THE THREE GRACES OF VAL-KILL
The Three Graces of Val-Kill
ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, MARION DICKERMAN, AND NANCY COOK IN THE PLACE THEY MADE THEIR OWN
Emily Herring Wilson
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS
Chapel Hill
This book was published with the assistance of the William R. Kenan Jr. Fund of the University of North Carolina Press.
© 2017 Emily Herring Wilson
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Designed by Richard Hendel
Set in Quadraat by Tseng Information Systems, Inc.
The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Front cover: Stone Cottage at Val-Kill and Nan Cook, Marion Dickerman, and Eleanor Roosevelt; back cover: monogrammed linen from Stone Cottage.
Courtesy of the Cook-Dickerman Collection, Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, National Park Service
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wilson, Emily Herring, author.
Title: The three Graces of Val-Kill : Eleanor Roosevelt, Marion Dickerman, and Nancy Cook in the place they made their own / Emily Herring Wilson.
Description: Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017015854| ISBN 9781469635835 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781469635842 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884–1962. | Dickerman, Marion, 1890–1983. | Cook, Nancy, 1884–1962. | Female friendship—New York (State)—Hyde Park (Dutchess County) | Feminism—New York (State) | Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site (N.Y.) | Val-Kill Industries.
Classification: LCC E807.1.R48 W473 2017 | DDC 305.4209747—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015854
FOR ED
“Till time and times are done”
CONTENTS
Prologue
1 The Hudson River Valley
2 New York City and the New Woman
3 The Decision to Build the Cottage
4 The Family Vacation
5 The Love Nest
6 The Way They Lived
7 Val-Kill as Refuge
8 A Gift for Friendship
9 It’s Up to the Women
10 Val-Kill Industries
11 The Todhunter School
12 The White House
13 Arthurdale
14 Change Comes to Val-Kill
15 Drifting Apart and a Tragic Talk
16 An Exchange of Letters
17 Missing Evidence
18 After the Storm
Epilogue
Acknowledgments
Timeline
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index
A section of photographs begins on page 87
THE THREE GRACES OF VAL-KILL
PROLOGUE
Dear Hyde Park.—Sara Delano Roosevelt
Let us imagine the Hudson Valley in late summer of 1924, in the Roosevelt house called Springwood at Hyde Park, on a day that began like any other day: fires were lit, kitchen pots were heated, heavy drapes were pulled back, and sunlight fell upon old carpets. Overhead the sounds of running feet broke open the silence. Sara Delano Roosevelt, sole mistress of the house since “Mr. James” had died almost twenty-five years ago, had been awake and listening, and she opened her arms to receive the grandchildren in her bed. Then she dressed, calling to her son Franklin to remind him that breakfast would be served downstairs. When she passed her daughter-in-law Eleanor’s door she knocked lightly, listened, and moved on. From the stairs to the lower floor she could smell the acrid smoke left by Franklin’s friends, who had stayed late. She sniffed—not her husband’s fine cheroot—and moved into her snuggery to greet the servants and ready herself for the day’s inspections of the barns and fields, a task she had once shared with James. After all these years without him she could still feel his presence in the house. The great front door swung open, revealing a flash of fall color in the trees. Along the Albany Post Road wagons moved, and the village was already stirring. To the west, below the bluff, the Hudson River was its own master. A lone boatman floated downstream.
When Eleanor slipped into an empty place at the breakfast table between Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook, life partners, Eleanor’s closest friends, and her invited guests for the weekend, Sara nodded. Breakfast was served from the sideboard, with Franklin’s favorite, kedgeree. From his end of the table Franklin smiled and began joking with his sons. Daughter Anna looked at her mother and said nothing.
Something seemed different; family tensions had eased. Marion and Nan understood that Eleanor was happier after Franklin’s suggestion yesterday that the three women build a weekend cottage for themselves on land he would lease them on the banks of Fall-Kill Creek in the part of the Hyde Park estate called Val-Kill. What lay ahead was unclear. Franklin was still recovering from the effects of polio, and his political future was still out of sight, but he and his selfless friend and closest adviser, Louis Howe, held out hope, however uncertain it seemed at this time, that he might one day achieve his dream—to be president of the United States. Eleanor’s future was less clear in her mind, but she knew that her unhappy marriage, life under the dominance of her mother-in-law, and the prospect of the last of her five children leaving home for boarding school made it necessary for her to make changes, too. What enabled her to take the next steps were these two friends, the independence she would gain from living at Val-Kill, and a wider progressive network of other women. Eleanor did not like to be alone, and many of the happiest times of her life were those when she worked with groups sharing the same public interests. The women she met in Democratic politics in New York in the early 1920s showed her the way.
Historians have recognized Eleanor Roosevelt as the most influential First Lady in American public life, advocating for justice for all, but she sought to define her legacy for herself in a different way when she said, “I think perhaps I would prefer when I am dead to have it said that I had a gift for friendship.”1 This is the story of one friendship—with Marion and Nan—and Eleanor’s first bold experiment, creating a female-centered household that was liberating in its new possibilities for an independent life.
