by Philip Dwyer
106. Montesquiou-Fezensac, Souvenirs militaires, pp. 64–5.
107. For one case of a quartermaster, Jean-Baptiste Charles de Tersac, twenty-one years of age, who died of ‘exhaustion’ as a direct consequence of the forced marches and the ensuing battle, see J.-J. Hemardinquer, ‘Mort d’épuisement après Austerlitz’, Revue de l’Institut Napoléon, 134 (1978), 115.
108. Kagan, The End of the Old Order, p. 343.
109. It is a point raised by Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 396; Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, p. 24. See also Christopher Duffy, Austerlitz 1805 (London, 1977), p. 48; and Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 400, 423, 429.
110. Roger Parkinson, The Fox of the North: The Life of Kutuzov, General of War and Peace (New York, 1976), pp. 58–9.
111. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 148, 390–402.
112. ‘Extrait de la relation de la prise d’Ulm, sur le manuscrit original de M . . . , capitaine d’Etat-Major au service de l’Autriche’, Journal des sciences militaires, 8 (1827), 80.
113. Charles Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 229.
114. ‘Extrait de la relation de la prise d’Ulm’, 81; Alfred Krauss, 1805, der Feldzug von Ulm, 2 vols (Vienna, 1912), i. pp. 468–81.
115. ‘Extrait de la relation de la prise d’Ulm’, 80; Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 430–1.
116. Tourtier-Bonazzi, Lettres d’amour à Joséphine, pp. 187–8 (21 October 1805).
117. Henry Reeve, Journal of a Residence at Vienna and Berlin in the Eventful Winter 1805–6 (London, 1877), p. 37.
118. Frederick William John Hemmings, Theatre and State in France, 1760–1905 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 130.
119. This is the contention of most military historians (see Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 409–10; Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, p. 29; Duffy, Austerlitz, p. 76), but it is contested by Kagan, The End of the Old Order, p. 564.
120. Dunan, Napoléon et l’Allemagne, p. 20.
121. Dunan, Napoléon et l’Allemagne, p. 17; Adalbert Prinz von Bayern, Max I. Joseph von Bayern, Pfalzgraf, Kurfürst und König (Munich, 1957), pp. 481–2.
122. George Jackson, The Bath Archives: A Further Selection from the Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, K.C.H., from 1809 to 1816, 2 vols (London, 1873), ii. p. 353; Jean-Gabriel Eynard, Journal de Jean-Gabriel Eynard: au Congrès de Vienne, 2 vols (Paris, 1914), i. p. 46; Dunan, Napoléon et l’Allemagne, pp. 15–16; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp. 273–4.
123. Corr. xi. nos. 9451, 9464 (3 and 8 November 1805).
124. Corr. xi. n. 9470 (11 November 1805); Tulard, Murat, pp. 81–2; Parkinson, The Fox of the North, pp. 67–8; Kagan, The End of the Old Order, p. 471.
125. Kagan, The End of the Old Order, p. 470.
126. Alistair Horne, Seven Ages of Paris (New York, 2004), p. 174.
127. Journal de l’Empire, 6 frimaire an XIV (27 November 1805); Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, iii. pp. 46–7.
128. According to Rémusat, Lettres, i. pp. 376–7.
129. Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, iii. pp. 47–8.
130. Reeve, Journal of a Residence at Vienna and Berlin, pp. 26–7. For the French take on the Austrian capital see Robert Ouvrard, 1809: les Français à Vienne: chronique d’une occupation (Paris, 2009), pp. 107–44.
131. Ségur, Histoire et mémoires, ii. p. 446; Bailleu (ed.), Briefwechsel König Friedrich Wilhelm, n. 83 (28 November 1805). Alexander made a visit to Berlin in October 1805, the crowning moment being a visit to the grave of Frederick the Great in Potsdam, where he supposedly stood some time in meditative reflection, hand in hand with Queen Luise. It led to the Treaty of Potsdam; Prussia was to attempt an ‘armed mediation’ with Napoleon and if that did not work it would commit 180,000 men to the coalition. Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann, König in Preußens großer Zeit: Friedrich Wilhelm III. der Melancholiker auf dem Thron (Berlin, 1992), pp. 198–200; Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 550, 553–4.
