24 Hale, p. 136; Stow, p. 819.
25 Handover, Cecil, p. 265; Gerard, What Plot?, p. 99.
26 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 549–50.
27 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 267ff.; Anstruther, ‘Treason’, pp. 452ff.
28 Anstruther, ‘Treason’, p. 454.
29 Anstruther, ‘Treason’, p. 456.
30 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 287.
31 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 538; Gerard, Autobiography, p. 169.
32 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 538, 569–70; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 287.
33 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 90.
34 Duffy, p. 3; Caraman, Garnet, p. 320 and note 1.
35 Gardiner, ‘Garnet’s Declarations’, pp. 510–11.
36 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 90.
Chapter Nine: There Is a Risk…
1 ST., II, p. 256.
2 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 81.
3 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 322ff.
4 Caraman, Garnet, p. 322; ST., II, pp. 107–11.
5 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 97.
6 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 364ft; ST., II, p. 107; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 96–7.
7 ST., II, p. 255.
8 Caraman, Garnet, p. 91; Williamson, p. 143.
9 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 75–7; ST., II, p. 231.
10 Loomie, Fawkes, pp. 52–3 and note 3.
11 C.J., pp. 256–7.
12 Wiener, p. 109.
13 Chamberlain, I, p. 201; ST., II, p. 195.
14 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 45.
15 Nichols, I, pp. 530ff.; Chamberlain, I, pp. 208–9.
16 Paul, pp. 20ff.; King Lear (Muir), p. xxiii.
17 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 276; Caraman, Garnet, p. 325.
18 Caraman, Garnet, p. 412; S.T., II, p. 231.
19 Waugh, pp. 3ff.
20 Waugh, p. 23.
21 Waugh, p. 13.
22 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, pp. 182–3.
23 Mathew, Catholicism, p. 50; Squiers, p. 25; Edwards, Tesimond, p. 194.
24 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 46; App. C, pp. 265–6.
25 Charles-Edwards, pp. 1–24; Duffy, p. 44; Gerard, Autobiography, p. 46.
26 David, p. 70.
27 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 277
28 Finch, pp. 80ff.
29 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 108 and note; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 513.
30 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 246.
31 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, pp. 164ft; Sumner, p. 11.
32 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 278.
33 Williamson, p. 142.
Chapter Ten: Dark and Doubtful Letter
1 King Lear, Act I, scene ii; King Lear (Muir), pp. xviii–xix; S.T., II, p. 182.
2 Nicholls, p. 175.
3 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 33.
4 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 511–12.
5 Shakespeare Trust, ER 27/14; Hamilton, I, p. 214; Waugh, p. 80.
6 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 254.
7 Foley, I, p. 75; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 280.
8 Digby’s examination, S.P. 14/216/94.
9 Lingard, VII, p. 57 and note 1.
10 Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 105–7.
11 S.P. 14/19/40; Astruther, Vaux, p. 279.
12 Goodman, I, pp. 120–2; C.S.P. Domestic, 1603–1610, p. 251.
13 Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 102–3.
14 De Luna, pp. 115 ff.
15 S.P. 14/216/2.
16 Among the conspirators: Tresham (M. S. Giuseppi, ed., H.M.C. SaKsbury, XVII, p. xvii; Hurstfield, Freedom, p. 329; Toyne, p. 21; Willson, p. 224); Percy (a possibility: Nicholls, p. 175); Christopher Wright (with Thomas Ward and Dr Oldcorne as ‘aiders and abettors’, Spink, p. 36); Thomas Wintour (Simons, p. 127). Others: Mary Habington (Nash, Worcestershire, I, p. 595; ST., II, p. 197 note); Anne Vaux (Jardine, Narrative, pp. 83–6). Also: as a put-up job, Salisbury himself in a disguised hand (Edwards, Fawkes, p. 131); ‘contrived’ to scare Catesby into abandoning the plot, Rose, p. 105.
17 ST., II, pp. 195–202.
18 Spink, p. 67.
19 Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 117ff.
20 See Elton, Practice of History, p. 77: ‘there is a single question which the researcher must ask himself in assessing his evidence: how and why did this come into existence?’
