Eldridge Street jail (New York), 101, 103, 120–21, 226n1
Erie (ship), 130, 166, 167, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 181
Ethnogenesis, 9, 159, 175
Ethnography, 94–97, 129; “slave trade ethnography,” 14, 18, 30–41, 197n6, 212n108
Ethnology, 31, 43, 56, 57–59, 61, 62, 109–11, 197n6
Fenix (ship), 27–28, 29, 201n83
Foote, Andrew Hull, 18, 21, 33, 34, 36, 38, 199n34
Forced migration, 8, 43, 130, 134, 191
Fort Sumter (Charleston, S.C.), 52–53, 59–61; steamboat tours to, 65–66
Fort Taylor (Key West, Fla.), 71, 80, 81, 219n74, 220n80
Francisco (Wildfire shipmate), 75, 76–77, 83, 87, 136, 139, 144, 154, 174, 181, 249n115
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 71, 92, 143
Free blacks, in United States: opposition to colonization, 13–14, 108, 115; white American suspicion of, 24–25, 132; emigration proposals and opposition to, 59, 108–9; protest illegal transatlantic trade, 104–7; human rights radicalism of, 109–11, 124–25
Freedom’s Journal, 108
Freeman, Julia C., 165–66
Freeman, Nathaniel, 165–66, 170
Fugitive slaves. See Recaptivity: comparison to fugitive slave status
Garnet, Henry Highland, 108–9
General Páez (ship), 28–29, 40, 202n90, 203n97
George (Castilian nurse), 136, 138, 148
Gibbes, Robert W., 58
Gliddon, George, 58, 59, 60, 61, 109
Grand Bassa (Liberia), 157
Grand Cape Mount (Liberia), 157, 160, 164, 176, 181, 233n7, 249n115
Greenville (Liberia). See Sinoe
Grimball, Berkley, 64
Grymes, James, 78–79, 99, 129, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141, 146, 147, 148, 152, 154, 170, 235n39, 237n66, 239n125, 240n126
Gurley, Ralph, 21
Haiti, 9, 11, 25, 27, 33
Hall, Paul (South Shore nurse), 137
Hamilton, Daniel, 59, 64
Hamilton, Thomas, 106
Harper, Samuel H., 28, 29
Harper’s Weekly, 71, 75, 88–99 passim, 188, 224n137
Havana (Cuba), 7, 20, 33, 44, 72, 89, 220n82
Hawthorne, Walter, 9, 10, 127
Hennen, Alfred, 28, 202n85
Hoffman, C. Colden, 122, 132, 218n57
Igbo (language), 180, 202n83, 243n27
Igbo (term), 159, 161, 184
Illegal transatlantic slave trade: children in, 8, 37, 47, 72–73; legalization movement (slave trade revival), 11, 12, 22, 31, 36, 39, 43, 55, 56, 61–62, 68, 69, 106, 107; U.S. participation in, 19, 22, 31–32, 72, 104; branding captives in, 46, 48, 49, 74, 79, 89, 153, 208n44, 219n64; and “slaving frontier,” 76. See also Brazil; Cuba
Illustrated London News, 90–91, 96, 224nn137–38
James, John, 170
Jeffs, Ann Liberia. See Kandah
Johnson, Walter, 12, 39, 206n3, 232n114
Kabendah (Echo shipmate), 156, 157, 159, 242n6
Kandah (Echo shipmate), 156, 157, 159, 242n6
Key West (Fla.), 4, 14, 23, 69, 70–100 passim, 120, 135, 137, 201n80, 211n87, 215n12, 220n74, 220n80, 220n82, 223n118, 223n132
Kikongo (language), 45, 121, 232n117
Kru (term), 160, 170, 174, 176, 179, 203n102
Laing, Daniel, 176, 250n130
Lawrance, Benjamin, 128, 154, 163, 180, 184, 189, 208n35, 233n3, 253n16
Lee, Robert E., 173
“Legitimate” trade, 18–19, 35, 68, 104
Leopold II, 191–92
Lewis, Cudjo, 50, 78, 79, 218n55
Lewis, John N., 168, 169
Liberated Africans (under British administration), 4, 10, 68, 89, 91, 96, 131, 161, 171–72, 186, 192, 246n75; and British apprenticed labor, 187, 234n25
Liberia, 85, 108; colonization of, 5, 25–26; and colonizing mission, 38–39, 119, 157, 159; independence of, 108, 160, 168; relations with indigenous groups, 160, 164, 173; view of recaptives, 161–64, 168–69, 172–73, 177, 179
Lincoln, Abraham, 21, 122, 199n33
Lindsly, Webster, 99, 129, 134, 137, 140, 236n58, 238n88
Livingstone, David, 31, 59, 61
Lockwood, States Lee, 52–53
Lomax, Matilda, 164, 244n48
Luanda, 45, 46, 75–76, 87, 144, 207n20
Lugenbeel, James Washington, 162, 204n119, 205n139
MacGaffey, Wyatt, 144, 222n113, 240n132
Madia (Wildfire shipmate), 74–75
Maffit, John, 55, 210n87
Magrath, Andrew, 32, 56, 106
Mamigonian, Beatriz, 68, 131
Mason, John Edwin, 10