132. Thiard, Souvenirs diplomatiques et militaires, pp. 200–1.
133. The literature on the battle of Austerlitz is considerable. See Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 413–33; Henry Lachouque, Napoléon à Austerlitz (Paris, 1961); Duffy, Austerlitz, pp. 69–156; Frederick C. Schneid, Napoleon’s Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition (Westport, Conn., 2005); Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 581–628; Pierre Robin and Christophe Dufourg Burg (eds), Austerlitz: récits de soldats (Paris, 2006).
134. Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 116, 572, 574.
135. Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 568–70, goes over the options open to Napoleon and the allies.
136. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 149.
137. Parkinson, The Fox of the North, pp. 82–5; Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 576–7.
138. Thiébault, Mémoires, iii. pp. 454–5; Lejeune, Mémoires, pp. 26–7; Bigarré, Mémoires, pp. 170–1; Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcellin, baron de Marbot, Mémoires du général Bon de Marbot, 3 vols (Paris, 1897), i. pp. 258–9; Ségur, Histoire et mémoires, ii. pp. 461–2; Coignet, Note-Books, pp. 122–3.
139. On this event see Jean Baptiste Auguste Barrès, Souvenirs d’un officier de la Grande Armée (Paris, 1923), p. 55; Paul-Claude Alombert, ‘Le colonel Constant Corbineau’, Carnet de la Sabretache, 3 (1895), 289–307, here 295; Jean-Pierre Noël Asseré, ‘Journal du voltigeur Asseré’, Carnet de la Sabretache, 14 (1905), 705–31, here 723.
140. Alistair Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? Napoleon 1805–1815 (New York, 1996), p. 150.
141. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘Grand homme ou demi-dieu? La mise en place d’une religion napoléonienne’, Romantisme, 100 (1998), 139.
142. Barrès, Souvenirs, pp. 57–8.
143. Corr. xi. nos. 9541, 9544 (3 and 5 December 1805). The idea of firing a howitzer shell into the ice after the cannon balls simply bounced off is supposed to have come from Captain Théodore-Jean-Joseph du Séruzier, Mémoires militaires du baron Seruzier, colonel d’artillerie légère (Paris, 1823), pp. 28–9.
144. Campagnes de la grande armée, pp. 293–302, here p. 300; Duffy, Austerlitz, pp. 148–9; Kagan, The End of the Old Order, p. 621.
145. Most historians cite the figure of between 3,000 and 5,000 French killed. A recent examination of the archives reveals that it may have been as low as 1,537 (Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, iii. p. 494). It nevertheless took two weeks to bury the dead (Letter from Toussaint Walthéry, 30 December 1805, in Emile Fairon and Henri Heuse, Lettres de grognards (Liège, 1936), pp. 86–7).
146. Theodor von Bernhardi, Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben des kaiserl. russ. Generals von der Infanterie Carl Friedrich Grafen von Toll, 5 vols (Leipzig, 1865–6), i. pp. 167–8.
147. According to Rey, Alexandre Ier, p. 220.
148. Kagan, The End of the Old Order, pp. 626–7. There is no account of this meeting.
149. Even before Austerlitz, Czartoryski and Novosiltsev complained of Alexander’s depression and uncertainty. Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 275–6.
150. Thiard, Souvenirs diplomatiques et militaires, pp. 242–5; Victor Bibl, François II: le beau-père de Napoléon, 1768–1835, trans. from the German by Adrien F. Vochelle (Paris, 1936), p. 128; Duffy, Austerlitz, pp. 152–4.