The Three Graces of Val-Kill is a work of evocation and reflection, based on historic research, interviews, and travel. My purpose is to find new ways to better understand one of the most written about women in American history before she became known as the great Eleanor Roosevelt. One of the neglected chapters in her biography is the decade in which she established her independence before becoming First Lady. This critical period was marked by her friendship with Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook. The women FDR called the “Three Graces” created a community in Hyde Park that supported their personal growth, their career interests, and FDR’s own political needs.
Although over several years I have extensively read Roosevelt studies and primary documents at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum in Hyde Park, my inspirational sources for this book have been my visits to Val-Kill, to the Roosevelt summer home on Campobello Island, and to the historic New Deal housing project at Arthurdale, West Virginia, called “Eleanor’s Little Village.” Wherever I have gone, woodland walks have given me time to think about my research in the archives, and guides and fellow visitors have encouraged my questions. In writing this book, I have been carefully true to the “facts”: when I describe scenes, they are accurate representations of times and places, and all quotations from individuals come directly from either primary or secondary sou
rces. This story illuminates what we can see and understand; at the same time I recognize that we cannot see everything that happened out of our sight so long ago. I am reminded of the poet A. R. Ammons’s question in “Unsaid”: “Have you listened for the things I have left out?” I respect Eleanor Roosevelt’s wise constraint: “It seems as though one can find privacy only within the silence of one’s own mind.”2 Readers who reflect upon these matters themselves will, I hope, find their own way to a deeper understanding of Eleanor Roosevelt and of friendship and family: Eleanor Roosevelt belongs to the ages. The journey to Val-Kill begins.
1: THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY
I guess it is bred in me to love it.—Eleanor Roosevelt
The Roosevelts and the Hudson River Valley are intimately linked in every telling of their story, and to appreciate how much Franklin and Eleanor loved it we should visualize the setting that dominates this book. Then we can understand how that love of place provided essential comfort and solace in some of the best and worst of times for each of them. For Eleanor and her friends, a hidden corner of the Hyde Park estate gave them a home of their own at the same time it kept them close to FDR’s ambitions to become president of the United States. The place was essential to everything that Eleanor and Franklin became.
The Hudson River Valley, like human nature, both endures and changes over time. A sense of place endures, for what the seventeenth-century Dutch settlers saw we can still see today—the broad river, sometimes ruffled by whitecaps; the high bluffs; gray skies, blue skies; the distant Catskills; and the interior creeks and marshes—all made more dramatic by a sudden flash of lightning in a summer storm, a sweep of cold wind, colors of spring and fall, sunrise, and moonlight. If we look back in time, we may also see a man on horseback, a family in a sleigh, a team of cutters hauling blocks to icehouses, a steamboat carrying goods to the city, a farmer in a field, a shopkeeper in a village, or, bending toward our story, a woman whose long stride carries her away from a manor house high above the river into deeper woods and a cottage with a fire burning in the grate. We have arrived at the setting for our story.
The town of Hyde Park, established by state law in 1821, encompasses land whose ownership dates back to the late 1600s, when Dutch businessmen granted deeds by the English Crown purchased several thousand acres from the Wappinger Indians. The seventeenth-century farming community of wheat fields and meadows occupying flatlands set back from the river evolved into rural estates sustained by city money earned in banking and investments. In the 1800s Hyde Park became the site of country homes for some forty or so “river families,” many of them seasonal residents. The confluence produced two strains of American history: villages of small farmers and shopkeepers (life as it was lived) and landed estates of wealthy aristocrats (life as it should be lived, according to Sara Delano Roosevelt). Locals distinguished the two groups as “the Village” and “the River,” and of course they did not meet on equal ground: when farming failed, local families went to work in the big houses. At the Dutchess County Fair, established in 1842, both groups were neighborly, and if the rich man won ribbons for his stables, local cooks took prizes for their kitchens. At Christmas the squire and his lady distributed turkeys for their employees on The Place, as Sara Delano Roosevelt fondly called Springwood. And when a child was sick in the village, there was help at hand from Mrs. Roosevelt, who believed in noblesse oblige, telling her son, “One can be as democratic as one likes, but if we love our own, and if we love our neighbors, we owe a great example.”1
Hyde Park in those days was thus a place of great houses and small farms. When the farms failed, the essential character of Hyde Park remained: a rural landscape of villages where the library, founded by Sara Delano Roosevelt, served a community of farmers, school teachers, and estate owners. (Mrs. Roosevelt and Mrs. Frederick Vanderbilt donated large numbers of books.)
Hyde Park was among the earliest of the villages the Dutch settled along the eastern bank of the 150-mile-long Hudson River, equidistant from the state capital at Albany and New York City. The village itself was small, limited by the river to the west and by the vast estates of wealthy families to the east. In the mid-nineteenth century, the American artists of the Hudson River School made the picturesque landscape famous with their large paintings of clouds, mountains, bluffs, waterfalls, rivers, and verdant banks. The paintings only hinted at the threats pastoral America was facing from the industrialists who dominated the commercial landscape.