Mathewes, J. Fraser, 56, 60, 211n98
Mayer, Brantz, 33, 204nn124–25
McCalla, John Moore, 83, 129, 134, 137, 138, 139, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154
McCune Smith, James, 110–11
McNevin, John, 96, 225n156, 225n158
Menzamba, 176–77
Miller, Joseph, 44, 190
Missionaries, 14, 21, 31, 59, 62, 114–15, 119, 122, 132, 161, 163, 172, 174–75, 176, 181, 252n168
Monrovia (Liberia), 25, 156, 157, 161–75 passim, 241n4, 245n58
Montauk (ship), 74, 104, 154, 221n89
Moreno, Fernando, 70, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 90, 93, 99, 133, 211n87, 219n74, 220n80, 221n91
Morrison, Richard T., 81, 220n82
Morton, Samuel, 57–58, 109, 212n110. See also Racial science
Nelsen, Samuel, 105
Nesbit, William, 181, 243n38
New Georgia (Liberia), 27, 28, 161, 162, 165, 180, 181, 182, 201n80
New Orleans, 19, 28, 44, 113, 161, 202n85, 217n45
New York, 3, 18, 31, 67, 96, 101; as illegal slave ship port, 17, 19, 44, 72, 104
New York Vigilance Committee, 103, 116
Niagara, USS (ship), 66, 133, 135, 136, 143, 146, 157, 165, 235n33, 236n59
Nightingale (ship), 167
Northrup, David, 9
Nott, Josiah C., 58, 59, 60, 61, 109
Officer, Morris, 174, 175, 176, 177, 249n113, 249n125
Ogier, Thomas L., 53, 60
Ouidah, 19, 32, 50, 77–79, 153, 217n45, 218nn53–55
Patterson, Orlando. See Social death
Pembroke, Stephen, 116
Pennington, Elmira Way, 115
Pennington, Harriet, 113, 115
Pennington, James W. C., 107, 109, 112–23; against illegal transatlantic trade, 13, 102; advocacy for recaptives, 101, 103, 117–22; views on colonization, 108, 109, 115, 119; and Amistad case, 114–15, 118
Polygenesis, 13, 43, 58; black intellectual opposition to, 109, 124, 212n106, 212n108. See also Ethnology
Pons (ship), 30, 64, 131, 161
Pons shipmates, 35, 162, 163, 164, 165, 170, 174, 181, 182, 203n102, 209n58, 252n168
Porcher, Frederick A., 61–62, 64, 66, 124
Print culture: antebellum U.S., 12, 13, 15, 31, 106; slaver and naval narratives, 13, 18, 32–39; American illustrated news, 71, 88–90, 92–98; British illustrated news, 90–92
Proslavery ideology, 11–12, 13, 33, 35–37, 39, 43, 57, 58–59, 60, 62, 64, 69, 108, 132
Putnam (ship). See Echo
Racial science, 13, 31, 43, 57–58, 61; in Charleston, S.C., 56–57, 58–62; and slave trade, 61; and racial exhibition, 62, 64–66
Rainey, Thomas, 45, 133, 135, 234n33, 235n36, 237n71
Ray, Charles, 119
Recaptives. See Recaptured Africans
Recaptivity: as a historical condition, 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 43, 44, 50, 83, 130, 170, 186, 187, 206n9; comparison to fugitive slave status, 103, 104, 105, 111, 113, 116, 121, 122, 123–24
Recaptured Africans: in Liberian apprenticeships, 6, 14, 39, 118, 157, 159, 162, 166–79 passim, 184–85, 244n38, 248n99; survival strategies of, 9, 48, 128–29, 142–55 passim, 166, 189–90, 219n69; children (girls and boys), 9, 72–73, 82, 145–46, 219n61; in U.S. slave trade suppression laws, 17, 22–24, 40; as source of labor, 23, 26, 28, 99, 107, 118, 131, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 172
, 176; name changes of, 27, 40, 139–40, 159, 174–75, 177, 249n115; men, 30, 54, 82, 138, 139, 144, 147, 154, 162, 173; social crisis and social reclamation of, 44, 46–47, 54, 71, 83–85, 88, 142–55, 174, 189; in African barracoons, 45, 46–47, 53–54, 72, 73, 120, 166; languages and communication of, 46, 73, 75, 76, 121, 136, 144, 145, 146, 147; women, 48, 74–75, 81, 84, 90, 97–98, 126–27, 143–45, 151; medical care of, 49, 52–53, 85, 127, 131, 134, 137, 138, 169, 176; revolts and escapes of, 49, 163–64, 165–78; naval seizure of, 49–52, 70; in U.S. camps, 52–53, 54–55, 70, 76–77, 80–83; health and mortality of, 52–53, 84–85, 137–38, 141–42, 170, 175, 211n87, 236n62, 237n68, 237n77, 240n128; healers among, 74, 127, 149–51, 182; abduction threats to, 81, 220n82, 247n93; mothers, 84, 87, 97–98, 150; and suicide, 131, 140–41, 170, 209n58; transported to Liberia, 134–42, 161; marriages of, 147, 154, 163, 173, 180–81, 239n123; as Liberian buffer population, 160, 161, 164, 173; church membership of, 163, 181, 182, 185. See also Bogota shipmate; Echo shipmates; Wildfire shipmates; William shipmates
