79 . Puthoff, “CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing,” pp. 65–66; Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” pp. 8–9; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 108.
80 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 9.
81 . Puthoff, “CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing,” p. 68.
82 . Interview with John McMahon, Los Altos, California, November 17, 1998.
83 . Schnabel, Remote Viewers, pp. 106, 111.
84 . Ibid., pp. 107–108; Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, Perceptual Augmentation Techniques: Final Report (Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975,) Part Two—Research Project (Menlo Park, Calif.: Stanford Research Institute, December 1, 1975), p. 4.
85 . Puthoff and Targ, Perceptual Augmentation Techniques: Final Report, pp. 6–7.
86 . Ibid., p. 7.
87 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 10; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 111.
88 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 10; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 112; James Bamford, The Puzzle Palace: A Report on NSA, America’s Most Secret Agency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), p. 169.
89 . Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part One—Technical Proposal, SRI No. ISH 73–146, October 1, 1973; Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Verification of Remote Viewing Experiments at Stanford Research Institute, November 9, 1973, pp. 2–3.
90 . Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Verification of Remote Viewing Experiments at Stanford Research Institute, p. 4.
91 . Schnabel, Remote Viewers, pp. 112–113.
92 . Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Verification of Remote Viewing Experiments at Stanford Research Institute, p. 5.
93 . Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 120.
94 . Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Verification of Remote Viewing Experiments at Stanford Research Institute, pp. 6–7.
95 . Ibid., p. 8.
96 . Ibid., p. 9.
97 . Bamford, The Puzzle Palace, p. 408; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 97.
98 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 10; telephone conversation with Sayre Stevens, November 11, 1999; interview with Sayre Stevens, Springfield, Virginia, March 18, 1999.
99 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 10.
100 . Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, “Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding,” Nature, October 18, 1974, pp. 602–607; “Investigating the Paranormal,” Nature, October 18, 1974, pp. 559–560. A subsequent note challenged the validity of Puthoff and Targ’s research. See David Marks and Richard Kammann, “Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments,” Nature, August 17, 1978, pp. 680–681. Also see David Marks and Richard Kammann, The Psychology of the Psychic (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1980).
101 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 11; U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Nomination of John N. McMahon, p. 19; McMahon interview; information provided by the CIA Public Affairs Staff; interview with James V. Hirsch, Fairfax, Virginia, February 12, 1999.
102 . D. Stillman, “An Analysis of a Remote-Viewing Experiment of URDF-3,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, December 4, 1975, p. 4; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 120.
103 . Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 120; Michael Dobbs, “Deconstructing the Death Ray,” Washington Post, October 17, 1999, pp. F1, F4.
104 . Stillman, “An Analysis of Remote-Viewing Experiment of URDF-3,” p. 5.
105 . Ibid., p. 11.
106 . Ibid., p. 12.
107 . Ibid., pp. 13–14, 17, 18.
108 . Ibid., p. 18.
109 . Ibid., p. 25.
110 . Ibid., p.27.
111 . Ibid., p. 28.
112 . Dobbs, “Reconstructing the Death Ray.”
113 . Puthoff and Targ, Perceptual Augmentation Techniques: Final Report, p. 9; Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 14.
114 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence”; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, pp. 177–178.
115 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 14.
116 . Ibid.; Hirsch interview.
117 . Kress, “Parapsychology in Intelligence,” p. 15.
118 . Ibid.
119 . Ibid., pp. 15–16; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, passim; Jeremiah O’Leary, “Turner Says U.S. Didn’t Bug Park,” Washington Times, August 9, 1977, pp. A1, A6. The Post article was John L. Wil-helm, “Psychic Spying?” Washington Post, August 7, 1977, pp. B1, B5; interview with Gene Poteat, McLean, Virginia, April 25, 2000.
120 . Joseph E. Perisco, Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II (New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), pp. 201–203.
121 . Interview with a former CIA official.
122 . McMahon interview.
123 . Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, “CIA Satellite Data Link Study Revealed,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, May 2, 1977, pp. 25–26.
124 . Testimony of Leslie Dirks, United States of America v. Christopher John Boyce (CR-77-131- RJK), Reporter’s Transcript, Volume 5, District Court, Central District of California, April 20, 1977, pp. 976, 983; Robert Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman: A True Story of Friendship and Espionage (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), p. 215.
