by Philip Dwyer
Waresquiel, Emmanuel de. ‘Joseph Fouché et la question de l’amnistie des émigrés (1799–1802)’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 372 (2013): 105–20.
Warren, Dawson. The Journal of a British Chaplain in Paris during the Peace Negociations of 1801–2. London: Chapman & Hall, 1913.
Watson, J. R. Romanticism and War: A Study of British Romantic Period Writers and the Napoleonic Wars. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Webster, Charles (ed.). British Diplomacy, 1813–1815: Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe. London: G. Bell, 1921.
Webster, Charles. The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815: Britain and the Reconstruction of Europe. 2 vols. London: G. Bell, 1931.
Weil, Georges, ‘L’idée républicaine en France pendant la Restauration’, Revue d’histoire moderne, 2 (1927): 321–48.
Weil, Maurice Henri (ed.). La campagne de 1814 d’après les documents des archives impériales et royales de la guerre à Vienne. 4 vols. Paris: Baudoin, 1891–5.
Weil, Maurice Henri (ed.). Les dessous du Congrès de Vienne: d’après les documents originaux des archives du Ministère impérial et royal de l’intérieur à Vienne. 2 vols. Paris: Payot, 1917.
Weil, Patrick. Qu’est-ce qu’un Français?: histoire de la nationalité française depuis la Révolution. Paris: Grasset, 2002.
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of. The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington During his Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries and France, from 1799 to 1818. 13 vols. London: J. Murray, 1837–9.
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of. Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington. 15 vols. London: J. Murray, 1858–72.
Welschinger, Henri. La censure sous le premier empire, avec documents inédits. Paris: Charavay frères, 1882.
Welschinger, Henri. Le Divorce de Napoléon. Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit, 1889.
Welschinger, Henri. L’Europe et l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Amiens: Delattre-Lenoël, 1890.
Welschinger, Henri. Le pape et l’empereur, 1804–1815. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1905.
Welschinger, Henri. Le duc d’Enghien, 1772–1804: l’enlèvement d’Ettenheim et l’exécution de Vincennes. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1913.
Welvert, Eugène (ed.). Napoléon et la police sous la première Restauration d’après les rapports du comte Beugnot au roi Louis XVIII. Paris: R. Roger et F. Chernoviz, n.d.
Werkmeister, Lucyle. The London Daily Press, 1772–1792. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1963.
Werner, Karl Ferdinand (ed.). Hof, Kultur und Politik im 19. Jahrhundert. Bonn: Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, 1985.
Wertheimer, Eduard. Die Heirat der Erzherzogin Marie Louise mit Napoleon I: nach ungedruckten Quellen. Vienna: C. Gerold, 1882.
Wertheimer, Eduard, ‘Zur Geschichte Wiens im Jahre 1809. (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Krieges von 1809.)’, Archiv für Österreichische Geschichte, 74 (1889): 161–202.
Wertheimer, Eduard, ‘Wien und das Kriegsjahr 1813’, Archiv für Österreichische Geschichte, 79 (1893): 355–400.
Wertheimer, Edward de. The Duke of Reichstadt. London: John Lane, 1905.
Wheeler, H. F. B. and Broadley, A. M. Napoleon and the Invasion of England: The Story of the Great Terror. Stroud: Nonesuch, 2007, orig. 1908.
Wickwire, Franklin and Wickwire, Mary. Cornwallis: The Imperial Years. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Wiesse de Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis. Mémoires du maréchal Marmont, duc de Raguse, de 1792 à 1841. 9 vols. Paris: Perrotin, 1856–7.
Williams, Helen Maria. A Narrative of the Events which Have Taken Place in France From the Landing of Napoleon Bonaparte on the First of March, 1815, Till the Restoration of Louis XVIII. Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1815.
Williamson, Elaine, ‘A Vraie-fausse Statue of William the Conqueror: Representation and Misrepresentation of Anglo-French History’, Franco-British Studies, 19 (1995): 21–5.
Williamson, Elaine, ‘Denon, la presse et la propagande impériale’, in Gallo (ed.), Les vies de Dominique-Vivant Denon (Paris, 2001), i. pp. 151–73.
Wilson, Peter H., ‘Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806’, International History Review, 28 (2006): 709–36.
Wilson, Peter H., ‘The Meaning of Empire in Central Europe around 1800’, in Forrest and Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle, pp. 22–41.
Wilson, Sir Robert. Brief Remarks on the Character and Composition of the Russian Army and a Sketch of the Campaigns in Poland in the Years 1806 and 1807. London: T. Egerton, 1810.
Wilson, Sir Robert. Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army 1812. London: J. Murray, 1860.
