by Unknown
1. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italian Journey, ed. W H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer (Harmondsworth, 1970), p. 216.
2. James Edward Smith, A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent in the Years 1786 and 1787 (London, 1793), II:91-92.
3. Sir William to Camarthen, November 20, 1786, PRO FO 70/3, 305.
4. Ibid., January 2, 1787, PRO FO 70/3, 322.
5. Miller, Letters from Italy, p. 383.
6. Dupaty, Travels, p. 337.
7. Sir William to Camarthen, July 25, 1786, PRO FO 70/3, 290.
8. Sir William to Joseph Banks, autumn 1786, BL Add. MS 34049, f 33.
9. Emma to Sir William, December 26, 1787, Houghton Library, MS Eng. 195.5, 55.
10. Ibid., January 8, 1787, Houghton Library, MS Eng. 196.5, 56.
11. Sir William to Camarthen, November 20, 1786, PRO FO 3/70, 305.
CHAPTER 21
1. Goethe, Italian Journey, p. 205; Thrale, Observations, pp. 263-64; Watkins, Travels, p. 422; Smith, Sketch of a Tour, pp. 127-28.
2. Sir William to Camarthen, June 20, 1786, PRO FO 70/3, 281.
3. Ibid., November 17, 1786, PRO FO 70/3, 203.
4. Sir William to Greville, BL Add. MS 34048, ff 2-3.
5. Dr. Alexander Drummond to Catherine Hamilton, April 19, 1791, BL Add. MS 40714, f 193.
6. Vigée-Lebrun, Memoirs, p. 106.
7. Watkins, Travels, pp. 401-2; Samuel Sharp, Letters from Italy (London, 1767), p. 78; Martyn, Gentleman’s Guide, p. 282.
8. Friedrich Stolberg, Travels Through Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Sicily (London, 1796), pp. 124-25.
9. Martyn, Gentleman’s Guide, p. 300.
10. Boswell, Boswell on the Grand Tour, p. 58.
11. Miller, Letters from Italy, p. 222.
CHAPTER 22
1. Goethe, Italian Journey, p. 208.
2. Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, trans. Sylvia de Morsier-Kotthaus (London, 1956), p. 65.
3. Sir William never declared he tutored Emma in the Attitudes, although he always claimed the credit for her improved singing voice and polished manners.
4. Smith, Sketch of a Tour, pp. 119-23.
5. Carlo Gastone, Opere del Cavaliere Carlo Gastone, ed. and trans F. Machetti (Rome, 1819), pp. 247–48.
6. Joseph Thomas d’Espinchal, Journal d’Emigration, ed. Ernest D’Hauterie (Paris, 1912), pp. 88-89.
7. Sir William to Camarthen, May 19, 1789, PRO FO, 70/4, 122.
8. Sir William to Joseph Banks, October 20, 1789, BL Add. MS 34048, f 58.
9. Sir William to Camarthen, August 7, 1789, PRO FO 70/4, 144. 10. Ibid., October 27, 1789, PRO FO 70/4/158, 27.
CHAPTER 23
1. Sir William to Joseph Banks, April 6, 1790, BL Add. MS 34048, f. 61-62.
2. Ibid., April 6, 1790, BL Add. MS 34048, f. 61.
3. Town and Country Magazine, September 1790, p. 483.
CHAPTER 24
1. Hamilton, Letters and Diaries, p. 308.
2. European Magazine, July 29, 1791. Emma made an expensive painting: he later had to pay £300 for both canvases.
3. Sir Thomas Lawrence to Daniel Lysons, The Life and Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lawrence, ed. D. E. Lawrence (London, 1831), I:103; Sir Thomas Lawrence’s Letter Bag, ed. G. S. Layard (London, 1906), p. 29.
4. Hamilton, Letters and Diaries, p. 316.
5. Ibid., p. 309.
6. Sir William to the Archbishop of Canterbury, August 22, 1791, BL Add. MS 46491, ff. 129-30.
7. William Beckford to Sir William, November 1791, Bodleian Library, Beckford MS, c. 31, f. 120.
8. Elizabeth Foster, “Journal,” in Dearest Bess: The Life and Times of Lady Elizabeth Foster, ed. Dorothy Stuart (London, 1955), p. 59.
9. Horace Walpole to Mary Berry, August 17, 1791, Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, ed. W S. Lewis and A. Dayle Wallace (New Haven, 1944), XL337.
10. Sir William to Countess Spencer, August 17, 1795, BL Althorp Papers, Fill. The countess drafted a stern reply, still in the Althorp Collection, but eventually sent only an understanding note.
