41. Vicki P. McConnell, The Burnton Widows (Tallahasse, Fla.: Naiad Press, 1984), p. 181. See Bonnie Zimmerman’s discussion of The Burnton Widows in The Safe Sea of Women, pp. 160–61.
42. Personal interview with Lee Hudson, the mayor’s liaison to the lesbian and gay community, New York, December 19. 1988.
43. Personal interview with Joanna, age 38, San Francisco, September 12, 1987. Sharon Ullman, “History and Current Concerns, or Making History Bigger,” Berkshire History of Women Conference, Wellesley College, Mass., June 21, 1987.
44. Personal interview with Cynthia, age 49, Austin, Tex., April 1, 1988. More recently such “bisexual openness” has led some women who identified as lesbian to opt for heterosexuality and marriage, which by 1990 is beginning to create a sense of betrayal and anger among committed lesbians. See, e.g., Jan Clausen, “My Interesting Condition,” Out/Look (Winter 1990), 7:10–24 and the controversy that followed in the Letters section, Out/Look (Spring 1990), 8:4–5. Lesbians have now begun to call women who switch to heterosexuality “has-be-ans.”
45. See Hannah Doress, “Maggie Rubenstein: Bisexual Rights Activist,” Plexus (Aug. 1987), 14(2):6–7. Also, space devoted to bisexual ads, etc., in Coming Up! (San Francisco). Mary Wings, She Came Too Late (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press, 1987), p. 39.
46. Personal interview with Kriss, age 21, San Francisco, September 11, 1987.
47. Sharon Raphael and Mina Robinson, “Love Relationships and Friendship Patterns,” Alternate Lifestyles (May 1980), 3(2): 207–209.
48. Personal interview with Janet, age 36, San Francisco, August 3, 1987.
49. ACT-UP demonstration reported in Outweek, August 8, 1990, p. 24.
50. Laura Briggs, “Birth of a Queer Nation,” Gay Community News, August 5–11, 1990, pp. 3 +.
51. Quoted in Guy Trebay, “In Your Face,” Village Voice, August 14, 1990, pp. 34–39—
Index
Abolitionists
Accommodation, politics of
ACT-UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power)
Adam, Margi
Addams, Jane
Adult bookstores
Affection, sexuality versus
AIDS
Air Forces policy on homosexuals
Al-Anon
Albatross
Alcoholics Anonymous
Alcoholism
Aldrich, Ann
Alger, William
Alice B. Toklas Democratic Club
Amazon image
Ambitious Women (Wilson)
American Civil Liberties Union
American Psychiatric Association
Anderson, Cora
Anderson, Sherwood
Andrew, Kathy
Anthony, Katharine
Antiwar movements
Arnold, June
Asch, Sholom
Asian-American lesbians/147
Atkinson, Ti-Grace
Austin, Texas, lesbians in
Babcock, Charlotte
Bad Attitude
Baker, Sarah Josephine
Baltimores lesbian bars in
Bankhead, Tallulah
Bannon, Ann
Barnes, Djuna
Barney, Natalie
Barrow, Marilyn
Bars. See Gay bars
Bathhouses, lesbian
Bay Area Career Women
Bean, Babe
Ben, Lisa
Bentley, Gladys
Bergler, Edmund
Bernhard, Sandra
Berson, Ginny
Berube Allan
Betterment work
Big Money, The (Dos Passos)
Birth control, in 1920s
Bisexuality; Depression and; Greenwich Village of the 1920s and; Harlem blacks in 1920s and; lesbian-feminists and; 1920s; 1930s; 1980s; roots of experimentation; wealthy women and
Bisexual support groups
Blacker the Berry, The (Thurman)
Black lesbians. See also specific persons
Blacks: homophobia among; white homosexuals in Harlem and
Blackwell, Alice Stone
Blackwell, Emily
Blues songs, Harlem homosexuals of the 1920s and
“Bluffs”
Blush Productions
Bohemianss
Bookpeople
Book publishing, feminist
Bookstores, women’s
Boston marriages
Bourdet, Edouard
Bowers v. Hardwick
Bowles, Jane
Bowles, Paul
Box-Car Bertha
Bradley, Katharine
Briggs, John
Briggs Initiative
Bright, Susie
Bronski, Michael
Brown, Rita Mae
Brown, Rusty
Bryant, Anita
Bryant, William Cullen
Bryn Mawr
Budapest, Z.