21 Nash, Worcestershire, I, p. 585; Spink, pp. 112–19.
22 Nicholls, p. 175; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 550.
23 Spink, p. 232. D.N.B. Monteagle (Parker).
24 Goodman, II, p. 106.
25 Wiener, p. 109.
26 Williamson, p. 69 and note 13, p. 260; but see Jardine, ‘Remarks’, p. 92, who questions the September 1605 dating.
27 Gerard, What Plot?, p. 117; Edwards, Fawkes, p. 131.
28 ST., II, p. 209.
Chapter Eleven: Mr Fawkes Is Taken
1 ST., II, pp. 197ff.
2 Coughton Court and the Throckmortons, passim.
3 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 281; ST., II, pp. 232, 241; Tierney, IV, p. cii.
4 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. ccxxxvi.
5 King’s History, ST., II, p. 199.
6 Gardiner, Plot, p. 68.
7 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 246; Gardiner, Plot, p. 67.
8 Gerard, What Plot?, App. N, p. 276; Barlow, pp. 200ff.
9 Barlow, pp. 201–2; the Littletons are sometimes wrongly described as brothers; but see Nash, Worcestershire, I, p. 493; Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 132–3, note; Dures, pp. 42ff.
10 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 282; S.P. 14/216/178; Humphreys, ‘Wyntours’, p. 74.
11 Gardiner, Plot, p. 68; but see H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 509–10 for lines omitted.
12 Nicholls, pp. 163 ff.
13 Nicholls, p. 158 note 70.
14 Batho, Northumberland, pp. 5–6; Nicholls, p. 153; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 529–30.
15 S.T., II, p. 199; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 481–2; Gardiner, Plot, p. 131.
16 There was a No-Plot suggestion that Whynniard died on 5 November: possibly eliminated by the government as a cover for its own conspiracy. This has recently been shown to be incorrect since he signed his last will three weeks later; see Nicholls, p. 216.
17 Larkin, p. 123.
18 Gardiner, Plot, p. 68.
19 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 307.
20 Gardiner, Plot, p. 68.
21 S.P. 14/216/22.
22 Nicholls, p. 43; Williamson, pp. 174ff.; Digby’s examination, C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 260; S.P. 14/216/94.
23 Stow, p. 879; Nicholls, p. 13.
24 Stow, p. 881.
25 Nicholls, p. 10.
26 Bodleian, Ashmole MS., 363, fol. 241; Thomas, p. 312; Larkin, p. 123.
27 C.J., p. 257.
28 ST., II, p. 201.
Chapter Twelve: The Gentler Tortures
1 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 33; Shakespeare Trust, ER 27/14.
2 Nicholls, p. 11.
3 S.P. 14/216/18.
4 Coke, Third, p. 35; Jardine, Torture, p. 35; Edwards, Tesimond, p. 49 note.
5 Bellamy, pp. 120ff.
6 Cooper, p. 119; Jardine, Torture, p. 23ff.
7 Bellamy, p. 119; Read, p. 37.
8 Cooper, pp. 105–19.
9 S.P. 14/216/37.
10 Bellamy, p. 113.
11 Bellamy, p. 112; Lingard, VII, pp. 261–2 note 135.
12 Goodman, II, p. 106; Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 105; S.T., II, p. 218; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 292; Edwards, Tesimond, p. 129.
13 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 479; Goodman, II, p. 106.
14 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 479.
15 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 479.
16 Jardine, Torture, pp. 2–5.
17 Larkin, pp. 124–6; S.P. 14/216/22.
18 C.S.P. Domestic, p. 288; Edwards, Tesimond, p. 153.
19 Caraman, Garnet, p. 330.
20 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 310.
21 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 300–1.
22 Caraman, Garnet, p. 330.
23 Hamilton, I, pp. 182–3; S.P- 14/216/178; C.S.P. Domestic, p. 282.
24 Tierney, IV, pp. cxi–cx
ii.
25 Gardiner, Plot, p. 69; S.P. 14/216/135; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 265.
26 Humphreys, ‘Wyntours’, pp. 65 ff.
27 S.T., II, pp. 186–7.
28 Gardiner, Plot, p. 69.
29 Williamson, p. 182.
30 Gardiner, Plot, p. 69; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 531.
31 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 486; Bodleian, Ashmole MS. 363, fol. 241.
32 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 486.
33 Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 134–5; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 486.
34 Making a quantity of 1,800 lb since the Ordnance Board used a short hundredweight of 100 lbs; P.R.O., W.O. 49/31/101; Rodger, pp. 124–5. It used to be suggested by No-Plotters that the records had been removed for some reason, but this has been demonstrated to be untrue.
35 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 290–1.
36 C.S.P. Venetian, X, p. 325; Magee, p. 38; De Luna, p. 138; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 480; Goodman, I, pp. 120–2.