Rediker, Marcus, 57, 132, 134, 140, 232n115
Remond, Charles Lenox, 104
Removal policy (1819 law), 5, 17, 23–26, 27, 29, 40, 66, 103, 118, 122, 132, 133, 200n61, 201n80, 203n97
Revelations of a Slave Smuggler, 106
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 7, 70, 89, 131
Roberts, Joseph J., 164
Robertsport (Liberia), 157, 170, 183
Ruggles, David, 103, 233n127
Rynders, Isaiah, 105, 120, 122, 232n123
St. Helena, 74, 80, 130, 131, 216n30, 223n120
Scarification, 79, 89, 151–53, 241n149
Schmucker, Samuel S., 174, 175
Second slavery, 12, 17, 18, 132, 187
Seys, Ann, 174
Seys, John, 156, 165, 166, 169, 170, 172, 175, 176, 181, 184, 246n75, 248n102, 250n142
Shipmate bonds, 9, 15, 47, 53, 54, 69, 74–75, 79, 83–84, 88, 99, 127–28, 136, 144–45, 146–47, 154, 166, 176–77, 178, 179
Sierra Leone, 10, 20, 25, 46, 51, 85, 96, 107, 114, 130, 131, 161, 171–72, 181, 191, 247n89, 248n96, 251n152; and liberated African apprenticeships, 107, 131–32, 172, 247n93, 248n97
Sinha, Manisha, 55, 56, 206n3
Sinoe (Liberia), 157, 167–68, 170, 177–78, 237n67, 250n137, 250n142
Smith, Gerrit, 117
Smith, James, 31, 105
Social death, 10, 53, 78, 189
South Shore (ship), 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 235n40
Spratt, Leonidas, 11, 56, 68, 212n116
Star of the Union (ship), 134, 136, 137, 141, 146, 147, 148, 152, 153–54, 170, 235n40, 237n76
Stewart, Henry, 177, 178, 250n142
Still, William, 116
Storm King (ship), 166, 169, 170, 173, 174, 181
Stryker, Benjamin, 170
Suicide. See Recaptured Africans: and suicide
Suppression, transatlantic slave trade: U.S. efforts, 3, 5, 17, 19, 21, 22–24, 32, 38–39, 40, 57, 107, 160, 161, 200n50; British efforts, 20–21, 68, 131, 161, 171
Sweet, James, 10, 145, 150
Tappan, Lewis, 122, 132, 230n94, 232n123
Thompson, Jacob, 99, 122, 133, 211n98, 223n121
Tomich, Dale. See Second slavery
Toucey, Isaac, 22, 133, 215n2
Transit zones, 8, 80, 130, 131
Travis, Thomas, 175
Types of Mankind (Nott and Gliddon), 58, 212n110. See also Gliddon, George; Nott, Josiah C.
Underground Railroad, 116
U.S. Navy, 22–23, 28, 70, 120, 135, 200n50; Africa Squadron, 14, 21, 22, 32
Veloz (ship), 35, 37, 51
Vermilyea, Lucius, 73, 74, 104, 154
Wanderer (ship), 22, 31–32, 56, 106
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 21, 33
Weekly Anglo-African, 32, 105–6, 124
West Africa, U.S. commercial interests in, 30, 38, 59
Whitehurst, Daniel, 85, 222n103
Wildfire (ship), 72, 104
Wildfire shipmates: naval seizure of, 70; enslavement and middle passage of, 72–77; detention at Key West, 82–83, 84, 87; voyage to Liberia, 99, 135, 136, 146, 154; in Liberia, 167, 174, 176. See also Print culture: American illustrated news
Wilkins, Ann, 163
Wilkinson, Richard, 29, 30
William (ship), 72, 92, 137
William R. Kibby (ship), recaptive boys, 101, 120–22, 132, 231n110, 232n119
William shipmates: naval seizure of, 70; enslavement and middle passage of, 72, 74; detention at Key West, 84–85; voyage to Liberia, 99, 134, 135; in Liberia, 167
Wilson, Henry, 114–15
Wilson, Tamar, 114
Wilson, William J. (“Ethiop”), 105–6, 227n27
Winkey, Solomon S., 176
Witchcraft, and slave trade, 49, 74–75, 150–51, 209n50
Wright, Marcia, 48
Wright, Joseph, 50, 51
Wright, Walker, 175
Wyandotte, USS (ship), 21, 51, 81, 92
Yoruba (language), 23, 152, 217n48
Yoruba (term), 50, 77–78, 149, 152–53, 159, 168, 177–78, 181, 218n55, 251n143, 251n152
Young, William P., 76, 77, 81, 83, 126, 129, 133, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 149, 154, 220n82, 233n7
Zeldina (ship), 90–92, 210n67, 224n139
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