More than 21,000 buildings: Lary, pp. 63–64.
“I stood at Pa Ko T’in”: Gulick, pp. 238–39.
“Changsha, and various industrial points”: Greene, p. 115.
“counterbalanced by the filth”: Tuchman, p. 144.
“No worse luck”: Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988), p. 77.
“smoky, with gray walls”: Cecil Beaton, Chinese Diary & Album (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 12.
half the people of the country: Theodore H. White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China (New York: William Sloan Associates, 1946), p. xiii.
life expectancy in China: Nancy E. Riley, “China’s Population: New Trends and Challenges,” Population Bulletin 59, no. 2 (June 2004): 6.
“Over a large area of China”: Richard Tawney, Land and Labor in China (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1972), p. 73.
“the barking of ill-fed dogs”: John K. Fairbank, “The New China and the American Connection,” Foreign Affairs 51, no. 1 (Oct. 1972).
“The magnitude of the rural misery”: Stephen R. MacKinnon, Diana Lary, and Ezra F. Vogel, eds., China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 178.
“There were corpses on the road”: White and Jacoby, p. 169.
“We stood at the head”: Ibid., p. 170.
“a tomb of a city”: Peck, p. 30.
Chiang ordered that the dikes: MacKinnon, p. 178.
“grandiloquent patriotism”: Lary, p. 64.
“A Chinese soldier”: Gellhorn, pp. 99–100.
“ ‘almost no Chinese war prisoners’ ”: New York Times, Sept. 25, 1937.
“Tens of thousands of homeless”: Frederic Wakeman Jr., The Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crime, 1937–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 7.
“the epicenter of devastation”: Harmsen, p. 246.
“the entire town and the villages”: Ibid., p. 245.
“What an awful scene of desolation”: Diana Lary and Stephen R. MacKinnon, eds., Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001), p. 57.
The estimates of Chinese military casualties: Harmsen, p. 247.
“in a political sense”: White and Jacoby, p. 52.
As a result of the desecration: Lary, p. 50.
“Then they herded 670 men”: Lary, p. 98.
the population of twenty thousand: MacKinnon, p. 103.
“packed solid with Chinese”: Gellhorn, pp. 85–86.
One historian of the period: Hans J. van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), p. 233.
a treasonous sort of modus vivendi: Ibid., p. 243.
By 1940, the Japanese: Edward Dreyer, China at War, 1901–1949 (London: Longman, 1995), p. 258.
the Japanese flew 5,000 sorties: Van de Ven, p. 246.
“incomparably more destructive”: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 367.
“There was nothing they would not do”: Harmsen, pp. 246–47.
“During the resistance”: Wakeman, p. 271.
a Chinese policeman named Tse: Emily Hahn, “Black and White,” The New Yorker, May 5, 1945, pp. 21–23.
“frequented by movie starlets”: Wakeman, p. 273.
Ding used just one machine: Ibid.
electricity use was restricted: Ibid.
Torture of opponents: Ibid.
“fur-hat soldiers”: Ibid., p. 275.
one “comfort woman” for every forty soldiers: Max Hastings, Inferno: The World at War, 1939–1945 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), p. 416.
“They raped many women”: Yang Chengyi, ed., Fenghuo mengyue zhong di jipin: Zhejiang kangri zhanzheng kousu fangtan [Memories in the Blaze of Wartime: Oral Interviews on the Japanese Occupation in Zhejiang] (Beijing: Beijing Library Publishing, 2007), pp. 10–11.
“My mother would rub black dirt”: Ibid., p. 76.
“malnutrition, lack of hygiene”: FRUS, 1944, pp. 191–92.
“Famine, flood, and drought”: Romanus and Sutherland, Time Runs Out, p. 66.
“hostility and opposition”: FRUS, 1944, p. 211.
Innumerable Chinese women were left: Lary, p. 9.
“A sea of people”: Danke Li, Echoes of Chungking: Women in Wartime China (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), p. 56.
seven thousand coolies: Time, Dec. 26, 1938.
“A long ribbon of ox carts”: Lary and MacKinnon, p. 105.
“Some young men”: Jack Belden, Still Time to Die (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 84.
“I felt so sad”: Li, p. 57.