Buffet flats
Burning (Chambers)
Burnton Widows, The (McConnell)
Butch/femme roles: feminists and; Greenwich Village of the 1940s and; kinship structures and; lesbian-feminists and; minority lesbians and; 1930s slang and; 1940s; 1950s; 1980s; police harassment and; prisons and; sexual radicals and; wealthy lesbians and; working-class and young lesbians and
Butches; flipped; gay bars and; 1950s roles; postfeminist
Califia, Pat
Cameron, Barbara
Cannabilistic fantasies
Caprio, Frank
Captive, The
Carhart, John
Carpenter, Edward
Carpenter, Louisa Dupont
Casal, Mary
Casual sex
Catharsis, sadomasochism and
Cather, Willa
Catholic Church
Catt, Carrie Chapman
Chambers, Jane
Chauncey, George
Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Peiss)
Cherry Grove
Chevalier, Julien
Chicago: 1920s bar scene in; 1930s bar scene in
Childhood homosexuality, Freud and
Childrens acceptance of
Children’s Hour, The,
Chisholm, Shirley
Christian, Meg
Christian, Paula
Christopher, George
Churches, gay groups within
Civil rights movement
Civil War, female transvestites in
Clackum, Fannie Mae
Clarke, Edward
Clean and sober movement
Clenched Fists, Burning Crosses (South)
Cleveland, Rose Elizabeth
Clift, Montgomery
Coastal cities, lesbian life in 1940s and
Colette
Colleges: McCarthy era persecution and; turn of the century. See also Women’s colleges
College Settlements Association
Comfort, Alex
Communal farms, separatists and
Communal living, lesbian-feminists and
Companionate marriage
Complex marriage
Confrontational tactics
Congenital theory: lesbians accepting; 1980s revival of. See also Sexual inversion
Consciousness-raising (CR); language and; radical lesbian-feminists and; sadomasochism and; women’s music and
Conservatisms
Contract with the World (Rule)
Converse, Florence
Cook, Blanche
Cooper, Edith
Copper, Baba
Cornell
Cory, Donald Webster
Cotton Club
Council on Religion and the Homosexual
Country women
Cousins, Norman
Craigin, Elisabeth
Crawford, Joan
Credit unions, women’s
“Crunchies”
Cultural feminists; 1970s; 1980s; sexuality and; shared intimacy and
“Cures” 1940–50s
Cush
ier, Elizabeth
Cushman, Charlotte
Dark Laughter (Anderson)
Darwinists
Daskam, Josephine Dodge
Daudet, Alphonse
Daughters of Bilitis
Davis, Allen
Davis, Elizabeth Gould
Davis, Katharine
Dell, Floyd
Demeter Flower, The (Singer)
D’Emilio, John
Democratic National Convention, lesbian delegate to
Depression era; sexual freedom and; working women and
Devoted companions, lesbian sex between
Diana (Frederics)
Diana Victrix (Converse)
Dickinson, Anna
Dickinson, Robert Latou
Dickinson, Thomas
Direct action peace and environmental movements
Disabled lesbians
Dlugacz, Judy
Dobkin, Alix
Dodge, Mabel
Dog shows, lesbian couples at
Donisthorpe, Sheila
Donovan, Frances
Dos Passos, John
Double standard
Drag balls
Dreir, Mary
Dress: gay bars of 1950s and; lesbian-feminists and; middleclass lesbians and; 1940s; 1980s career women and; upper-class lesbians and; working-class women and
Drug abuse
Dunbar-Nelson, Alice
Dundas, Annie
Dylan, Bob
Eagles, Jeanne
Economic independence; lesbian-feminists and; nineteenth-century transvestites and; 1980s; nontraditional jobs and; World War II and
Education: escape from domesticity and; marriage after; professional women and; upper-class women and. See also Women’s colleges
Education levels, lesbians versus heterosexual women/136
Either Is Love (Craigin)
Ellis, Albert
Ellis, Havelock
Episcopal Church
Ermayne, Laurajean
Erotic fantasy
Eroticism. See also Sexual radicals
Erotic love, past centuries
Essentialists
Etheridge, Melissa
Eugenics movement
Evolution, theories of
Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr.
