 342–43, 381
New Delhi, 424–25
New England, 222, 280, 281–84
Newfoundland, 180, 186
New Grand Canal, 122–23
New Orleans, 205, 267, 305; flood of 1927
and, 276; flood of 2005, 18, 464, 479; Mississippi River and, 275–79, 288, 289
New Rome. See Constantinople
New Valley Project (Nile), 395–96
New York City, 203, 267; cholera pandemic and, 260, 296; port restructuring of, 294, 468; water supply network of, 295–99, 380, 460–67, 470
New York State, 203, 267; American Revolution and, 270, 271, 272, 273; Erie Canal and, 289–94, 296, 321, 481; steamboats and, 288; watershed program and, 460–62, 464–65
New York Stock Exchange, 295
Niagara Falls, 243, 286, 289, 292, 354
Niagara Falls Power Company, 286
Nicaragua: canal proposal and, 300–301, 308, 309, 310, 311; freshwater stock of, 375
Nicholas V, Pope, 95
Niger River, 137, 153
Nightingale, Florence, 258
Nile, Battle of the (1798), 70, 207–8, 234, 277, 304
Nile basin, 387, 388–89, 393, 394–96, 416, 483; population boom in, 398
Nile Basin Initiative, 395, 400
Nile River, 24, 26–37, 72, 98, 128, 292; annual predictable flood cycle of, 26–27, 32, 47; annual variable flood level of, 27–28, 32–33, 35, 37, 84, 131, 148, 387; British hydraulic engineering and, 237–38, 388; deterioration of, 361, 387, 390, 397–99, 433; Indus compared with, 427; map of, 29; Mississippi compared with, 274, 275; Nasser-Sudan agreement on, 392–93; origins of, 28, 387, 388; population supported by, 104; strategic control of, 37, 387–88, 393–96; wasteful practices and, 397; as world’s longest river, 28. See also Aswan high dam; Aswan low dam; Suez Canal
Nile Valley and delta, 28, 32, 33, 60; Aswan Dam effects in, 238; environmental damage and, 397; human settlements in, 30; Islamic control of, 131, 144, 147–48
Nile Waters Agreement (1959), 393, 395
Nineveh, 48, 72, 86
Nippur, 46
Nixon, Richard, 393
Noah, 42
nomadic pastoralists, 22, 117, 128–29, 130, 147, 161
Nombre de Dios, 200
noria, 34, 50, 51, 115, 117, 143, 167
Normandy, 204, 320
Normans, 160, 168, 177
Norsemen. See Vikings
North Africa, 60, 82, 83, 303; Islamic expansion and, 126, 132, 134, 174; water scarcity and, 375, 384, 385, 400. See also Carthage; specific countries
North America, 203, 205, 260; climate of, 12; lake systems of, 13; Voyages of Discovery and, 180, 186, 198; water wealth of, 375. See also Canada; Mexico; United States
North Sea, 82, 158, 163, 173, 174, 201, 479; Black Sea canal link with, 82; herring migration to, 179
northwest passage search, 198, 203, 279
Norton, Gale, 454
Norway, 286
Nottingham, 221
Nova Scotia, 205
Nubia, 32, 33, 35, 416
Nubian Desert, 28
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, 416
nuclear energy, 245, 287, 320
nuclear weapons, 341, 354
&nbs
p; Nurek Dam, 359
Nyasa, 13
Oak Ridge (Tenn.), 343
oars, 36, 62, 68, 77
Ocalan, Abdullah, 410, 411
Occidental Petroleum, 416
oceans, 10, 13. See also specific oceans
ocean voyages, 2–3, 59, 154, 157, 178, 180, 187–89, 195, 300, 319; drinking water and, 195, 459; Dutch and English early dominance in, 200–210; steam power and, 1, 229–30, 244; supercontainers and, 468, 476, 482, 488. See also Voyages of Discovery; specific oceans
Octavian. See Augustus
Ogadei, 146
Ogallala aquifer, 344–48, 413, 434, 469
Ohio River, 27, 275, 276, 288, 293, 305
Ohio Valley, 205, 274, 280
oil, 267, 281, 294, 350; drilling techniques for, 347; supertankers and, 318, 482; water crisis and, 367, 372, 383, 411–16, 447, 449, 483; wealth from, 385, 415–16
Okeechobee, Lake, 462
Oklahoma, 345, 346, 347
olives and olive oil, 54, 60, 66, 70, 79
Olmec civilization, 25
Olympics (2008), 443
Ontario, Lake, 286
Opium Wars, 124, 232, 304
oracle bones, 101
Orange County (Calif.), 457–58, 459
Oregon (warship), 308
organ, hydraulic, 74
Orient Express, 229
origin of life, 17
Orinoco River, 292, 374
Oslo accords (1995), 404
Ostia, 77