125 . Testimony of Leslie Dirks, pp. 984–986.
126 . Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, p. 214.
127 . Testimony of Leslie Dirks, pp. 1001–1002; Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, p. 218.
128 . Lenorovitz, “CIA Satellite Data Link Study Revealed.”
129 . Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, p. 218; testimony of Leslie Dirks, p. 994.
130 . “The Great Submarine Snatch,” Time, March 31, 1975, pp. 20–27; Roy Varner and Wayne Collier, A Matter of Risk: The Incredible Inside Story of the CIA’s Hughes Glomar Explorer Mission to Raise a Russian Submarine (New York: Random House, 1978), p. 134; William Broad, The Universe Below: Discovering the Secrets of the Deep Sea, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), pp. 255–256.
131 . William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), pp. 389, 413.
132 . “The Great Submarine Snatch”; Varner and Collier, A Matter of Risk, p. 144.
133 . Seymour Hersh, “Human Error Is Cited in ’74 Glomar Failure,” New York Times, December 9, 1976, pp. 1, 55; Clyde W. Burleson, The Jennifer Project (College Station: Texas A&M, 1997), pp. 112, 133; Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew with Annette Lawrence Drew, Blind Man’s Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), pp. 191, 196; Broad, The Universe Below, p. 79. A June 1993 report issued by a panel of experts under the office of Russian president Boris Yeltsin claimed that the United States had recovered two warheads. The amount of radiation the panel suggested was removed from the sub would be consistent with that contained by two nuclear torpedoes. The panel’s claim was said to be made on the basis of Russian information, not Western press accounts—perhaps indicating that the Soviet navy had used minisubs to investigate the wreckage subsequent to U.S. press reports of the recovery operation. (William J. Broad, “Russia Says U.S. Got Sub’s Atom Arms,” New York Times, June 20, 1993, p. 4; “CIA Raising USSR Sub Raises Questions,” FBIS-SOV-92-145, July 28, 1992, pp. 15–16.)
134 . Hersh, “Human Error Cited in ’74 Glomar Failure.”
135 . “CIA Raising USSR Sub Raises Questions,” FBIS-SOV-92-145, July 28, 1992, pp. 15–16; CIA, “Burial at Sea,” videotape, September 4, 1974.
136 . Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, pp. 414–417. According to one account, the sunken sub would not have had anything worth recovering. In late 1974, the USS Seawolf was sent back to the site. Its reconnaissance showed, according to a high-ranking naval official, that “It dissolved just like that, like an Alka-Seltzer in water. . . . It spread all over acres on the ocean floor. According to another official, “there was no possibility to recover anything more.” (Sontag and Drew, Blind Man’s Bluff, p. 197.)<
br />
137 . Ranelagh, The Agency, pp. 624–625; Colby, Honorable Men, pp. 7–10.
138 . Stevens interview, March 18, 1999.
139 . Interview with a former CIA official.
140 . Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 240.
141 . Ibid., p. 239.
142 . Ibid.; Arthur Kranish, “CIA: Israel Has 10–20 Weapons,” Washington Post, March 15, 1976, p. A2.
143 . Kranish, “CIA: Israel Has 10–20 Weapons.”
144 . Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, Dangerous Liaison: The Inside Story of the U.S.-Israeli Covert Relationship (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 94.
Chapter 7: Cracks in the Empire
1 . Information provided by CIA Public Affairs Staff.
2 . Robert Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman: A True Story of Friendship and Espionage (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), p. 287.
3 . Interview with Robert Phillips, Rosslyn, Virginia, June 4, 1999.
4 . Interview with Philip Eckman, Alexandria, Virginia, May 16, 2000.
5 . Telephone interview with Sayre Stevens, May 29, 1996; interview with Sayre Stevens, Springfield, Virginia, March 18, 1999.
6 . Stevens telephone interview; Stevens interview.
7 . Interview with R. Evans Hineman, Chantilly, Virginia, February 17, 1999.
8 . Interview with R. M. (Rae) Huffstutler, Falls Church, Virginia, March 23, 1999; Stevens telephone interview.
9 . Interview with a former CIA official; Stevens interview; Huffstutler interview.