Family Values
Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway)
Fat lesbians
Feldman, Maxine
“Felipa” (Woolson)
Female seminaries
Feminine mystique
Feminism; middleclass lesbians and; nineteenth-century; 1940s; reawakening; romantic friendship and; sexologists and; sexual freaks and. See also Lesbian-feminists
Femmes. See also Butch/ femme roles
Field, Michael
Fields, Mary
Financial independence. See Economic independence
First Sex, The (Davis)
Fish queens
“Fluff”
Forel, August
Fox, The (Lawrence)
Frederics, Diana
Freedman, Estelle
Freeman, Mary Wilkins
French erotic novels
French literature
Freud, Sigmund
Freudians
Friedan, Betty
Front marriages
Frye, Ellen
Gabrielson, Guy George
Garden of Eden, The (Hemingway)
Garrett, Mary
Gay and Lesbian Democratic Clubs
Gay bars; alcoholism and; butch/femme roles and; class wars and; dangers of; lesbian singers in; middleclass lesbians and; 1930s; 1950s; 1980s; police harassment and; undercover agents in; working-class lesbians and; World War II and; young lesbians and
Gay liberation movement
Gay men: class mixing; front marriages to; heterogenderal pattern; lesbian-feminists and; lesbian unity with in 1980s; radical movement of 1960s; radical sexuality and; sexologists and; wealthy
Gay pride parades
Gay publications, revolution and
Gay revolution: explosion of; lesbian-feminists and; quiet beginnings
Gay rights bills
Gearhart, Sally
Gender behavior, inappropriate
Gender-dysphoria
Gerontology
Gittings, Barbara
Glamour dyke
God of Vengeance
Goldman, Emma
Gorman, Harry
Government jobs, dismissals from during McCarthy era
Grahn, Judy
Greenwich Village: butch/femme roles and; gay bars in; 1920s
Gribble, Henry
Grimke, Angelina Weld
Group, The (McCarthy)
Gwinn, Mamie
Hall, Radclyffe
Hamilton, Alice
Hampton, Mabel
Hannah, George
Hapgood, Hutchins
Harlem: black lesbians in; white slumming in
Hart, Alberta Lucille
Hays, Matilda
Hellman, Lillian
Hemingway, Ernest
Henry, George
Hickok, Lorena
Hippie phenomenon: communal life and; 1960s
Hoboess
Holman, Libby
Home to Harlem (McKay)
Homophile Action League
Homophile groups, politically aware
Homophile League of New York
Homophobia; 1920s; 1950s-60s 1970s
Homosexuality, “cure” for. See also Gay men; Lesbian(s)
Homosexual rights issues, Germany and
Hosmer, Harriet
Howard, William Lee
Hudson, Lee
Hull, Helen
Hull House
Huneker, James
Hunter, Alberta
Idaho, Bertha
Insane asylums
Intellectuals, in 1920s
“In the Life”
Inversion sexuelle (Chevalier)
Irwin, Elisabeth
Jackson, Bessie
Jenny, John
Jenny, Louisa Dupont Carpenter
Johns Hopkins
Johnston, Jill
Joy of Sex, The (Comfort)
Jungian therapists, lesbian “cures” and
Kaplan, Helen
Kelley, Florence
Kerwinieo, Ralph (née Cora Anderson)
Kiki lesbians. See also Middleclass lesbians; Upper-class lesbians
King, Bessie
Kinsey, Alfred
Kinship structures, butch/femme roles and
Koertge, Noretta
Korean War
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von
Ladder, The
Ladies Almanack (Barnes)
Lait, Jack
Land trusts
Lang, K. D.
