by Philip Dwyer
34. On the battle for Paris see Houssaye, 1814, pp. 487–539; Uffindell, Napoleon 1814, pp. 113–19.
35. Uffindell, Napoleon 1814, pp. 32–4.
36. The following is based on Rémusat, Mémoires de ma vie, i. p. 137; Reinhard, Une femme de diplomate, p. 393 (27 March 1814); Marie-Anne de Chateaubriand, comtesse de Marigny, Paris en 1814: journal inédit de madame de Marigny (Paris, 1907), p. 48 (28 March 1814).
37. Pierre de Pelleport, Souvenirs militaires et intimes du général Vte de Pelleport, de 1793 à 1853, 2 vols (Paris, 1857), ii. pp. 116–17.
38. Thomas Richard Underwood, A Narrative of Memorable Events in Paris, Preceeding the Capitulation, and During the Occupancy of that City by the Allied Armies, in the Year 1814 (London, 1828), p. 53.
39. Corr. xxvii. n. 21210 (8 February 1814).
40. Corr. xxvii. n. 21497 (16 March 1814).
41. Corr. xxvii. n. 21467 (12 March 1814).
42. Savary, Mémoires, vi. p. 378.
43. Lucien Floriet, Marmont: maréchal d’Empire, 1774–1852 (Marcilly-sur-Tille, 1996), pp. 179–95.
44. Marmont, Mémoires, vi. pp. 244–63. Few memoirists, such as Thirion, Souvenirs militaires, pp. 173–84, came to his defence.
45. As an English tourist in France in 1814 testifies. See Edward Stanley, Before and after Waterloo: Letters from Edward Stanley, Sometime Bishop of Norwich (1802, 1814, 1816) (London, 1907), p. 106.
46. Emmanuel de Waresquiel, Les Cents Jours: la tentation de l’impossible, mars–juillet 1815 (Paris, 2008), pp. 216–17, 218–19.
47. It is an accusation that can still be found today. See Dominique de Villepin, La chute ou l’Empire de la solitude, 1807–1814 (Paris, 2008), pp. 465–6.
48. On the people’s reaction inside Paris see Emile Labretonnière, Macédoine: souvenirs du Quartier latin (Paris, 1863), pp. 109–20.
49. Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, pp. 236–7 (10 March 1814).
50. Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, pp. 267–8 (29 March 1814).
51. Carl Frédéric Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, 1813–1814: lettres inédites de l’Impératrice avec les réponses déjà connues de Napoléon de la même époque (Paris, 1955), pp. 176–7 (29 March 1814).
52. Underwood, A Narrative of Memorable Events in Paris, p. 49.
53. Underwood, A Narrative of Memorable Events in Paris, pp. 49–50; Stendhal, Oeuvres intimes, i. pp. 1409–11 (29 March 1814).
54. Gaston Stiegler (ed.), Le maréchal Oudinot, duc de Reggio: d’après les souvenirs inédits de la maréchale (Paris, 1894), p. 307.
55. Houssaye, 1814, pp. 519–20.
56. Philip Mansel, Paris between Empires: Monarchy and Revolution, 1814–1852 (London, 2001), p. 7.
57. Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, pp. 271–2 (30 March 1814).
58. Chevallier and Pincemaille, L’impératrice Joséphine, pp. 412–13.
59. Forgues (ed.), Mémoires de Vitrolles, i. p. 311. Vitrolles was a royalist so his memoirs are somewhat biased. Lieven, Russia against Napoleon, pp. 516–17.
60. George Woodberry, Journal du lieutenant Woodberry, campagnes de Portugal et d’Espagne, de France, de Belgique et de France, 1813–1815, trans. Georges Hélie (Paris, 1896), pp. 335, 339 (4, 6 July 1815).
61. Louis Véron, Mémoires d’un bourgeois de Paris (Paris, 1856), i. pp. 219–20; Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Ma biographie (Paris, 1859), pp. 144–5; Houssaye, 1814, pp. 553–64.