11. John Dickenson to Mary, August 29, 1791, in Hamilton, Letters and Diaries, p. 312.
12. James Bland Burges, 1791, Fitzwilliam Museum, Percival Bequest, MS.
13. Gentleman’s Magazine, September 1791, p. 872.
14. New Lady’s Magazine, September 1791.
15. The Times, September 14, 1791.
16. Emma to Mary Dickenson, in Hamilton, Letters and Diaries, p. 312.
CHAPTER 25
1. Sir William to Camarthen, November 5, 1791, PRO FO 70/4, 48.
2. Letters of Lord Palmerston, in Portrait of a Whig Peer, ed. Brian Connell (London, 1957), p. 250.
3. See Emma’s description of her meeting with Marie-Antoinette, Houghton Library, MS Eng 196.5, 72.
4. Sir William to Camarthen, November 5, 1791, PRO FO 70/4/48.
5. Lord James Wright to Earl of Ailesbury (who he hoped would pass on the information to Lord Grenville), January 29, 1792, Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, 9/35/278.
6. Wright to Ailesbury, January 29, 1792, Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, 9/35/278.
7. Sir William to Joseph Banks, March 1792, BL Add. MS 34048, f 66.
8. Hamilton, Letters and Diaries, p. 320.
9. Emma to Romney December 20, 1791, Houghton Library, MS Eng 156.
CHAPTER 26
1. Sir William to Camarthen, November 20, 1786, PRO FO 70/3, 306.
2. As a scandalous account of the court later claimed, “She [the Queen] machinated hard to push Hamilton out of the King’s favour, but she failed, conquered by the love of hunting that kept the two men firmly bonded” (Giuseppe Gorani, Mémoires Secrets et Critiques des Cours de Gouvernments et des Moeurs des principaux Etats d’ltalie [Paris, 1793]), 1:99.
3. Sir William to Camarthen, May 29, 1792, PRO FO 70/4, 101, September 22, 1792, and December 11, 1792, PRO FO 70/4, 136 and 155.
4. Emma to the Prince of Wales, n.d., Houghton Library, Joseph Husband Collection, letter 72.
5. Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, p. 66.
6. Even demure Catherine Hamilton had needed £400 worth of diamonds for one attendance. See BL Egerton MS 2634, f 409.
CHAPTER 27
1. Lady’s Magazine, January 1792, p. 330.
2. Ibid., October 1792, p. 592.
3. The Times, May 3, 1793.
4. Brand to Ailesbury November 20, 1792, Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, 1300/3846.
5. Emma to Countess of Plymouth, n.d., Warwickshire Record Office, CR 1998/ SS/5/7.
6. Lady Spencer to Sir William, November 6, 1794, BL Althorp Papers, F111.
7. Letters of Lady Palmerston, in Portrait of a Whig Peer, ed. Connell, pp. 276-77,208-10.
8. Morritt, Letters and Journeys, p. 215.
9. Maria Carolina to Emma, BL Egerton MS 1615.
CHAPTER 28
1. The Sardinian man of war was essentially a false alarm and Nelson soon returned to cruising the Mediterranean.
2. Bon Ton Magazine, June 1794.
3. When a young sailor told him that he had been sent to sea at the age of eleven, Nelson remarked wistfully, “Much too young.”
4. Syphilis and gonorrhea, two of the most common diseases of the time, usually produced severe insanity in the months before death, and any doctor who recorded madness as a cause of death (and Nisbet’s did so) implied that the patient had suffered a venereal disease.
5. John Rymer, A Description of the Island of Nevis (1775), p. 15.
6. Nelson decided Nisbet was “very rich” and rhapsodized that his “income is immense.”
CHAPTER 29
1. Sir William to Lord Grenville, November 12, 1793, PRO FO 70/6/277.
2. Gorani, Mémoires Sécrets (1793), I:23, 35, 60.
3. Thomas Brand to the Earl of Ailesbury, November 20, 1792, Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, 1300/3846.
4. Eighteenth-century revolutions needed leaders from the upper or genteel classes, and the doctors, lawyers, bankers, and intellectuals
of Naples were disgruntled that the only way that any power could be gained was through accessing Ferdinand by hunting or attending balls, to which they were not invited because they were not noble.
5. Lady’s Magazine, April 1796, 185.
6. Elizabeth, Lady Holland, Journal of Lady Holland, ed. Earl of Ilchester (London, 1909), I:243.
7. Morritt, Letters and Journeys, p. 215.
CHAPTER 30
1. Sir William to Lord Grenville, February 4, 1793, PRO FO 70/6/32.
2. Lady Palmerston, in Portrait of a Whig Peer, ed. Connell, p. 230.
3. Holland, Journal, I:242, 219.
4. Ackerman’s Repository of the Arts 3 (1809): 171.
5. Lady’s Magazine, May 1796, p. 265.
6. Ibid., April 1795, p. 181.
7. Ibid., January 1796, March 1796.
8. Sir William to Lord Grenville, April 19, 1793, PRO FO 70/7, 80.
9. Ibid., September 1, 1795, PRO FO 70/8, 348.
CHAPTER 31
1. St. Vincent to Emma, May 22, 1798, BL Add. MS 31, 166.
2. Emma to Nelson, n.d., BL Add. MS 34989, f. 3.
3. Nelson to Emma, BL Egerton MS 1614, f. 1.
4. The Lady’s Monthly Museum, July 1799.
5. Emma to Nelson, September 8, 1798, BL Add. MS 34989, ff. 4–7.
CHAPTER 32
1. Malta was desirable thanks to its strategic importance in the Mediterranean, south of Sicily and east of North Africa, for Napoleon wanted it in order to pursue his aim to invade Egypt.