Language: consciousness raising and; sexist
Laporte, Rita
Las Buenas Amigas
Lavender Blue Productions
Lavender color, association with lesbianism
Lavender Jane Loves Women
Lawrence, D. H.
Leave a Light On for Me (Swallow)
Leftists, homophobia during McCarthy era and
Legion of Decency
Lesbian(s): class mixing and; of color; existentialist; 1920s; 1930s; 1940s; 1950s; 1960s; 1970s; 1980s; 1990s and; past centuries; post-World War II; scientific classification of; self-definitions of; sexologists’ definition of; as sexual freaks; turn-of-the-century American writers on; twentieth century concepts;
Lesbian archives
Lesbian bars. See Gay bars
Lesbian chic: 1920s; 1980s; roots of
Lesbian continuum
Lesbian culture
Lesbian-feminists; bisexuality and; blueprints for culture; butch/femme roles and; class divisions and; drab-stylelessness of; economic independence and; educational levels/Z36; factionalism and; gay men and; media for culture building; middleclass lesbians and; minority lesbians and; 1970s; 1980s changes; 1980s con
servatism and; older lesbians and; political correctness and; radicalism and; relationships with other groups; self-sufficiency and; separatism and; sexuality and; spiritual care and; successes of; women’s movement and
Lesbian health care
Lesbian in America, The (Cory)
Lesbian Nations
Lesbian revolutions: 1960s; 1970s
Lesbian sex: between devoted companions; relative infrequency of. See also Sexuality
Lesbian sex warss
Lesbian slangs
Lesbian styles
Lesbian subcultures; bars and; military and; 1930s; 1940s government-sponsored; 1950s and ’60s; 1980s diversity in; Greenwich Village of the 1920s and; persecution of the 1950s and; working class in 1920s and; World War II and
Lesbian Tide
Le Sueur, Lucille
Levin, Jennifer
Lewis, Edith
Lillie, Beatrice
“Lipsticks”
Literature about lesbians; blacks writing about whites; lesbian-feminists and; 1920s; 1930s anti-lesbianism and; 1980s; sexual revolution and. See also specific works
Living Sober conventions
Lobdell, Lucy Ann
Lombroso, Cesare
“Long Arm, The” (Freeman)
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
Look Me in the Eye (McDonald)
Look Under the Hawthorne (Frye)
Lorde, Audre
Los Angeles, gay bars in 1950s and
Loulan, joann
Loveliest of Friends (Donisthorpe)
Luppies (lesbian yuppies)
Lynch, Lee
Lynd, Helen
Lynn, Kenneth
Lyon, Phyllis
MacLane, Mary
Madonna
Magazines: lesbian porno; lesbian-feminists and; sexual revolution and
Male homosexuals. See Gay men
Ma Rainey
March Hares
Mariness homosexual policy and
Marks, Jeanette
Marot, Helen
Marriage to men: economic dependency and; educated women in nineteenth century and; front/120; 1930s
Marriage to other women: black lesbians of the 1920s and; 1980s return to; open
Married women, lesbian liaisons and
Martin, Del
Masons and orders
Matriarchal religion
Matriarchists
Mattachine
McCarthy, Eugene
McCarthy, Joseph
McCarthy, Mary
McCarthy era
McClung, Isabelle
McConnell, Vicki
McDonald, Barbara
McGovern, George
McKay, Claude
Medical doctorss-50s treatments and
Medical journals, turn-of-the-century
Medical model, sexologists and
Meese, Edwin
Men See Gay men; Marriage to men
Mental health, minimalist definition of
Mental illnesss views on
Mentors, graduating from women’s colleges and
Metropolitan Community Church
Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival
Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers Page 49