62. Journal des Débats, 1 April 1814. Caulaincourt, Memoirs, iii. pp. 203–7, believed that Alexander was still toying with the idea of a regency five days later on 5 April, but by this stage a restoration of the Bourbon monarchy had been decided upon and it would have been difficult if not impossible to reverse course. See also Thiry, Le Sénat de Napoléon, pp. 302–19; Houssaye, 1814, p. 567; Lieven, Russia against Napoleon, p. 518; Sellin, Die geraubte Revolution, pp. 143–71.
63. Caulaincourt, Memoirs, iii. pp. 39–40.
64. This account based on Caulaincourt, Memoirs, iii. pp. 51–60.
65. Napoleon in a conversation with the mayor of Roanne, 23 April 1814, in J. M. Thompson, ‘Napoleon’s Journey to Elba in 1814. Part I. By Land’, American Historical Review, 55 (1949), 10.
66. Pion des Loches, Mes campagnes, pp. 389–90.
67. The scene has been reconstructed from the memoirs of Macdonald, Souvenirs, pp. 273–4, 275–7; Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent-quatorze, pp. 246–8, 249–50; Pasquier, Mémoires, ii. pp. 322–4; Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, ii. pp. 570–1; Sellin, Die geraubte Revolution, pp. 176–83.
68. Corr. xxvii. n. 21555 (4 April 1814). The draft was taken to Paris by Caulaincourt. It was to be published only after the signing of a treaty that determined his own fate, as well as that of his wife and son.
69. Corr. xxvii. n. 21558 (11 April 1814).
70. Cited in Norman MacKenzie, Escape from Elba: The Fall and Flight of Napoleon, 1814–1815 (New York, 1982), p. 7.
71. Lieven, Russia against Napoleon, pp. 518–19.
72. See Charles Dupuis, Le ministère de Talleyrand en 1814 (Paris, 1919), pp. 236–85.
73. Ullrichová (ed.), Clemens Metternich, Wilhelmine von Sagan, pp. 244, 248.
74. Vane (ed.), Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, ix. p. 450 (7 April 1814).
75. Ernest de Selincourt (ed.), The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, 6 vols (Oxford, 1935–9), ii. pt 2, pp. 592–3 (24 April 1814).
76. See Semmel, Napoleon and the British, pp. 149–52.
77. Las Cases, Mémorial, ii. p. 210.
78. Guillaume Peyrusse, 1809–1815. Mémorial et archives de M. le Baron Peyrusse (Carcassonne, 1869), pp. 223–4.
79. Robinaux, Journal de route, p. 191.
80. Chevalier de Jouvencel, ‘Les Alliés à Versailles’, in 1814: résistance et occupation des villes françaises (Paris, 2001), p. 263.
81. Barrès, Souvenirs, p. 202. See also Paulin, Les Souvenirs, p. 277.
82. René Reiss, Kellermann (Paris, 2009), esp. pp. 513–56.
83. Pion des Loches, Mes campagnes, pp. 395–6.
84. Pion des Loches, Mes campagnes, p. 388.
85. Fontaine, Journal, i. p. 410 (20 April 1814).
86. Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, pp. 285–6.
87. Letter dated 16 April 1814, cited in Hantraye, Les cosaques aux Champs-Elysées, p. 226.
88. According to Metternich, Ullrichová (ed.), Clemens Metternich, Wilhelmine von Sagan, pp. 243, 253.
89. Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, p. 286.
90. Carlyle to Mitchell, in Charles Richard Sanders (ed.), The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle (Durham, NC, 1970), i. pp. 6–7 (30 April 1814).