37 S.P. 14/216/49; S.T., II, pp. 202–3; Gerard, What Plot?, App. N, p. 268.
38 S.P. 14/216/54.
Chapter Thirteen: Fire and Brimstone
1 King’s Book; Mcllwain, pp. 281ff.
2 C.J., p. 257; King’s Book; Mcllwain, p. 289.
3 Larkin, p. 125.
4 Edwards, Fawkes, pp. 190–1.
5 Hurstfield, Freedom, p. 327; Edwards, Fawkes, p. 191.
6 See Nowak, passim; D.N.B. Barlow.
7 Nowak, p. 48.
8 Loomie, ‘Catholic Consort’, pp. 306ff.
9 Nichols, I, p. 592.
10 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 68; Nichols, I, p. 591.
11 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 136.
12 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 490.
13 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 250; Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 283–5.
14 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 197–8; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 490–1.
15 S.P. 14/216/156; S.P. 14/216/226; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 249; Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 295–6; G.E.C. Teynham.
16 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 208.
17 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 327.
18 Edwards, Fawkes, p. 181.
19 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 534.
20 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 38–40; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 534.
21 S.T., II, p. 170; Nicholls, p. 38.
22 D.N.B. Waad; Caraman, Garnet, pp. 348–9.
23 The handy short title by which the official account came to be known. The full title was His Majesties Speach in this Last Session of Parliament… Together with a discourse of the maner of the discouery of the late intended Treason, ioyned with an Examination of some of the prisoners.
24 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 541.
25 ST., II, p. 22.
26 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 308.
27 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 254.
28 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 534.
29 Hatfield MS 113/54; S.P. 14/216/114; ‘apparently altered by Coke to 25’, H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. xvi, 509–10, 512–13; Gardiner, Plot, pp. 57–69; Nicholls, p. 28 and notes 50–3; Williamson, App. I, pp. 247–500; Devlin, Hamlet, p. 148.
30 Williamson, App. I, p. 248 and Plates II and IV; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 512–13.
31 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 502.
32 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 509–10.
33 Shirley, pp. 336–40; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, 1603–1610, p. 257.
34 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 535.
35 Batho, ‘Wizard Earl’, pp. 344ff.
36 S.P. 14/216/136; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 266.
37 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 137.
38 Barlow, p. 200.
39 S.P. 14/216/145; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 267.
40 S.P. 14/216/166; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 279.
41 The presence of Foster makes nonsense of the theory that the government poisoned Tresham for knowing too much about their machinations; Wake, pp. 31ff.
42 Wake, pp. 33–4; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, pp. 528, 553.
43 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVII, p. 558; Wake, p. 34.
44 S.P. 14/216/211; Wake, p. 40.
45 Wake, p. 34.
46 Wake, p. 40.
47 Finch, p. 92; Williamson, p. 196.
Chapter Fourteen: These Wretches
1 By ‘JM.’, Harrison, Jacobean, p. 261.
2 C.S.P. Venetian, X, pp. 308–9.
3 Caraman, Garnet, p. 316.
4 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 200; Edwards, Tesimond, p. 163.
5 Larkin, p. 128; Humphreys, ‘Wyntours’, pp. 71 ff.; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 11–12.
6 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 34; Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 164–5.
7 Waugh, p. 18.
8 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 333–5; Humphreys, ‘Wyntours’, p. 52.
9 Comment of an eye-witness, Anstruther, Vaux, p. 334.
10 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 334.
11 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 153.
12 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 335.
13 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 190.
14 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 35–6.
15 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 34–5; S.P. 14/216/202; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 299.
16 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 339–40.
17 Caraman, Garnet, p. 339.
18 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 172; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 340.
19 C.J., pp. 257, 260; H.M.C. Montagu, pp. 47–9; D.N.B. Edward Montague.
20 Nichols, I, p. 590.
21 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 132–3; Bellamy, pp. 9ff.; Carswell, p. 42.
22 Nichols, I, p. 35.
23 Somers, Tracts, XI, p. 113; Willson, p. 301.
24 S.T., II, pp. 159-64, 187.
25 S.T., II, pp. 164–6.
26 S.T., II, pp. 166–84.
27 Jardine, Trials, II, pp. 120–1 and note 2, 139 and note 2.
28 Jardine, Trials, II, p. 159 and note 1; Lingard, X, p. 44 and note 1.
29 S.T., II, pp. 185–7.
30 S.T., II, pp. 186–7.
31 S.T., II, p. 186.
32 S.T., II, pp. 187–8.
33 S.T., II, pp. 188–9.
34 S.T., II, pp. 189–94.
Chapter Fifteen: The Heart of a Traitor
1 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 36–7.