10 . Interview with Henry Plaster, Vienna, Virginia, September 30, 1999; Eckman interview.
11 . Interview with Philip Eckman, Alexandria, Virginia, May 16, 2000.
12 . Ibid.; Philip Eckman, “Some Random Thoughts and Musings on ORD,” n.d.
13 . Eckman, “Some Random Thoughts and Musings on ORD.”
14 . Ibid.
15 . Anthony Kenden, “U.S. Reconnaissance Satellite Programs,” Spaceflight, July 1978, pp. 243ff.
16 . William E. Burrows, Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security (New York: Random House, 1986), p. 227.
17 . Interview with a former CIA official; Jeffrey T. Richelson, America’s Secret Eyes in Space (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), p. 362.
18 . John Noble Wilford, “Spy Satellite Reportedly Aided in Shuttle Flight,” New York Times, October 20, 1981, p. C4.
19 . James Janesick and Morley Blouke, “Sky on a Chip: The Fabulous CCD,” Sky and Telescope, September 1987, pp. 238–242; Burrows, Deep Black, p. 244.
20 . James R. Janesick and Morley M. Blouke, “Introduction to Charged Couple Device Imaging Sensors,” in Kosta Tsipis (ed.), Arms Control Verification: The Technologies That Make It Possible (New York: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1985), p. 104; Curtis Peebles, Guardians: Strategic Reconnaissance Satellites (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1987), pp. 118–119.
21 . Burrows, Deep Black, p. 244.
22 . Ibid., p.247; interview with a former CIA official.
23 . Interview with a former CIA official.
24 . Jeffrey Richelson, “The Satellite Data System,” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 37, 5 (1984): 226–228.
25 . Ibid.; telephone conversation with Albert Wheelon, February 15, 2000.
26 . John Pike, “Reagan Prepares for War in Outer Space,” CounterSpy 7, 1 (September-November 1982): 17–22; James Bamford, “America’s Supersecret Eyes in Space,” New York Times Magazine, January 13, 1985, pp. 39ff.
27 . Richelson, America’s Secret Eyes in Space, p. 362.
28 . Interview with a former CIA official.
29 . Ibid.
30 . E. H. Knoche, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Meeting with National Security Adviser Brzezinski, December 30, 1976.
31 . Burrows, Deep Black, p. 226.
32 . Ibid.
33 . Ibid.
34 . Ibid., pp. 228–229; interview with a former CIA official.
35 . Interview with a former CIA official.
36 . Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, pp. 49, 54.
37 . Ibid., pp. 54–63; James Bamford, The Puzzle Palace: A Report on NSA, America’s Most Secret Agency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), pp. 512–514.
38 . Harry Rostizke, KGB: The Eyes of Russia (New York: Doubleday, 1981), p. 203; Bamford, The Puzzle Palace, p. 514; Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, pp. 164–168.
39 . Rositze, KGB, pp. 203–204; Bamford, The Puzzle Palace, pp. 520–521.
40 . Rositze, KGB, p. 204; Bamford, The Puzzle Palace, p. 521.
41 . United States of America v. Christopher John Boyce, CR-77-131-RJK, United States District Court, Central District of California, Volume 5, Reporter’s Transcript of Proceedings, April 20, 1977, pp. 957–1008.
42 . Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, p. 287.
43 . United States of America v. Christopher John Boyce, CR-77-131-RJK, pp. 1008–1009, 1012.
44 . Ibid., p. 1013; Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, p. 287.
45 . Bamford, The Puzzle Palace, pp. 521–522; Philip J. Klass, “U.S. Monitoring Capability Impaired,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, May 14, 1979, p. 18; Burrows, Deep Black, p. 192; interview with Bernard Lubarsky, May 9, 2000.
46 . Andrew Tully, Inside the FBI (New York: Dell, 1987), p. 45; George Lardner Jr., “Spy Rings of One,” Washington Post Magazine, December 4, 1983, pp. 60–65.
47 . Henry Hurt, “CIA in Crisis: The Kampiles Case,” Reader’s Digest, June 1979, pp. 65–72.
48 . Tully, Inside the FBI, p. 45; Lardner, “Spy Rings of One”; Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 65; interview with a former CIA official; Arthur S. Hulnick, Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-first Century (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999), p. 104 n.14.