91. Cited in MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 33.
92. Bausset, Mémoires anecdotiques, ii. pp. 188–9.
93. J.-M. des Cilleuls, ‘Yvan, chirurgien de Napoleon (1765–1839)’, Archives de médecine et de pharmacie militaires, 103 (1935), 1024–31; Caulaincourt, Memoirs, iii. pp. 308–55; MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 35. Apart from Caulaincourt, present were Fain and Saint-Denis. See Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent-quatorze, pp. 255–8; and Saint-Denis, Souvenirs du Mameluck Ali, pp. 62–4.
94. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 189.
95. For a wider context see Emil Szittya, Selbstmörder: ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte aller Zeiten und Völker (Vienna, 1985); Georges Minois, Histoire du suicide: la société occidentale face à la mort volontaire (Paris, 1995), pp. 318–21, 359–62; Jeffrey Merrick, ‘Death and Life in the Archives: Patterns of and Attitudes to Suicide in Eighteenth-Century Paris’, in John Weaver and David Wright (eds), Histories of Suicide: International Perspectives on Self-Destruction in the Modern World (Toronto, 2009), pp. 73–90.
96. Fournier, Napoleon, ii. p. 373, and p. Hillemand, ‘Napoleon a-t-il tenté de se suicider à Fontainebleau?’, Revue de l’Institut Napoléon, 119 (1971), 71–8, doubt whether Napoleon tried to commit suicide.
97. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, p. 200.
98. She wrote to her father on 8 April to say that she would leave the next day.
99. According to Savary, Mémoires, vii. pp. 185–6; Guy Godlewski, Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe: 300 jours d’exil (Paris, 2003), pp. 131–2.
100. Bausset, Mémoires anecdotiques, i. p. 392, ii. p. 277, although he is less than reliable; Boudon, Le roi Jérôme, pp. 407–8.
101. Later, in a letter to her husband, Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, p. 291 (8 April 1814), Marie-Louise stated that his brothers insisted she hand herself over to an Austrian corps.
102. Bausset, Mémoires anecdotiques, ii. pp. 220–4.
103. Masson, L’impératrice Marie-Louise, pp. 572–3; Fournier, Marie-Louise et la chute de Napoléon, pp. 4–5, says that he was to accompany her to Fontainebleau, but he is wrong.
104. Schiel, Marie-Louise, p. 202.
105. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 202–3 (8 April 1814).
106. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 204–5 (11 April 1814).
107. A judgement that can be found in Masson, L’impératrice Marie-Louise, p. 574; Henry Houssaye, 1815, 3 vols (Paris, 1893), i. p. 161.
108. Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, pp. 292, 293 (8, 9 April 1814).
109. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, p. 203 (9 April 1814).
110. Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, pp. 291, 297, 301 (8, 11, 12 April 1814); Godlewski, Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe, pp. 133–5.
111. Metternich to Hudelist, 7 April 1814, cited in Edward de Wertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt (London, 1905), pp. 95–6.
112. According to Fournier, Marie-Louise et la chute de Napoléon, p. 4.
113. Cited in Schiel, Marie-Louise, p. 204.
114. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 212–13 (12 April 1814).
115. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, p. 216 (12–13 April 1814).
116. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, p. 214 (12 April 1814).
117. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 224–5 (15 April 1814) .
118. Méneval, Napoléon et Marie-Louise, ii. p. 205.
119. Schiel, Marie-Louise, p. 211.
120. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 236–7 (20 April 1814).
121. Neil Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba: Being a Journal of Occurrences in 1814–1815 (London, 1869), p. 157.
122. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 181.
123. For the following account of Napoleon’s flight to Elba see Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon; Jean-Baptiste-Germain Fabry, Itinéraire de Buonaparte, depuis son départ de Doulevent, le 28 mars, jusqu’à son embarquement à Fréjus, le 29 avril (Paris, 1815), who appears to have interviewed people along the route; Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, pp. 178–92; Joseph Alexandre Freiherr von Helfert, Napoleon I., Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, April–Mai 1814, mit Benützung der amtlichen Reiseberichte des kaiserlich österreichischen Commissars General Koller (Vienna, 1874); Thomas Ussher, Napoleon’s last voyages, being the diaries of Admiral Sir Thomas Ussher . . . on board the ‘Undaunted’, and John R. Glover . . . on board the ‘Northumberland’ (2nd edn, London, 1906).