151. Eynard, Journal, i. p. 45.
152. Even then, it was initially reported as a French victory. Burrows, ‘The War of Words’, p. 51.
153. ‘Austerlitz (Lettres de deux témoins de la bataille)’, Carnet de la Sabretache, 4 (1905), 733.
154. Pierre Glaudes, ‘Joseph de Maistre, letter writer’, in Carolina Armenteros and Richard A. Lebrun (eds), The New enfant du siècle: Joseph de Maistre as a Writer (St Andrews, 2010), pp. 54–5, hdl.handle.net/10023/847.
155. It may be apocryphal. See Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, iii. p. 882.
156. Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, iii. pp. 48–9, whose assertion is somewhat contradicted by the police reports in AN F7 3834, 20 and 24,
25 and 29 frimaire an XIV (11 and 15, 16 and 20 December 1804), but police reports often exaggerated positive reactions and played down negative ones.
157. AN F/1cIII/Aisne 12, the prefect of the Aisne to the minister of the interior, 3 January 1806.
158. See, for example, Fiévée, Correspondance, ii. pp. 164–7.
159. Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, iii. p. 48.
160. Fiévée, Correspondance, ii. p. 166; Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, iii. p. 50. More elaborate plans to celebrate the victory never actually came off. A large concentration of troops was established at Meudon, from where they were supposed to enter Paris, but the troops had to be deployed in eastern Europe (see Corr. xii. n. 9832 (17 February 1806); Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, iii. pp. 57–9).
161. M. Siret, Discours prononcé dans l’église paroissiale de Saint Merry, le dimanche 29 décembre dernier, à l’occasion du Te Deum chanté en actions de graces de la victoire d’Austerlitz (Paris, 1806), p. 1. For the following theme see also Bertaud, Quand les enfants parlaient de gloire, pp. 225–7; Jean-Pierre Bertho, ‘Naissance et élaboration d’une théologie de la guerre chez les évêques de Napoléon (1802–1820)’, in Jean-René Derré, Jacques Gadille, Xavier de Montclos and Bernard Plongeron (eds), Civilisation chrétienne: approche historique d’une idéologie, XVIIIe–XXe siècle (Paris, 1975), pp. 95–103.
162. AN AFIV 1045, Correspondance du ministre des cultes, 1 January 1806.
163. AN AFIV 1452, doss. 2.
164. Rémusat, Mémoires de ma vie, i. p. 52.
165. John A. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture from Ancient Greece to Modern America (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp. 180–1.
166. This has been pointed out by Alistair Horne, How Far from Austerlitz?, pp. 186–9, who argues that Austerlitz led Napoleon on a grail-like quest for similar victories which almost always eluded him.
167. Peter Paret, ‘Napoleon as Enemy’, in Peter Paret, Understanding War: Essays on Clausewitz and the History of Military Power (Princeton, 1992), p. 77.
168. Corr. xi. n. 9069 (13 August 1805).
169. Bertrand (ed.), Lettres inédites, pp. 156–65 (17 October 1805).
170. Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp. 276–82, 302–4.
171. Corr. xi. n. 9561 (13 December 1805).
172. On the treaty see Rudolfine Freiin von Oer, Der Friede von Pressburg: ein Beitrag zur Diplomatiegeschichte des Napoleonischen Zeitalters (Münster, 1965), esp. pp. 184–221.
173. Kagan, The End of the Old Order, p. 633.
174. Corr. xi. nos. 9540, 9542 (3 and 4 December 1805).
175. Jean-Pierre Bois, De la paix des rois à l’ordre des empereurs, 1714–1815 (Paris, 2003), p. 348.
11: The Grand Empire
1. Moniteur universel, 6 January 1806.
2. On the occasion of the plebiscite of 1804 on the acceptance of a hereditary regime, the mayor of Metz, Goussaud d’Antilly, refers to ‘the Great Napoleon’ (le Grand Napoléon) (Thierry Lentz and Denis Imhoff, La Moselle et Napoléon: étude d’un département sous le Consulat et l’Empire (Metz, 1986), p. 169).