“He subsists on poor quality rice”: Beaton, p. 63.
“Living like peasants”: Ibid.
“China was indeed at the end”: Wedemeyer, p. 278.
$145 million in Lend-Lease supplies: Taylor, p. 194.
“something had to be done”: Wedemeyer, p. 278.
“Humans in the slum”: Li, p. 87.
“We dug a hole,”: Ibid., p. 58.
“she died in my arms”: Ibid., p. 60.
“I watched every disaster”: Ba Jin, Guilin di shou-nan [Hard Times in Guilin], available online at www.xiexingcun.com.
CHAPTER FOUR: Mao, Zhou, and the Americans
“in which were dug caves”: John Paton Davies, China Hand: An Autobiography (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 217.
Disaster almost struck: Barrett, p. 14.
Among these agents: Cromley’s and Stelle’s backgrounds are discussed in Maochun Yu, OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 163.
Another recruit, Brooke Dolan: Brooke Dolan II, Road to the Edge of the World (Philadelphia: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1937).
“With the Chinese Communists”: Davies, p. 214.
“a French national”: FRUS, 1944, p. 489.
“obvious untruths”: Ibid., p. 400.
“to prolong China’s war of resistance”: Ibid., pp. 401–405.
“the mouthing of homilies”: Ibid., p. 406.
“to quote the Generalissimo”: Harrison Forman, Report from Red China (New York: Henry Holt, 1945), p. 1.
“young and naïve”: Taylor, p. 265.
Chiang also nurtured a certain hope: Warren Tozer, “The Foreign Correspondents’ Visit to Yenan in 1944: A Reassessment,” Pacific Historical Review 14, no. 2 (May 1972).
“guarantee full freedom of movement”: FRUS, 1944, p. 408.
“we consider your plane a hero”: Barrett, p. 30.
“the most exciting event”: Harry Harding and Yuan Ming, Sino-American Relations, 1945–1955: A Joint Reassessment of a Critical Decade (Wilmington, DE: R Books, 1989), p. 21.
But in Yenan they impressed: Carolle J. Carter, Mission to Yanan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists, 1944–1947 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), p. 37.
“a magnificent symbol”: Forman, p. 46.
Service reported to the State Department: FRUS, 1944, pp. 517–20.
“ideal of democracy”: Davies, pp. 215–16.
“we have aligned ourselves”: Ibid., p. 160.
“steps committing us”: Ibid., p. 183.
“One of our major mistakes”: Ibid., p. 196.
“The lines of future conflict”: Ibid., p. 139.
“The Communists are in China”: Ibid., p. 225.
“I hoped that my show of interest”: Ibid., p. 221.
“I obviously underestimated”: Ibid., p. 224.
“As I see it now”: Barrett, p. 46.
“belief in a creed”: Davies, p. 224.
“China is in a mess”: FRUS, 1944, pp. 38–39.
“general gloom”: Ibid., pp. 100–101.
“handle Stalin better”: Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 55.
“America
n public opinion”: FRUS, 1944, p. 39.
“China is unquestionably losing”: New York Times, July 20, 1943.
“If the book has been correctly interpreted”: New York Times, Jan. 9, 1938.
Red Star over China was and still is: Alexander V. Pantsov and Stephen I. Levine, Mao: The Real Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007) pp. 1–2.
By 1935, Snow was living: Rand, pp. 148–51.
Yui was a well-placed man: Ibid., pp. 155–56.
“a world scoop”: Ibid., p. 157.
“To change this situation”: Ibid., pp. 157–58.
“a romantic adventurer”: Ibid., p. 159.
“like a generalissimo”: Ibid., p. 166.
“Ten thousand years!”: Ibid., p. 167.
Zhou Enlai was not just covering: Ibid., p. 165.
They called themselves the last-ditchers: Davies, China Hand, pp. 25–30.
“air raids, troop movements”: Ibid., p. 25.
“close collaboration”: Stephen R. MacKinnon, Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 104.
More than a few other young Americans: Steven R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 37–47.
“a thrilling description”: Nathanial Peffer, “The China at War and the China Behind the Lines,” The New York Times Book Review, Dec. 24, 1939.