Ottoman Turks, 22, 36, 193, 194, 196, 235; Constantinople’s fall to, 141, 192, 253; military expansion of, 151–53, 194–95
Ouachita River, 279
Owen, Robert, 284
Owens River Valley, 334–35, 453
Oxus River, 73, 108, 126, 132, 377
Ozal, Turgut, 409
Pacific Ocean, 12, 180, 188, 195, 198, 199, 309; U.S. sea power and, 70, 233–34, 304, 308, 320
Pakistan, 57, 378, 415, 417, 427–28, 449, 483; giant dam of, 359; water violence and, 371
Palestine, 33, 35, 49; Islamic control of, 131; water scarcity and, 384, 391, 400–412
Palestine Liberation Organization, 402, 404, 405
Palestinians, 403–4, 406, 408, 412
Panama, 200, 300, 312–14; freshwater stock of, 375; independence of, 314, 315
Panama Canal, 3, 234, 263, 300–320, 343, 481; cost of, 318; map of, 268; significance of, 267, 302–3, 319–20, 321; Suez Canal engineering vs., 310–11, 316; treaties and, 314, 315; yellow fever and, 262, 316–17
pan-Arabism, 239, 243, 389, 401
papacy, 94, 160, 177; New World division by, 189, 195; Water Popes and, 95, 199
Papal States, 94
papermaking, 116, 144–45, 170
Papin, Denis, 218
papyrus, 32
Parana River, 359
Paris, 88, 164, 165, 168; cholera pandemic in, 259; population growth of, 251; sanitation and, 254; water supply and, 224–25
Paris, Peace of (1783), 276–77, 279
Parthians, 108
Pasteur, Louis, 262
Patowmack Canal Company, 280
Paul, St., 84
Paul V, Pope, 95
Pawtucket cotton mill, 281–82
Pax Britannica, 232, 234
Pax Roman, 82
Peace Pipelines (Turkey), 409
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 320, 340, 341
Pearl River, 194
peasants, 25, 31–32, 162, 179
Peloponnesian War, 71–72
Pemba, 183
penteconter (warship), 68
Pepsi-Cola, 380, 424
Pepys, Samuel, 256
Pergamum, 79, 86
Périer, Jacques and Auguste, 225
permafrost, 11, 12
Perrier Vittel, 470
Perry, Matthew, 232, 304
Persia, 34, 36, 39, 50–52, 184; Alexander the Great and, 72; Greek wars with, 67–70; Islamic expansion and, 130, 131, 134, 143, 145; Silk Roads and, 108; spread of, 67. See also Iran
Persian Gulf, 20, 39, 41, 82, 194, 408, 409, 415; Cheng Ho voyages and, 120; oil shipments and, 482
perspiration, 17
Perth, 459
Peru, 55, 305
pesticides, 262, 347, 352; as pollutants, 354–55, 472
Petra, 55
petroleum. See oil
Pharaoh, 30–32, 36
Pharos lighthouse, 74, 83
Philadelphia (Pa.), 225, 270, 271, 283, 292, 295
Philip II, King, 182, 189, 196, 197, 199, 202
Philip of Macdon, 72
Philippines, 307
Philistines, 35
Phoenicians, 65–66, 68, 77, 174, 183, 184, 209
Phoenix (Ariz.), 323, 330, 331, 351
Piazza Navona, 89
Pickens, T. Boone, 469
Pillars of Hercules, 60, 65, 79, 174, 183, See also Gibraltar, Strait of
Pincio Hill, 93–94
piracy, 79–80, 83, 91, 175, 303; contemporary, 482
Piraeus, 70–71
Pisa, 175, 178
Pittsburgh, 267, 288, 292–93
plague, 131, 166, 179, 296
Plassey, Battle of (1757), 205–6
plastics, 353
Platte River, 275
Plotinus, 74
plow, 157, 487; cast-iron, 107, 161; wheeled moldboard, 161–62, 163, 172; wooden scratch, 21, 30, 56, 161–62
plutonium–239, 341
Plymouth (England), 199
Poitiers, Battle of (732), 141
Poland, 117
polar region, 11, 478, 479
polders, 201
politics of water, 404–8, 411–12, 448–86
Polk, James, 300
pollution. See environmental damage; water pollution
Polo, Marco, 109, 114, 118, 174
Pompey, 80, 81
Pont d’Avignon, 165
Pont du Gard, 86
Ponte Vecchio, 165
Pont Neuf, 224
Pont Notre Dame, 224
Poor Richard’s Almanac (Franklin), 379
population-resource equation, 16, 369
Po River, 76, 176, 477
Portland cement, 261
ports. See harbors
Port Said, 239
Portugal, 36, 121, 150–51, 181–87, 189–94, 202
Portus, 83
potatoes, 10, 25, 188, 360
Potomac River project, 280, 287–88, 289
Powell, John Wesley, 327–28, 336, 349
prairie, 11, 265, 322, 342; Ogallala aquifer, 344–47
Praser, Ritu, 425
precipitation, 10, 13, 362, 374; disrupted patterns of, 12, 478; predictable patterns of, 11. See also rainfall; snow
Prester John, 183
priests, 24, 31, 41–42
printing, 116, 159, 170
privateering, 196, 198, 199, 204, 282, See also piracy