2 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 339. It has been suggested that the government speeded up the executions in order to avoid confrontation with Father Garnet (still held captive in the midlands). But in fact executions at this period often did follow quickly upon convictions; see Bellamy, p. 182.
3 S.T., II, p. 182.
4 Barlow, pp. 197ff.
5 S.T., II, pp. 215–16.
6 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 226.
7 Wood, II, p. 241.
8 H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 52; Edwards, Tesimond, p. 227.
9 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 219; S.T., II, p. 182.
10 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, pp. 219–20.
11 S.T., II, p. 216.
12 S.T., II, p. 217.
13 S.T., II, p. 218; Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 221.
14 S.T., II, p. 218.
15 Humphreys, Habingtons’, p. 57.
16 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative,. 157–8.
17 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 175.
18 Hurstfield, ‘Succession’, p. 380; Gerard, Autobiography, p. 86; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 353.
19 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. clxxxix.
20 C.J., p. 264.
21 C.J., p. 265; C.S.P. Venetian, X, p. 321.
22 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 348ff.
23 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 350, 371, 422.
24 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 96.
25 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 256, 347.
26 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 183.
27 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 263.
28 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 172; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 186.
29 Caraman, Garnet, p. 351.
30 S.T., II, pp. 166–7.
31 Jardine, Equivocation, p. vii; Garnet, ‘Equivocation’, Bodleian, Laud MS., misc. 655, p. 1; Malloch, ‘Garnet’, p. 391; Al
lison, pp. 14–15.
32 Allison, p. 14; Malloch, ‘Garnet’, p. 387; Devlin, Southwell, App. C, PP- 333–5; Zagorin, pp. 12ff.; Holmes, Resistance, pp. 1ff.
33 Jardine, Equivocation, p. 3; Foley, VII, p. 1358.
34 Jardine, Equivocation, p. vii.
35 Basset, p. 135; Zagorin, p. 195.
36 Rose, pp. 80ff.; Zagorin, p. 210; Gerard, Autobiography, p. 125.
37 Jardine, Equivocation, p. 16.
38 Edwards, Fawkes, p. 215; Holmes, Resistance, p. 198; see Nowak, passim.
39 S.T., II, p. 180.
40 Caraman, Garnet, p. 354.
41 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 341.
Chapter Sixteen: The Jesuits’ Treason
1 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 345; C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 292.
2 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 159 note.
3 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative,. 186.
4 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 186; Waugh, pp. 21–2.
5 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 345; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 98; Waugh, p. 23.
6 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative,. 188–90.
7 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 184.
8 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 184.
9 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 360–2.
10 Chamberlain, I, p. 219.
11 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 362–3.
12 C.S.P. Domestic, VIII, p. 291 note.
13 S.P. 14/216/241; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 344.
14 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 345ff.; Caraman, Garnet, p. 367; see Gardiner, ‘Garnet’s Declarations’, pp. 510–19.
15 Edwards, Tesimond, p. 191; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 98.
16 Caraman, Garnet, p. 386; Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 341, 357; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, p. 108.
17 S.T., II, p. 243.
18 Gardiner, ‘Garnet’s Declarations’, pp. 510–17.
19 Edwards, Tesimond, pp. 191–2.
20 Gardiner, ‘Garnet’s Declarations’, p. 515; Holmes, ‘Casuistry’, p. 37; Caraman, Garnet, p. 376.
21 Gardiner, ‘Garnet’s Declarations’, p. 514; but Fr Caraman accepted that the handwriting was Fr Garnet’s own, Garnet, p. 376 note 4.
22 Gardiner, ‘Garnet’s Declarations’, pp. 517–19.
23 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative,. 171.
24 S.P. 14/216/200; 201, Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 353–6.
25 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 225.
26 S.T., II, pp. 217–355; Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, pp. 226–64.
27 Anstruther, Vaux, p. 360; Wake, p. 40.
28 Caraman, Garnet, p. 391.
29 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 390–1.
30 Paul, pp. 248–50.
31 Macbeth (Muir), p. xxi.
32 Habington, p. 119; Humphreys, ‘Wyntours’, p. 74; Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 269.
33 Morris, Gerard’s Narrative, p. 288.
34 Caraman, Garnet, p. 424; H.M.C. Salisbury, XVIII, pp. 95–6.
The Gunpowder Plot: Terror & Faith in 1605 Page 42