3. Williamson, ‘Denon, la presse’, p. 154.
4. Corr. x. n. 8821 (1 June 1805).
5. Rowe, From Reich to State, p. 151.
6. The expression is from Jean-Paul Bertaud, Guerre et société en France: de Louis XIV à Napoléon Ier (Paris, 1998), p. 60.
7. Ellis, ‘Religion According to Napoleon’, p. 247; Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Saint-Napoleon: Celebrations of Sovereignty in Nineteenth-Century France (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), pp. 3–4; Rosemonde Sanson, ‘Le 15 août: fête nationale du Second Empire’, in Alain Corbin, Noëlle Gérôme and Danielle Tartakowsky (eds), Les usages politiques des fêtes aux XIXe–XXe siècles (Paris, 1994), pp. 117–36; and Hippolyte Delehaye, ‘La légende de Saint Napoléon’, in Mélanges d’histoire offerts à Henri Pirenne, 2 vols (Brussels, 1926), i. pp. 81–8.
8. Eugène Hyacinthe Laffillard, La veille d’une grande fête, hommage en 1 acte et en vers, mêlés de couplets (Paris, 1808); Célébration de la fête de Napoléon-Le-Grand (Besançon, 1809); Fontaine, Journal, i. p. 54, for example, refers to this day as the anniversary of the birth of Napoleon. No mention is made of St Napoleon.
9. Diligence and a modest demeanour were the two traits most expected of a French bureaucrat. For the broader context of modesty and French political life see Stéphane Gerson, ‘In Praise of Modest Men: Self-Display and Self-Effacement in Nineteenth-Century France’, French History, 20:2 (2006), 182–203.
10. Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon’, 150–2. There are no scholarly articles on the origins, evolution of and reaction to the feast of St Napoleon.
11. Détail de la fête du 15 août, pour le double anniversaire de la naissance du Ier Consul et de la signature du Concordat (Paris, n.d.), p. 2.
12. Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon’, 159.
13. Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon’, 153.
14. Cited in Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon’, 156.
15. Cited in Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon’, 151, 152; Alain Corbin, ‘La fête de souveraineté’, in Corbin, Gérôme and Tartakowsky (eds), Les usages politiques des fêtes, pp. 25–38; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire, pp. 67–70.
16. Burton, Blood in the City, p. 73; Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon, pp. 97–8.
17. See, for example, Christian Pfister, Les fêtes à Nancy sous le Consulat et le Premier Empire (1799–1813) (Nancy, 1914), pp. 89–92.
18. Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon’, 160. In 1804, it was the ‘Napoleon Battery’ in the harbour of Cherbourg; in 1806, it was the posing of the first stone of the Arc de Triomphe; in 1808, the inauguration of the Arc du Carrousel; in 1809, it was the opening of the Ourcq canal, and the relocation and restitution of the Fontaine des Innocents (today near Les Halles); in 1810, the inauguration of the Vendôme Column; in 1811, the opening of the Port Napoléon at Cherbourg.
19. Such as J. Mayer and Abraham de Cologna, Odes hébraïques pour la célébration de l’anniversaire de la naissance de S.M. l’Empereur des François et roi d’Italie (Paris, 1806).
20. Pierre de Joux, Discours de bénédiction, de reconnaissance et d’actions de grâces pour l’anniversaire de la naissance de l’empereur Napoléon-le-Grand (Nantes, n.d.), pp. 4–5.
21. See, for example, Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape, p. 289.
22. Léon de Lanzac de Laborie, La Domination française en Belgique: Directoire, Consulat, Empire, 1795–1814, 2 vols (Paris, 1895), ii. pp. 113–22; Leflon, Etienne-Alexandre Bernier, ii. pp. 271–2; Michael Broers, The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy: The War against God, 1801–1814 (London, 2002), pp. 82–5.