2. Nelson to Sir William, Houghton Library, MS Eng. 196.5, 14.
3. Sir William to Nelson, BL Add. MS 34907.
4. Cornelia Knight, Autobiography, ed. Sir J. W Kaye (London, 1861), II:55.
5. Fanny to Alexander Davison, April 11, 1799, NMM DAV/2/7.
6. Fanny to Josiah Nisbet, 1798, BL Add MS 34988, f 302.
7. See Fanny to Nelson, BL Add MS 34908, ff 601-2.
8. Emma to Nelson, October 26, 1798, BL Add. MS 34989.
9. Sir William to Lord Grenville, January 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 9.
10. Maria Carolina to Emma, December 20, 1798, BL Egerton MS 1615.
11. Ibid., December 21, 1798, BL Egerton MS 1615.
CHAPTER 33
1. Sir William to Lord Grenville, March 6, 1799, PRO FO/70, 12, 130.
2. Sir William to Charles Greville, July 19, 1799, PRO FO/70, 12, 224.
3. Pryse Lockhart Gordon, Personal Memoirs (London, 1830), I:201, II:385, 210-11.
4. Lord Bristol to Emma, March 28, 1799, Suffolk Record Office, 941/51/6.
5. Lockhart Gordon, Personal Memoirs, 11:211.
6. Lord Keith to Mary Elphinstone, April 10, 1799, NMM KEI.
CHAPTER 34
1. Sir William to Lord Grenville, December 30, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 370.
2. Ibid., July 14, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 194.
3. Maria Carolina to Emma, June 25, 1799, BL Egerton MS 1616.
4. Sir William to Lord Grenville, July 14, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 203.
5. Ibid., August 16, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 230.
6. See BL Egerton MS 1621.
7. Nelson to Mrs. Cadogan, July 17, 1799, Monmouth Museum, E448.
8. “List of Jacobins,” 1799, NMM Girdlestone Papers/3a.
9. Maria Carolina to Emma, July 2, 1799, BL Egerton MS 1616. When Helen Maria Williams’s pro-Republican Sketches of the State of Manners and Opinions in the French Republic was published in 1801, he and Emma bought a copy and annotated it with vigorous defenses of their actions. (See BL Add. MS 34991).
10. Sir William to Lord Grenville, July 14, 1799, PRO FO/12, 200.
11. Sir William to Charles Greville, August 4, 1799, PRO FO/12, 230.
12. Ibid., August 4, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 224.
13. Nelson to Mrs. William Suckling, August 22, 1799. See Christie’s catalogue, The Age of Nelson, Wellington and Napoleon (London, 2005), p. 36.
14. Sir William to Lord Grenville, March 6, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 74.
15. Sir William to Charles Greville, August 4, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 223.
16. Ibid., September 22, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 224-26.
17. Ibid., August 4, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 223.
18. Ibid., September 22, 1799, PRO FO 70/12, 224-26.
19. Henry Aston Barker, “Journal,” National Library of Scotland, MS 9647.
CHAPTER 35
1. The Times, November 14, 1799.
2. Ibid., November 28, 1799.
3. Mary Elgin, The Letters of Mary, Countess Elgin, ed. Nisbet Hamilton Grant (London, 1926), pp. 17, 22, 24.
4. Mary Eyre-Matcham, The Nelsons of Burnham Thorpe (London, 1911), p. 34.
5. The supplies sent by Emma finally arrived in April 1799.
6. Lord Dalkeith to Arthur Paget, 1799, Sir Augustus Paget, ed., The Paget Papers (London, 1896), 1:169.
CHAPTER 36
1. Gratzer Zeitung, August 18, 1800.
2. Eipeldauer Briefe, 1800.
3. Countess of Minto, ed., Life and Letters of Sir Gilbert Elliot (London, 1874), 111:147.
4. Morning Post, September 15, 1800.
5. Magyar Hirmondo, September 10, 1800.
6. Charles Greville to Joseph Banks, September 1, 1800, Houghton Library, MS Eng 196.5, 97.
7. Melesina Trench, “Journal for 1800,” Hampshire Record Office, 23 M93/2/1. In Cornelia Knight—whose acid comments on Nelson and Emma would later be much quoted—she immediately saw another poor woman hanging on to the shirt-tails of the rich, and hated her on sight for fawning over Emma and Nelson and everyone else (except her).