During the Gilded Age some forty or fifty of America’s wealthiest northeastern businessmen built mansions on the bluffs with dramatic views of the river. In seasonal migrations, women, children, tutors, nurses, baggage, and barrels packed with china and silver moved back and forth. Some came on the steamboat Mary Powell and were delivered to the wharf in Poughkeepsie. Others traveled by train from fashionable brownstones and palatial houses in New York City to the rural hinterlands of Dutchess County. The train station at Hyde Park was lively with arriving families met by their carriages and drivers to transport them to the big houses made ready by housekeepers, maids, cooks, butlers, gardeners, and groomsmen. Fires were lit in marble fireplaces to throw off the chill of a house that had been closed up, waiting for the owners’ return.
Two neighboring families at Hyde Park, more friendly acquaintances than close friends, became among the best-known names in American history—the Vanderbilts for making money, and the Roosevelts for making history. The Vanderbilts were new money and built more and showier houses, the one at Hyde Park a fifty-four-room Beaux Arts mansion with Italianate gardens. The 1795 farmhouse Squire James Roosevelt purchased in 1867 had only seventeen rooms and was modest by comparison, but the location was splendid—a high bluff at Crumb Elbow, a bend on the Hudson River.
James Roosevelt could afford to present himself more modestly: his ancestry dated back to the Dutch settlers of Old Amsterdam, and he was a member of New York’s Knickerbocker society. He and his first wife, Rebecca, bought the clapboard house with 110 acres—which included a horse-trotting track, stables, and a rose garden behind a high hedge—as a country retreat. Almost immediately he began adding land to his estate, which when he died amounted to 700 acres. He also added more rooms and indoor plumbing to the old house and named it Springwood. James and Rebecca and their son, James Roosevelt (“Rosy,” who was to marry an Astor and live nearby), traveled by private railcar from their elegant townhouse on Washington Square in New York City to spend spring and fall at Hyde Park. In summers they traveled around Europe and to Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada.
After Rebecca died, James, now fifty-two, married the attractive Sara Delano, a spinster at twenty-six, who lived across the river on her family’s estate, Algonac. Sara was pregnant when they returned to Springwood from their long European honeymoon, and she gave birth to their first and only child, Franklin, in the upstairs bedroom. When he was four years old, Franklin met his fifth cousin on the Oyster Bay side of the Roosevelt family, Eleanor, age two, when she was brought to Hyde Park to visit her “Aunt Sally.”
Sara inherited all of the estate when James died in 1900, and she had no intention of giving up control. She called Franklin home from Harvard to share her grief and travel with her to Europe. When Franklin went back to his studies, his mother took a house in Boston to be near him. They formed a twosome that lasted until Sara died in 1941, almost four years before Franklin. Springwood belonged to Sara, and Franklin, even as an adult, struggled to maintain his independence. Biographers have suggested that her possessiveness led to his lifelong habit of concealing his private feelings. Certainly he became a master at deception.
In the summer of 1902 on the train from New York City to Tivoli, her Grandmother Hall’s home on the Hudson, Eleanor, age eighteen, had her first serious talk with her cousin Franklin, age twenty, who was returning with his mother to Hyde Park. He and Eleanor had a long conversation, and he was so taken with her intelligence that he walked her to the next car to see his mother. When he fell i
n love with Eleanor, he kept it secret from Mama as long as he could, and then agreed to her wish to keep the engagement secret for another year.
Marrying young is a way to assert independence, and perhaps that is one reason why Franklin at twenty-one and Eleanor at nineteen fell so quickly in love. It was also to his advantage, as an only child, to have someone between him and his mother. Sara, for her part, tried to be generous and kind: she invited Eleanor to the family summer home at Campobello, where Eleanor and Franklin managed to keep out of her sight with long walks on the island. Sara met Eleanor in the city for shopping and for tea and invited her to house parties at Springwood. When Franklin attempted to keep his mother from knowing how often he was seeing Eleanor, Eleanor urged him to tell her the truth. Orphaned as a child of ten by the deaths of both parents (she was eight when her mother died from diphtheria; almost two years later her father died from alcoholism), Eleanor had even more reason to want a home of her own after years of living with relatives. She was grateful at last to have found a loving home with a stable mother figure, although almost immediately Sara Delano Roosevelt would prove to be a daunting mother-in-law.
Sara might have wanted Franklin and Eleanor to marry at Hyde Park, but getting married in New York City conferred an advantage the politically ambitious Franklin could not resist: on 17 March 1905, Eleanor’s Uncle Theodore, newly elected president of the United States, could combine his attendance at the city’s St. Patrick’s Day parade with giving away his niece in marriage at the twin houses of her Aunt Susie and Susie’s mother, Mrs. Ludlow. After the wedding, Sara remained in the city while Franklin and Eleanor went to Springwood for a ten-day honeymoon, alone except for Elspeth McEachern, Sara’s faithful and observant Scottish housekeeper. Eleanor suspected that Elespie thought she was not good enough for Master Franklin.
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