“land ownership under reasonable conditions”: Taylor, p. 192.
“were not allied to Moscow”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 2.
“a force to be reckoned with”: Ibid., p. 8.
“is hated more every day”: Ibid., p. 12.
In May 1942, Zhou gave a letter: Michael Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 76.
“Zhou Enlai had an amazing mind”: Theodore H. White, In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), p. 117.
“a man as brilliant and ruthless”: Ibid., p. 118.
“with the same coarse blue cloth”: Ibid., p. 120.
“no one could have seemed”: Ibid.
“was the most beautiful Chinese woman”: Ibid., p. 121.
who loved reading Chinese Robin Hood fiction: John K. Fairbank, Chinabound: A Fifty-Year Memoir (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), p. 268.
“On the tiny screen”: Qiao Songdu, Qiaoguanhua yu Gong Peng: we di fuqin muqin [Qiao Guanhua and Gong Peng: My Father and Mother], trans. Wenyi Zhou and Richard Bernstein (Beijing: Zhonghua Shu Ju, 2008), p. 23.
their meager wardrobe was stolen: Fairbank, Chinabound, p. 272.
In Chungking, Gong achieved: Ibid., p. 268.
“a taming effect on everybody”: Ibid., p. 273.
“a tall-stemmed flower”: Eric Severeid, Not So Wild a Dream (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), pp. 327–38; Rand, p. 237.
“The CCP in Chungking”: Fairbank, Chinabound, p. 270.
“the voice of dissidence”: Ibid., p. 268.
“What she put forward”: Ibid., p. 267.
“If only I could be for a little while”: Severeid, p. 329.
“silent conspiracy”: Ibid., p. 328.
Service volunteered to donate: E. J. Kahn Jr., The China Hands: America’s Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them (New York: Viking Press, 1972), p. 107.
another journalist, Barbara Stevens: Rand, p. 276.
“She was not only young”: Qiao, p. 70.
she snubbed the old friends: Rand, p. 310.
When the Canadian journalist: William Stevenson, Past to Present: A Reporter’s Story of War, Spies, People, and Politics (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2012), p. 240.
“in seclusion at the Beau-Rivage”: Godfrey Blunden, “The Two Faces of Chou En-lai,” Life, June 28, 1954.
“Zhou overwhelmed you”: Quoted in Freda Utley, The China Story (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1951), p. 143.
“It was so utterly hopeless”: Ibid.
“The police state features”: Israel Epstein, My China Eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist (San Francisco: Long River Press, 2005), p. 174.
deserter from the Eighth Route Army: Ibid., p. 175.
“We learned later”: Forman, p. 4.
a dissenter’s proclamation: Ibid., pp. 5–7.
“another world”: Epstein, p. 179.
“Every once-barren hilltop”: Ibid., p. 180.
“and who had ever heard”: Ibid., p. 183.
“loyalty dance”: For photographs of this and other rituals of obeisance to Mao, see Liu Heung Shing, ed., China: Portrait of a Country (Cologne: Taschen, 2009), pp. 178–83.
“Everything is open”: New York Herald Tribune, June 23, 1944, cited in Tozer.
“The men and women pioneers”: Christian Science Monitor, June 23, 1944, cited in Tozer.
“much more American than Russian”: Taylor, p. 220.
“so-called Communists”: FRUS, 1944, p. 103.
“margarine Communists”: Dieter Heinzig, The Soviet Union and Communist China, 1945–1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 22.
regular hunting expeditions: Carter, p. 42.
On Saturday nights: Barrett, pp. 50–51.
“Far-seeing Mao Zedong”: Forman, pp. 88–89.
“is no unapproachable oracle”: Ibid., p. 177.
“We are not striving”: Ibid., p. 178.
“we believe in and practice democracy”: Ibid., p. 179.
“tremendous character”: Davies, China Hand, p. 218.
“a first rate soldier”: Barrett, p. 33.
Davies draws a verbal portrait: Davies, China Hand, pp. 18–219.
“dominated the room”: Henry Kissinger, White House Years (New York: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 1058.
His conclusion was: Davies, China Hand, p. 222.