CHAPTER 37
1. Morning Herald, November 20, 1800.
2. Morning Post, November 21, 1800.
3. Morning Herald, November 20, 1800.
4. Lady’s Magazine, June 1801, pp. 226-27, and May 1800, p. 305.
5. Hamilton, Letters and Diaries, pp. 325-7.
6. Morning Herald, November 19, 1800.
7. Morning Post, November 21, 1800.
8. The Times, November 18, 1800.
CHAPTER 38
1. Morning Herald, November 25, 1800.
2. Ibid.
3. William Beckford to Emma, November 24, 1800, Bodleian Library, Beckford MS, c. 4, f 55.
4. Gentleman’s Magazine, April 1801, p. 258.
5. William Beckford to Emma, November 24, 1800, Bodleian Library, Beckford MS, c. 5, f 58.
6. Louis Dutens to Emma, December 20, 1800, Wellcome Library, MS 7362/6.
CHAPTER 39
1. Morning Post, December 1, 1800.
2. See, for example, the Morning Chronicle, January 20, 1801.
3. Nelson to Fanny, cited by Fanny in a letter to Alexander Davison, February 24, 1801, NMM DAV/2/30.
4. Nelson to Emma, n.d. (February 1801), BL Egerton MS 1614, f 22.
5. Ibid., July 29, 1801, Monmouth Museum, E95.
6. Ibid., January 28, 1801, Monmouth Museum, E91.
7. Ibid., March 2, 1801, Houghton Library, MS Eng 196.5, 22.
8. She later put out a disclaimer declaring that she did not attend. See Morning Herald, February 7, 1801.
9. In 1787, Maria Fitzherbert had been Dido Forsaken, and Gillray also recalls Joshua Reynolds’s The Death of Dido, for which Emma probably modeled in her youth.
CHAPTER 40
1. Nelson to Emma, January 29, 1801, BL Egerton MS 1614, f. 16.
2. Ibid., February 20, 1801, Huntington Library, HM 34044.
3. Foster, Dearest Bess, p. 166.
CHAPTER 41
1. Nelson to Emma, March 2, 1801, Houghton Library, MS Eng. 196.5, 22.
2. Ibid., March 1, 1801. See Christie’s catalog, The Age of Nelson, p. 40.
3. Fanny to Alexander Davison, February 20, 1801, NMM DAV/50.
4. Beckford to Emma, November 24, 1800, Bodleian Library, Beckford MS c. 4, f. 55.
5. Emma to Mrs. Gibson, February 11, 1801, NMM NWD/9594/9.
6. Abraham Gibbs to Sir William, July 13, 1802, BM Add. MS, ff. 221-22.
7. Morning Hera
ld, April 12, 1801.
8. Nelson to Emma, March 1, 1801, Houghton Library, FMS Lowell, 10.
9. Ibid., March 17, 1801, NMM MON/1/19.
10. Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, Historical Memoirs of My Own Time (London, 1904), p. 141.
11. Nelson to Emma, April 25, 1801, BL Egerton MS, f. 46.
CHAPTER 42
1. Nelson to Emma, June 8, 1801, BL Egerton MS 1614, f. 63.
2. The Times, August 4, 1801.
3. Nelson to William Haslewood, August 27, 1801, Monmouth Museum, E96 and E98.
4. Ibid., September 4, 1801, Monmouth Museum, E100.
5. Nelson to Emma, October 2, 1801, Houghton Library, FMS Lowell, 10.
6. The paintings probably included the Schmidt pastel, a Romney portrait, and also Vigée-Lebrun’s Bacchante.
7. See Houghton Library, MS Eng. 196.5, 25.
8. Thomas Bennett to Nelson, August 30, 1805, Monmouth Museum, E401.
9. Minto, ed., Life and Letters, III:242.
10. Samuel Ragland to Sir William, April 6, 1802, BL Add. MS 41200, f. 214.
11. Beinecke Library, General MS, 4:12, ALS 3, Sarah Nelson to Emma, October 1801.
12. Ibid., ALS 4 and 5, Sarah Nelson to Emma, October 1801.
13. Sarah Nelson to Charlotte Nelson, October 1802, NMM BRP/1.
14. Fanny to Nelson, December 18, 1801, Monmouth Museum, E979.
15. Emma to Mrs. Gibson, December 14, 1801, NMM NWD/9594/9.
16. “Favourite Sultana,” Monmouth Museum, E206.
CHAPTER 43
1. Emma to Captain Bedford, February 13, 1802, BM Add. MS 34902, f. 6.
2. Merton Church registers, April 1802.
3. Morning Post, August 25, 1802.
4. Coventry Mercury, September 6, 1802.