49 . Turner, Secrecy and Democracy, p. 69.
50 . Lardner, “Spy Rings of One”; Peebles, Guardians, p. 120; United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles, United States District Court, Northern District of Indiana, November 6, 1978, Direct Testimony of Donald E. Stukey, pp. 804–808.
51 . United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles, Direct Testimony of Donald E. Stukey, p. 809; United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles, Direct Testimony of Vivian Psachos, p. 259; Lardner, “Spy Rings of One”; Tully, Inside the FBI, p. 42–43; Griffin Bell, Taking Care of the Law (New York: William Morrow, 1982), p. 119.
52 . Tully, Inside the FBI, pp. 43–44; Hurt, “CIA in Crisis”; Thomas O’Toole and Charles Babcock, “CIA ‘Big Bird’ Satellite Manual Was Allegedly Sold to the Soviets,” Washington Post, August 23, 1978, pp. A1, A16; Michael Ledeen, “A Mole in Our Midst,” New York, October 2, 1978, pp. 55–57; James Ott, “Espionage Trial Highlights CIA Problems,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, November 27, 1978, pp. 21–23; David Wise, “The Spy Who Wouldn’t Die,” GQ, July 1998, pp. 148ff.
53 . Tully, Inside the FBI, p. 52; United States of America v. William Kampiles, Direct Testimony of James Murphy, p. 352.
54 . Bell, Taking Care of the Law, p. 121.
55 . Ott, “Espionage Trial Highlights CIA Problems.”
56 . United States of America v. William Peter Kampiles, Direct Testimony of Leslie Dirks, pp. 6, 8.
57 . Ibid., pp. 10, 12.
58 . Ibid., p. 13.
59 . Ott, “Espionage Trial Highlights CIA Problems.”
60 . Ibid.
61 . Tully, Inside the FBI, pp. 48, 55.
62 . Ibid., p. 56.
63 . Interview with Roy Burks, North Potomac, Maryland, May 10, 1999.
64 . Interview with Robert Singel, Great Falls, Virginia, February 25, 1999; Burks interview.
65 . Michael E. Ruane, “Ex-CIA Employee Has Saluted Tiny Paper Soldiers Since ’20s,” Dallas Morning News, February 28, 1999, p. 9F; “Appointment of Eight Special Assistants to the President for National Secu
rity Affairs,” White House, February 11, 1987; private information.
66 . Phillips interview.
67 . Ibid.; Burks interview.
68 . Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 313.
69 . Burks interview.
70 . Laurence Stern, “U.S. Tapped Top Russians’ Car Phones,” Washington Post, December 5, 1973, pp. A1, A16; Ernest Volkman, “U.S. Spies Lend an Ear to Soviets,” Newsday, July 12, 1977, p. 7; Michael Frost and Michel Gratton, Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1994), p. 60.
71 . Stern, “U.S. Tapped Top Russians’ Car Phones”; Volkman, “U.S. Spies Lend an Ear to Soviets”; Bill Gertz, “CIA Upset Because Perle Detailed Eavesdropping,” Washington Times, April 15, 1987, p. 2A.
72 . Jack Anderson, “CIA Eavesdrops on Kremlin Chiefs,” Washington Post, September 16, 1971, p. F7.
73 . Patrick Tyler, A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China—An Investigative History (New York: Public Affairs, 1999), pp. 83–84, 157.
74 . Burks interview; Phillips interview.
75 . Burks interview.
76 . Ibid.
77 . Woodward, VEIL, p. 314.
78 . NRO, Deputy Directors of the NRO, 1997, n.p.; “Office of Development and Engineering,” no date, portion of CIA document obtained under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA); “Office of Research and Development,” no date, portion of CIA document obtained under the FOIA.
79 . Lubarsky interview.
80 . Ibid.; “Office of Development and Engineering.”
81 . Biography, Jeffrey K. Harris; private information.
82 . NRO, “Biography: Dennis Fitzgerald,” 1997.
83 . NRO, “David A. Kier, National Reconnaissance, Technical Director,” April 1997; private information.
84 . Interview with former CIA officials.
The Wizards of Langley Page 48