Varoff’s mission had been to hit: “Report of Capt. Varoff Crew Rescue,” Mar. 22, 1945, 40th Bomb Group Association, available online at www.40thbombgroup.org. For news coverage of rescue, see New York Times, Jan. 17, 1945.
“All he knew”: Barrett, p. 37.
“our bitter enemies now”: Ibid.
CHAPTER FIVE: The Dark Side
Michael Lindsay: Yu, p. 166.
To gain access to Yenan at all: Gao Hua, Hong taiyang she tsenyang shengqi de: Yenan zhengfeng yundong de lai long qumai [How Did the Red Sun Rise: A History of the Yenan Rectification Movement] (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2000), p. 234–36
“how bloodthirsty and evil”: Dai Qing, Wang Shiwei and “Wild Lilies”: Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942–1944 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 4.
“their own reputation”: Ibid., p. 91.
“I will dare”: Ibid., p. 18.
“the foot-bindings of a slattern”: Philip Short, Mao: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), p. 381.
“fiendishly clever”: Ibid., p. 384.
big-character poster or wall newspaper: Ibid., p. 385.
who encouraged the paper: Dai Qing, p. 50.
“pure and noble image”: Ibid., p. 5
“the youth of Yenan”: Ibid.
“not an egalitarian”: Ibid., p. 20.
“It was not enough”: Short, p. 386.
“The first step”: Ibid.
“Party meetings are fixed”: Vladimirov, p. 26.
“genius leader”: Gao Hua, p. 227.
“Kang always wore Russian jackets”: Shi Zhe, Feng yu Gu: She Zhe hui-yi-lu [Peaks and Valleys: The Memoirs of Shi Zhe] (Beijing: Hungxi Publishing, 1992), p. 229.
“a shrill and hissing voice”: Pyotr Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, Yenan, China, 1942–1945 (New York: Doubleday, 1975), p. 10.
“the ugliest nightmare”: Dai Qing, p. xvi.
With tears streaming down his face: Gao Hua, pp. 483–84.
“Once you confessed”: Shi Zhe, pp. 200–202.
“co
unter-revolutionary shit-hole”: Short, p. 389.
A mob of other writers obediently: Dai Qing, pp. 31–32.
accused Wu Han: Jonathan D. Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895–1980 (New York: The Viking Press, 1981), p. 345; Short, pp. 527–29.
“the close friend and ally”: Lynne Joiner, Honorable Survivor: Mao’s China, McCarthy’s America, and the Persecution of John S. Service (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), p. 330.
“Korea and Vietnam”: Ibid., p. 331.
CHAPTER SIX: The Wrong Man
“I shall never forget”: Barrett, p. 57.
“a prolonged howl”: Davies, p. 226.
“everything but Shay’s Rebellion”: Time, Jan. 1, 1945.
“disappeared in a cloud of dust”: Barrett, p. 57.
“He tried to corral both sides”: Herbert Feis, The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953), p. 214.
“If imperial Japan had not”: Quoted in Waldron, “China’s New Remembering”: 972.
“the saltiness of the General’s remarks”: Barrett, p. 57.
“If I haven’t been given American policy”: Arthur R. Ringwalt, “Oral History Interview with Arthur R. Ringwalt,” Truman Memorial Library, online at www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/ringwalt.htm.
“the United States is the greatest hope”: Quoted in Kahn, p. 136.
“Hurley arrived at Yenan”: Davies, China Hand, p. 227.
bitter and highly publicized dispute: Barrett, p. 57.
Hurley was born in 1883: Lohbeck, passim. Russell D. Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), passim.
“Patrick Hurley is one”: Lohbeck, p. 49.
“He was a realist”: Ibid., p. 148.
“You know, Mr. President”: Ibid., p. 153.
“a little piracy”: Ibid.
“We were out-shipped”: Ibid.
“It was obvious to me”: FRUS, 1944, p. 201.
“We do not wish to be alarmists”: Ibid., p. 199.
“is extremely grave”: Ibid. p. 159.
“we are rolling the enemy back”: Ibid., pp. 157–58.
“at least an additional year”: FRUS, 1944, p. 287.
“true unification”: Ibid., p. 159.
“no longer able to fight”: Barrett, p. 60.
“Chiang’s men were starved”: Ibid.
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