23. André Latreille, Le Catéchisme Impérial de 1806: études et documents pour servir à l’histoire des rapports de Napoléon et du clergé concordataire (Paris, 1935), pp. 80–1; Latreille, L’Eglise catholique et la Révolution française, ii. pp. 135–9; Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape, pp. 86–8.
24. Bernard Plongeron, ‘Le catéchisme impérial (1806) et l’irritante leçon VII sur le quatrième commandement’, in Marie-Madeleine Fragonard and Michel Peronnet (eds), Catéchismes et confessions de foi (Montpellier, 1995), pp. 287–310; Plongeron, ‘De Napoléon à Metternich’, pp. 652–4.
25. Rowe, From Reich to State, p. 147. This was not always the case in the German-speaking departments. Stephan Laux, ‘Das Patrozinium “Saint Napoléon” in Neersen (1803–1856): ein Beitrag zur Rezeption der napoleonischen Propaganda im Rheinland’, in Jörg Engelbrecht and Stephan Laux (eds), Landes- und Reichsgeschichte: Festschrift für Hansgeorg Molitor zum 65. Geburtstag (Bielefeld 2004), pp. 351–81.
26. Hagen Schulze, States, Nations, and Nationalism: From the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. from the German by W. E. Yuill (Oxford, 1996), p. 177; Jean-René Aymes, ‘Du catéchisme religieux au catéchisme politique
(fin du XVIIIe siècle–début du XIXe)’, in Jean-René Aymes, Voir, comparer, comprendre: regards sur l’Espagne des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles (Paris, 2003), pp. 179–200.
27. Telesko, Napoleon Bonaparte, pp. 9–10; Barbara Beßlich, Der deutsche Napoleon-Mythos: Literatur und Erinnerung 1800–1945 (Darmstadt, 2007), pp. 72–5. The following quotation is from Nancy Nobile, The School of Days: Heinrich von Kleist and the Traumas of Education (Detroit, 1999), pp. 121–7, here p. 123.
28. Corr. xi. n. 9633 (31 December 1805).
29. Haegele, Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte, p. 192.
30. Jacques Rambaud, Naples sous Joseph Bonaparte, 1806–1808 (Paris, 1911), pp. 13–14.
31. A good portrait of Maria Carolina is to be had in Jean-Paul Garnier, Murat, roi de Naples (Paris, 1959), pp. 110–26.
32. William Henry Flayhart, Counterpoint to Trafalgar: The Anglo-Russian Invasion of Naples, 1805–1806 (Columbia, SC, 1992), pp. 53–172.
33. On the rise and fall of the Republic see John A. Davis, ‘The Neapolitan Revolution of 1799’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 4:3 (1999), 350–8; John A. Davis, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780–1860 (Oxford, 2006), pp. 72–93.
34. Rambaud, Naples sous Joseph Bonaparte, pp. 1–2.
35. Davis, Naples and Napoleon, pp. 130–2, 147, 249; Jordan, Napoleon and the Revolution, pp. 78–80.
36. Corr. xi. n. 9625 (27 December 1805).
37. Corr. xi. n. 9685 (19 January 1806).
38. According to Miot de Melito, Mémoires, ii. pp. 279–80.
39. Haegele, Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte, pp. 206–7.
40. Moniteur universel, 1 April 1806.
41. See Martijn van der Burg, ‘Transforming the Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of Holland: The Netherlands between Republicanism and Monarchy (1795–1815)’, European Review of History/Revue européenne d’histoire, 17:2 (2010), 151–70, here 157–60.
42. Rémusat, Mémoires, iii. pp. 33–4; Johann Joor, ‘Les système continental et sa signification pour le royaume de Hollande’, in Annie Jourdan (ed.), Louis Bonaparte: roi de Hollande, 1806–1810 (Paris, 2010), pp. 132–3.
