11. Marcia L. Colish, “Avicenna’s Theory of Efficient Causation and Its Influence on Thomas Aquinas,” in Studies in Scholasticism (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006), 2–3.
12. Barry S. Kogan, “The Problem of Creation in Late Medieval Jewish Philosophy,” in A Straight Path, 161 (see chap. 8, n. 58). Also see Dales, Medieval Discussions, 45–47 (see chap. 8, n. 33).
13. Averroes, Incoherence of the Incoherence, 65 (see chap. 8, n. 59).
14. Thomas Aquinas, De aeternitate mundi, in St. Thomas Aquinas, Siger of Brabant, and St. Bonaventure, On the Eternity of the World, trans. and ed. Cyril Vollert, Lottie H. Kendzierski, and Paul M. Byrne (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1964), 21.
15. Ibid., 22.
16. Vollert, Kendzierski, and Byrne, On the Eternity, 14.
17. Thomas Aquinas, De aeternitate mundi, in On the Eternity, 25.
18. Fernand van Steenberghen, Thomas Aquinas and Radical Aristotelianism (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1978), 22.
19. Thomas Aquinas, De aeternitate mundi, in An Aquinas Reader, trans. and ed. Mary T. Clark (New York: Fordham University Press, 1972), 181.
20. Thomas Aquinas, Responsio de 43 articulis, quoted in Tarrell, Saint Thomas Aquinas, 169.
21. Ibid.
22. Richard E. Rubenstein, Aristotle’s Children: How Christians, Muslims and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Dark Ages (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2003), 198.
23. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae, quoted in On the Eternity, 66.
24. Dodd, Life and Thought, 73–76.
25. “Condemnations of 219 Propositions,” in Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, ed. Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963), 337.
26. Ibid., 338.
27. Mary M. McLaughlin, “Paris Masters of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries and Ideas of Intellectual Freedom,” Church History 24, no. 3 (1955): 196.
28. Dodd, Life and Thought, 361.
29. Thomas S. Kuhn, Copernican Revolution, 2–3 (see chap. 6, n. 26).
30. Saliba, Islamic Science, 78–84 (see Prologue, n. 12).
31. Ibid., 88.
32. A. I. Sabra, “The Andalusian Revolt Against Ptolemaic Astronomy: Averroes and al-Bitruj,” in Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences, ed. Everett Mendelsohn (London: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 133–34.
33. Ibid., 135–37.
34. Saliba, Islamic Science, 95.
35. Averroes, Tafsir ma ba’d al-tabia, quoted in Saliba, Islamic Science, 179.
36. Saliba, Islamic Science, 236.
37. Ibid., 183.
38. E. S. Kennedy and Victor Roberts, “The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir,” Isis 50, no. 3 (1959): 227–35.
39. See Will Hartner, “Copernicus, the Man, the Work, and Its History,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117, no. 3 (1973): 413–22.
40. Saliba, Islamic Science, 164.
41. Arthur Koestler once referred to Copernicus’s work as “the book nobody read.” For a lively but thoroughly serious response, see Owen Gingrich, The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus (New York: Walker and Co., 2004).
42. Adelard of Bath, Questions of Natural Science, quoted in Gibson, “Adelard of Bath,” 16 (see chap. 5, n. 56).
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