124. Thompson, ‘Napoleon’s Journey to Elba’, 8.
125. Ernouf, Maret, p. 642.
126. One can find it, for example, in Corr. xxvii. n. 21561 (20 April 1814); A.-D.-B. Monier, Une année de la vie de l’empereur Napoléon, ou Précis historique de tout ce qui s’est passé depuis le 1er avril 1814 jusqu’au 20 mars 1815 (Paris, 1815), pp. 15–17. Las Cases, Mémorial, ii. pp. 559–66. See also, Helfert, Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, pp. 20–2.
127. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, pp. 49–50.
128. Chevalier, Souvenirs, p. 305.
129. According to Parquin, Souvenirs, p. 365.
130. Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, iv. p. 158, says six carriages and eight fourgons.
131. Monier, Une année de la vie de l’empereur, p. 18.
132. AN AF7 3733, Minutes des bulletins de police, 2 May 1814.
133. AN AF7 3733, Minutes des bulletins de police, 2 May 1814; ‘Passage de l’empereur à Avignon en 1814’, in De l’exil au retour de l’île d’Elbe: récits contemporains (Paris, 2001), pp. 11–14; Fabry, Itinéraire de Buonaparte, pp. 44–6.
134. Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, p. 24.
135. Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, pp. 24–5.
136. Peyrusse, Mémorial, p. 226; Frédéric Schoell, Recueil de pièces officielles destinées à détromper les François sur les événemens qui se sont passés depuis quelques années, 12 vols (Paris, 1814–16), vi. pp. 188–93; Fabry, Itinéraire de Buonaparte, pp. 47–8; and Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, pp. 25–31.
137. Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, p. 30.
138. Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, p. 34.
139. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, pp. 200–1.
140. Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, pp. 39–40.
141. Chateaubriand, Mémoires d’outre-tombe, ii. p. 3153; Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon, p. 66.
142. Fabry, Itinéraire de Buonaparte, pp. 60–6.
143. Pierrelongue (ed.), Napoléon et Marie-Louise, pp. 327, 328 (28 April 1814); Helfert, Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, p. 49.
144. According to Ussher, Napoleon’s last voyages, p. 46; and Frédéric d’Agay, ‘Un témoignage raphaëlois sur l’embarquement de Napoléon pour l’île d’Elbe en 1814’, Annales du Sud-Est Varois, 13 (1988), 19–20.
145. Letter from Lieutenant Hastings cited in Norwood Young, Napoleon in Exile: Elba (London, 1914), p. 86.
146. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 199; Ussher, Napoleon’s last voyages, pp. 41–2.
24: Sovereign of Elba
1. Ussher, Napoleon’s last voyages, p. 49; Truchsess-Waldbourg, Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon, p. 50; Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 200.
2. Cited in Young, Napoleon in Exile: Elba, p. 78.
3. Helfert, Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, pp. 55–6.
4. Peyrusse, Mémorial, p. 233.
5. Arsenne Thiébaut de Berneaud, Voyage à l’isle d’Elbe; suivi d’une notice sur les autres isles de la mer Tyrrhénienne (Paris, 1808), pp. 44, 126.
6. Louise Laflandre-Lindon, Napoléon et l’Île d’Elbe (La Cadière d’Azur, 1989), pp. 80–2.
7. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, pp. 214–15.
8. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 71.
9. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 70.
10. Laflandre-Linden, Napoléon et l’Île d’Elbe, p. 135.
11. André Pons [dubbed Pons de l’Hérault], Souvenirs et anecdotes de l’île d’Elbe (Paris, 1897), p. 39.
12. ‘Les cahiers du capitaine Jobit: Napolón à l’île d’Elbe’, in De l’exil au retour de l’île d’Elbe, p. 27.
13. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 75. Most of the works on Napoleon’s stay on Elba are popular histories of no particular interest. Of note are: Godlewski, Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe; and Marie-Hélène Baylac, Napoléon: Empereur de l’île d’Elbe (Paris, 2011).
14. Fabry, Itinéraire de Buonaparte, pp. 72–3.
15. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 252–3 (4 May 1814).
16. Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon, pp. 254, 256, 260 (24 May, 5 and 24 June 1814).
17. Louis Marchand, Mémoires de Marchand: premier valet de chambre et exécuteur testamentaire de l’empereur Napoléon (Paris, 2003), pp. 109–11.
18. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 243.
1
9. Ussher, Napoleon’s last voyages, p. 72.
20. Monier, Une année de la vie de l’empereur, pp. 56–67.
21. Georges Firmin-Didot, Royauté ou empire. La France en 1814 (Paris, 1897), p. 122.
22. Eugène Welvert, Napoléon et la police sous la première Restauration d’après les rapports du comte Beugnot au roi Louis XVIII (Paris, n.d.), p. 48 (9 July 1814).
23. Houssaye, 1815, i. pp. 154–6.
24. See Baylac, Napoléon, pp. 100–3.
25. Peyrusse, Mémorial, p. 253; Pons, Souvenirs et anecdotes, p. 127.
26. Baylac, Napoléon, p. 189.
27. Corr. xxvii. n. 21567 (no date but May 1814). All of which can be found in Léon G. Pélissier, Le registre de l’île d’Elbe: lettres et ordres inédits de Napoléon Ier (28 mai 1814–22 février 1815) (Paris, 1897).
28. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, pp. 122–4.
29. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, pp. 233, 249, 305.
30. Pons, Souvenirs et anecdotes, p. 201; Baylac, Napoléon, p. 233.
31. John Barber Scott, An Englishman at Home and Abroad, 1792–1828: With Some Recollections of Napoleon (Bungay, 1988), pp. 96, 97. A similar description of him is in Peyrusse, Lettres inédites, pp. 231–2.
32. Cited in Young, Napoleon in Exile: Elba, p. 256.
33. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 299 n. 7. Similar sentiments were expressed to Ussher, Napoleon’s last voyages, p. 84.
34. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington, 15 vols (London, 1858–72), ix. pp. 268–72 and 275–6 (17 and 20 September 1814).
35. Chastenay, Mémoires, ii. pp. 461–4; Stephen Coote, Napoleon and the Hundred Days (London, 2004), p. 114.
36. See, for example, Hyde de Neuville, Mémoires et souvenirs (1890), ii. pp. 16–36; Iung (ed.), Lucien Bonaparte, iii. pp. 210–12.
37. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, pp. 141–2.
38. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 300.
39. MacKenzie, Escape from Elba, p. 143.
40. Campbell, Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba, p. 317; Henry William Edmund Petty-Fitzmaurice, Earl of Kerry (ed.), The First Napoleon: Some Unpublished Documents from the Bowood Papers (London, 1925), pp. 80–105. Other British visitors to Elba who left accounts include: George Venables Vernon, Sketch of a Conversation with Napoleon at Elba (London, 1863–4); Hugh Fortescue Viscount Ebrington, Memorandum of Two Conversations between the Emperor Napoleon and Viscount Ebrington at Porto-Ferrajo on the 6th and 8th of December 1814 (London, 1823); Ralph A. Griffiths (ed.), In Conversation with Napoleon Bonaparte: J. H. Vivian’s Visit to the Island of Elba (Newport, 2008). Others are in John Goldworth Alger, Napoleon’s British Visitors and Captives 1801–1815 (Westminster, 1904); and Katharine MacDonogh, ‘A Sympathetic Ear: Napoleon, Elba and the British’, History Today, 44:2 (1994), 29–35.