Promontory Point (Utah), 229
Protestantism, 82, 196–97, 199, 200
Ptolemaic dynasty, 36, 183
Ptolemy (scientist), 74, 184
public health, 3, 251–52, 254, 262–65, 353–54
pulley, 49
pumps: centrifugal, 346–47; treadle-chain, 105–6, 115, 494; water-powered, 213, 217, 224, 255. See also steam pumps
Punic Wars, 70, 77–79, 81, 91, 174
Punjab, 52, 73, 419, 423, 427–28
Punt, 34, 35, 58, 393
purification rituals, 18
pyramids, 25, 34
Qaddafi, Muammar el-, 415–16
qanats, 48–49, 143, 385, 487
Quasi-War (1798), 277, 303
Quattro Fiumi fountain, 89
Quebec, 205, 260
Quiberon Bay, Battle of (1759), 205
Quito, 462
Quraysh tribe, 129, 130, 132
Qwest Communications, 469
Rabin, Yitzhak, 404
radioactive waste, 354
railroads, 286, 293–95, 321, 326, 334; canal links with, 293, 294; Panama and, 300, 3
17; steam locomotive and, 227, 229, 231, 267
rain dance, 18
rainfall, 10, 11, 21–22, 23, 56, 158, 161, 172, 253, 280, 332, 449; deforestation effect on, 43; Europe and, 161; evaporation and, 13; seasonal, 21; semiarid conditions and, 52; U.S. regions and, 322, 323, 456. See also monsoons
rain forests, 153, 476
rationing, water, 371
Ravenna, 92–93, 94, 176
Reclamation Act (1902), 328–29
Reclamation Service (U.S.), 329–30, 331, 334, See also Bureau of Reclamation
recycled water, 264, 406, 407, 451, 456–60, 470
Red River, 275, 279
Red Sea, 22, 35, 41, 58, 60, 65, 82, 83, 193, 194, 234–35, 393, 394, 402, 415; Arab trade and, 136, 144; Cheng Ho voyages and, 120; navigation perils of, 75, 136; shipping blockages and, 482; “Suez Canal” proposals and, 36, 151, 183, 207
Reed, Walter, 316–17
reforestation, 450, 470
Reformation. See Protestantism
refrigeration, 286, 295
Reisner, Mark, 342
Remus. See Romulus and Remus
Renaissance, 145, 182, 197; Rome’s revival and, 95, 110
reservoirs, 25, 38, 344, 439, 457; Ganges and, 422; New York and, 46, 296–98, 460–61, 463; world quadrupled capacity of, 359; world’s largest man-made, 330; Yangtze and, 436
reverse osmosis desalinization, 459–60
Rhine River, 82, 91, 111, 138, 158, 160, 163, 164, 174, 230, 292
Rhodes, 62, 79
Rhone River, 165, 230
Rialto Bridge, 165, 201
rice, 2, 10, 21–22, 56–58, 97, 98, 102, 104, 111–17, 120, 123, 398, 419, 452; high-yielding hybrid, 360; wet cultivation of, 114–15
Rio de la Plata, 292
Rio Grande, 188
rituals, water, 17–18, 54
Riverkeeper, 464
rivers, 2, 10, 15–16, 287; comparative water volumes of, 28; European network of, 149, 158, 163–64, 172; flow patterns of, 11; as freshwater source, 12, 13, 224–25; giant dam effects on, 361–62; global warming and, 426; human control of, 101, 103–4; Industrial Revolution and, 212; irrigation-based societies and, 20, 21, 24–58; steamboats and, 228, 229–30, 267, 287–89; steam pumps and, 224, 225; as U.S. resource, 267, 274, 281, 287, 292, 323–41. See also specific rivers
Rockefeller Foundation, 262, 317
Rocky Mountains, 274, 279, 322, 331
Roebuck, John, 220
“Roll on, Columbia” (song), 349
Roman baths, 54, 86–91, 110; degeneration of, 254; description of, 90–91
Roman Catholic Church, 82, 138, 187–89, 196, 199. See also papacy
Roman cement, 261, 291
Rome, ancient, 36, 49, 59, 75–94, 152, 157, 183; Augustan era of, 82–83; barbarians and, 91–93, 94, 105, 110, 158; bread and circuses and, 84; Carthage and, 70, 77–79, 81, 91, 174; Chinese silk and, 108; Christianity and, 109, 139, 394; decline of, 91–92, 94, 110–12, 138; drinking water and, 252; extent of empire of, 82–83; fall in West of, 92, 112; grain imports by, 37, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84, 92; Han Empire parallel with, 105, 110; Hellenic culture and, 74; Renaissance revival of, 95, 110; Republican era of, 76–82, 91; sackings of, 92, 138; sea power of, 2, 75, 77–79, 80, 82, 91, 174; slave labor and, 85, 173; water-foundling myth and, 44, 76; water systems of, 2, 54, 75, 76, 84–91, 93–94, 95, 138, 139, 215, 253, 261, 299, 466. See also Byzantine Empire