Wilson, Sir Robert. Private Diary of Travels, Personal Services, and Public Events, During Mission and Employment with the European Armies in the Campaigns of 1812, 1813, 1814, from the Invasion of Russia to the Capture of Paris. 2 vols. London: J. Murray, 1861.
Wilson, Robert Thomas. History of the British Expedition to Egypt. London: T. Egerton, 1802.
Windham, William. The Windham Papers: The Life and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. William Windham, 1750–1810, 2 vols. London: H. Jenkins, 1913.
Winock, Michel. Madame de Stäel. Paris: Fayard, 2010.
Wisner, David A. The Cult of the Legislator in France 1750–1830: A Study in the Political Theology of the French Enlightenment. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1997.
Wohlwill, Adolf, ‘Aktenstücke zur Rumboldschen Angelegenheit’, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte, 7 (l881): 387–400.
Wohlwill, Adolf, ‘Fernere Aktenstücke zur Rumboldschen Angelegenheit’, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte, 8 (1886): 192–207.
Woloch, Isser, ‘Napoleonic Conscription: State Power and Civil Society’, Past & Present, 111 (1986): 101–29.
Woloch, Isser. The New Regime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789–1820s. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994.
Woloch, Isser. Napoleon and his Collaborators: The Making of a Dictatorship. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001.
Woloch, Isser, ‘From Consulate to Empire: Impetus and Resistance’, in Baehr and Ritcher (eds), Dictatorship in History and Theory, pp. 29–52.
Wood, Dennis Michael. Benjamin Constant: A Biography. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Woodberry, George. Journal du lieutenant Woodberry, campagnes de Portugal et d’Espagne, de France, de Belgique et de France, 1813–1815. Trans. Georges Hélie. Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit, 1896.
Woolf, Stuart, ‘French Civilization and Ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire’, Past & Present, 124 (1989): 96–120.
Woolf, Stuart, ‘The Construction of a European World-View in the Revolutionary-Napoleonic Years’, Past & Present, 137 (1992): 72–101.
Woolf, Stuart. Napoleon’s Integration of Europe. London: Routledge, 1991.
Wortman, Richard S. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995–2000.
Wrigley, Richard. The Origins of French Art Criticism: From the Ancien Régime to the Restoration. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
Yorke, Henry Redhead. France in Eighteen Hundred and Two Described in a Series of Contemporary Letters. London: William Heinemann, 1906.
Young, Norwood. Napoleon in Exile: Elba. London: Stanley Paul, 1914.
Zaluski, Józef Bonawentura Ignacy. Les chevau-légers polonais de la Garde (1812–1814): souvenirs. Paris: Teissèdre, 1997.
Zamoyski, Adam. 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow. London: HarperCollins, 2004.
Zamoyski, Adam. Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. London: HarperCollins, 2007.
Zanger, Abby. Scenes from the Marriage of Louis XIV: Nuptial Fictions and the Making of Absolutist Power. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997.
Zawadzki, W. H., ‘Prince Adam Czartoryski an
d Napoleonic France, 1801–1805: A Study in Political Attitudes’, Historical Journal, 18 (1975): 245–77.
Zawadzki, W. H., ‘Russia and the Re-opening of the Polish Question, 1801–1804’, International History Review, 7 (1985): 19–44.
Zawadzki, W. H. A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795–1831. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
Zehetbauer, Ernst. Die Landwehr gegen Napoleon: Österreichs erste Miliz und der Nationalkrieg von 1809. Vienna: ÖBV & HPT, 1999.
Zerubavel, Eviatar. The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. London: Collier Macmillan, 1985.
Ziegler, Philip. Addington: A Life of Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth. London: Collins, 1965.
Zieseniss, Charles-Otto. Napoléon et la cour impériale. Paris: Tallandier, 1980.
Zieseniss, Jérôme. Berthier: frère d’armes de Napoléon. Paris: P. Belfond, 1985.
Zimmer, Hasko. Auf dem Altar des Vaterlands: Religion und Patriotismus in der deutschen Kriegslyrik des 19. Jahrhunderts. Frankfurt: Thesen, 1971.
Zorin, Andrei, ‘“Star of the East”: The Holy Alliance and European Mysticism’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 4 (2003): 313–42.
Acknowledgements
For this, as in the previous volume, I have relied heavily on works old and new to develop what I hope is a different and more thorough interpretation of a man who, although written about many times before, has often escaped the biographer’s critical gaze. To all those who gave of their time and ideas in the course of writing this book by answering my questions, my sincerest thanks: Thomas Biskup, Kirsty Carpenter, Malcolm Crook, Charles Esdaile, Alan Forrest, Alexander Grab, Jacques Hantraye, Michael J. Hughes, Frederick Kagan, Michael Rapport, Michael Rowe, Michael Sibalis, Margaret Waller and Peter Wilson. To those who took the time to read the manuscript in its entirety, Ed Wright, my friend and colleague Peter Hempenstall, the copyeditor Peter James and proofreader Catherine Best, their collective input has made this a vastly improved work and I thank them all from the bottom of my heart. Anna Simpson at Bloomsbury and Christina Tucker at Yale helped me through the editorial process. My thanks to Michael Fishwick at Bloomsbury for allowing me the luxury to write a book of this length, and to my agent, Bill Hamilton, for his support.
This project has been assisted by the Australian Government through the Australia Council for the Arts, its arts funding and advisory body. It enabled me to spend two months writing a draft of the book in Ledig House in upstate New York in 2010. My thanks to D. W. Gibson for making my stay there a welcome one. Over the years the University of Newcastle has generously assisted me with travel to research in Paris. I would like to thank the university and also my colleagues in the School of Humanities who make working as a teacher and scholar an incredibly rewarding experience, especially (but not only) Lyndall Ryan, Michael Ondaatje, Camilla Russell, Lisa Featherstone, Julie McIntyre and Trisha Pender. The Newcastle University library has provided much needed assistance in sourcing some of the more obscure books for me when I could not get them at the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris. In Paris, my dear friends Cyril and Marie-Noël Malapert, Marie-Françoise Dufief and Laurent Peyron have been an enormous support over the years. Paris would not be the same without them. And to my darling Andrea who has had to endure long absences over the years. You are the best thing that has ever happened to me.
A Note on the Author
Philip Dwyer studied in Perth (Australia), Berlin and Paris, where he was a student of France’s pre-eminent Napoleonic scholar, Jean Tulard. He has published widely on the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, and is Director of the Centre for the History of Violence at the University of Newcastle, Australia.
By the Same Author
Napoleon: The Path to Power, 1769–1799
Talleyrand
Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing and
Atrocity throughout History (co-editor)
Napoleon and his Empire: Europe 1804–1814 (co-editor)
The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook (co-editor)
Napoleon and Europe (editor)
Modern Prussian History, 1830–1947 (editor)
The Rise of Prussia, 1700–1830 (editor)
First published in Great Britain 2013
This electronic edition published in 2013 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
Copyright © 2013 by Philip Dwyer
Maps by ML Design
The moral right of the author has been asserted
All rights reserved
You may not copy, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise
make available this publication (or any part of it) in any form, or by any means
(including without limitation electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying,
printing, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the
publisher. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders of material
reproduced in this book, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the
publishers would be glad to hear from them
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
50 Bedford Square
London
WC1B 3DP
www.bloomsbury.com
Bloomsbury Publishing, London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 9781408837818
To find out more about our authors and their books please visit
www.bloomsbury.com where you will find extracts, author interviews
and details of forthcoming events, and to be the first to hear about latest
releases and special offers, sign up for our newsletters here.
Also available by Philip Dwyer
Napoleon
The Path to Power 1769–1799
‘A superb work both of scholarship and literature, by a biographer at the top of his form’ Andrew Roberts
Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power was neither inevitable nor smooth. He was, however, ruthlessly ambitious. This book examines the extraordinary evolution of Napoleon’s character and the means by which he became head of the most powerful country in Europe. Philip Dwyer sheds new light on both the darker aspects of Napoleon’s personality – his brooding obsessions and potential for violence – and the passionate and visionary nature that enabled him to inspire others and fashion the image of himself that endures to this day. Fresh, innovative and broad in scope, this outstanding biography mints anew one of the great figures of modern history.
‘Remarkable … Even-handed and authoritative, this fascinating and highly enjoyable book will be an eye opener even to those who think they know the subject well’ Sunday Times
‘This life of his hero is the work that Dwyer was placed on earth to write … tremendous … We are clearly in the presence of what will be a monumental work … meticulously researched and well-written’ Literary Review
‘An attractive addition to the literature on one of the most controversial figures in modern European history’ BBC History Magazine
Order your copy:
By phone: +44 (0) 1256 302 699
By email: [email protected]
Delivery is usually 3–5 working days.
Free postage and packaging for orders over £20.
Online: www.bloomsbury.com/bookshop
Prices and availability subject to change without notice.
www.bloomsbury.com
lter: grayscale(100%); -o-filter: grayscale(100%); -ms-filter: grayscale(100%); filter: grayscale(100%); " class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons">share
